KVS TGT Social Science Mock Test - 10 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

Safe means free from harm. Its opposite is insecure.

सही उत्तर है - ‘अचल’।

• पृथ्वी का पर्यायवाची शब्द अचल नहीं होगा।
• अन्य विकल्प इला, अचला और अवनि पृथ्वी के पर्यायवाची शब्द है।

Key Points

• पृथ्वी के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द : महि, मेदिनी, धरा, रसा, वसुन्धरा, विकेशी, क्षमा, धरती, धरणी आदि।​
• अचल के पर्यायवाची शब्द : भूधर, महीधर, नगपति, शिखर, अद्री, तुंग, धरणीधर, पर्वत, पहाड़, गिरी आदि।

Additional Informationसमानार्थी शब्द:

• वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ एक समान होता हैं समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।
  समानर्थी शब्द को हम पर्यायवाची शब्द भी कहते है। ‘पर्याय’ का अर्थ है ‘समान’ तथा ‘वाची’ का अर्थ है ‘बोले जाने वाले’ अर्थात
  समान बोले जाने वाले शब्दों को हम पर्यायवाची शब्द या समानार्थी शब्द कहते है।

पर्यायवाची शब्द के उदाहरण :

• पत्नी- भार्या, दारा, अर्धांगनी, वामा, गृहिणी, बहू, वधू, कलत्र, प्राणप्रिया।
• दोस्त- बन्धु, मित्र, साथी, यार, सखा, हितैषी, अंतरंग।
• बसंत- ऋतुराज, ऋतुपति ,मधुमास ,कुसुमाकर।

यहाँ कि के बाद सुमन है जो की संज्ञा है.

Co-operative Banks are financial entities primarily owned and operated by their members, who are also their customers. They often serve specific local or professional communities.

As the result of Race is Fatigue similarly the result of Fast is Hunger.

SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.
Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is a type of power supply that efficiently converts electrical power from one form to another. It is widely used in electronic devices and appliances.
Key points about SMPS:
- Efficiency: SMPS is known for its high efficiency compared to other types of power supplies. It can convert electrical power with minimal energy loss, making it more energy-efficient and cost-effective.
- Switching Circuit: SMPS uses a switching circuit to regulate the output voltage. This circuit rapidly switches the input voltage on and off, creating a high-frequency waveform.
- Transformer: SMPS includes a transformer that steps up or steps down the voltage as required. This allows the power supply to deliver the desired voltage level to the load.
- Rectification: SMPS uses rectification to convert the AC voltage from the input source to a DC voltage. This is achieved through diodes or other rectifying devices.
- Filtering: SMPS incorporates filtering components such as capacitors and inductors to smooth out the output voltage and minimize ripple.
- Advantages: SMPS offers several advantages, including smaller size, lighter weight, higher efficiency, and better voltage regulation compared to traditional linear power supplies.
- Applications: SMPS is widely used in a variety of electronic devices and equipment, including computers, televisions, mobile phones, routers, and power adapters.
In conclusion, SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply, which is a highly efficient power supply that converts electrical power using a switching circuit, transformer, and rectification. It offers numerous advantages and is widely used in various electronic applications.

The correct syntax in Excel is option A: `=IF(LogicalTest, TrueResult, FalseResult)`. Here's a detailed explanation:
IF Function in Excel:
The IF function in Excel is used to perform logical tests and return different values based on the result of the test. It follows the syntax: `=IF(LogicalTest, TrueResult, FalseResult)`, where:
- `LogicalTest` is the condition that is being evaluated.
- `TrueResult` is the value or expression that is returned if the logical test is true.
- `FalseResult` is the value or expression that is returned if the logical test is false.
Explanation of the Given Syntax:
The correct syntax in Excel is option A: `=IF(LogicalTest, TrueResult, FalseResult)`. Let's break it down:
- `IF`: This is the function name that indicates we are using the IF function in Excel.
- `LogicalTest`: This is the condition that is being evaluated. It can be a comparison, a formula, or any expression that returns a logical value (TRUE or FALSE).
- `TrueResult`: This is the value or expression that is returned if the logical test is true. It can be a number, text, formula, or reference to a cell or range.
- `FalseResult`: This is the value or expression that is returned if the logical test is false. It can also be a number, text, formula, or reference to a cell or range.
Incorrect Syntax:
Let's also explain why the other options are incorrect:
- Option B: `=IF(LogicalTest, (TrueResult, FalseResult)`: This syntax is incorrect because the TrueResult and FalseResult are enclosed in parentheses without separating them using a comma.
- Option C: `=IF(LogicalTest, TrueResult) (LogicalTest, FalseResult)`: This syntax is incorrect because it separates the TrueResult and FalseResult into separate IF functions without using the comma to separate the arguments within the IF function.
- Option D: `=IF(LogicalTest,True Result), IF (LogicalTest,   FalseResult)`: This syntax is incorrect because it separates the TrueResult and FalseResult into two separate IF functions, but there is an unnecessary comma in True Result and an unnecessary space before FalseResult.
Therefore, the correct syntax in Excel is option A: `=IF(LogicalTest, TrueResult, FalseResult)`.

To edit an embedded organization chart object, you can follow these steps:
1. Double-click the organization chart object:
- This is the most common and straightforward method to edit an embedded organization chart object.
- Simply double-click on the chart object, and it will open in an editable mode, allowing you to make changes.
2. Right-click the chart object:
- Another way to edit the organization chart object is by right-clicking on it.
- A context menu will appear, and then you can select the option to edit the chart object.
- The specific option may vary depending on the software or platform you are using.
3. Click the edit object:
- Some software or platforms may have an explicit "edit object" button or option.
- In this case, you can simply click on the edit object button to open the organization chart in an editable mode.
4. Combination of (b) and (c):
- Sometimes, both the double-click and right-click methods may be available in the software or platform you are using.
- In such cases, you can use either method to edit the organization chart object.
In summary, you can edit an embedded organization chart object by double-clicking on it, right-clicking and selecting the edit option, or using an explicit edit object button. The specific method may vary depending on the software or platform you are using.

 Adolescence is the period of development between childhood and adulthood. It is a crucial period of life between childhood and adulthood during which an individual experiences a range of emotions, very confident about certain things and unsure about others.

Key Points  Adolescence is the timing and pace of changes that may vary among individuals, these are marked by physical, emotional, social, and cognitive changes. This period is marked by the rapid and significant physical and psychological transformation of the child-like the maturation of the sex organs and increase in the height and weight. 

Thus, it is concluded that the above-mentioned period is correctly matched with the average age. Harlock suggested different periods within the adolescent period. 

There are three different levels of teaching and teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. Teachers must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

1. Memory level of teaching (MLT): Least thoughtful teaching

• It is the initial stage of teaching.
• It involves the habit of rote memorization. In such type of act, memory plays a key role.
• The teacher presents factual information before the learner. The learner tries to recall and memorize these facts with the least involvement of his/her thinking and reasoning power. It represents the involvement of the least thoughtful behavior.
• The evaluation includes oral, written, and essay-type examinations.

2. Understanding level of teaching (ULT): thoughtful teaching

• Understanding something is to perceive the meaning, grasp the idea, and comprehend the meaning.
• It focuses on the mastery of the subject.
• The teaching at the understanding level is of a higher quality than the one at the memory level.
• At this level of teaching, the teacher explains the student about the relationship between principles and facts and teaches them how these principles can be applied.
• The learner becomes more capable to think, present the facts in a more logical manner, analyze them properly, drawing inferences.
• The learner and the teacher are actively involved and protect personal interests and attitudes in this level of teaching.
• The evaluation includes both essay and objective type questions.

3. Reflective level of teaching (ULT): Most thoughtful level

• It is a problem-centric approach to teaching.
• Teaching at the reflective level represents the highest level of the teaching activities that can be carried out in the most thoughtful modes of operation providing the desirable quality of teaching situation and experience to the learner for utilizing and enhancing their cognitive abilities to the maximum.
• At this level, the student is made to face a real problematic situation. The student by understanding the situation and using his critical abilities succeeds in solving the problem.
• At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it, and finding a solution to it. The student’s original thinking and creative-abilities develop at this level.
• At this level, the learning environment is child-centric, where the learners have the authority to deal with the problem independently.
• The aim is to develop the reflective power of learners so that they can solve problems of their lives by reasoning, logic, and imagination and lead successful and happy lives.

Hence, At the reflective level of teaching the classroom environment is required to be sufficiently ‘open and independent’.

The teaching-learning processes generally operate at three levels which include memory level, understanding level and reflective level. 

Key Points

Reflective Level of Teaching:

• In the reflective level of teaching, learning is at the highest in the hierarchical order of mental processes. It is also known as introspective teaching. Hunt is the main proponent of this level.
• It is not an isolated and unitary process of memorizing factual information for future recall but it seeks to know how knowledge changes, grows, and interprets.
• Students at this level, develop curiosity, interest, inquiry, and persistence which culminate in a scientifically determined conclusion or solution to a problem.
• It is problem-centered teaching and consists of two phases- problem raising and problem-solving. The students are assumed to adopt some sort of research approach to solve the problem.
• The pupils occupy the primary place and the teacher occupies the secondary place. It is only possible at the high school and college level because older children have usually developed certain habits and abilities that were not strong in earlier years.

Hence, we conclude that 'the teacher assumes the primary place and the pupil occupies the secondary place' is incorrect regarding “Reflective Level of Teaching' (RLT).

The term ‘interactivity’ is being used in different contexts. It can be said that, interactivity is the index of the control and the level of participation of the individuals in communication process and makes them accountable for their learning. It plays an essential part in constructivist learning.

Key PointsLet's understand more about this approach. The basic characteristics of constructivism, to which most constructivists agree, are:

• Knowledge is an active meaning making process, in which learners construct their own meaning. It is not something which is imposed by the teacher on the learner.
• Learners have their own ideas about a situation, which may be incomplete but they play an important role in building meaning and understanding the situation.
• Learner’s social and cultural background has its significant impact on learners’ ideas.
• Learners construct their knowledge through interaction, perception and experience.
• Active learning is a situation where children construct their knowledge by their active engagement in learning process. It is in contrast to objectivist, where knowledge was supplied by teacher or more learned person to a young learner or less knowledgeable person.
• Learning does not mean only passive receiving or acquiring of information or only listening.
• The teacher should understand that knowledge transmission is not knowledge creation.
• The teacher should provide a learning environment where learners actively create their meaning and develop their understanding through their active engagement in various contexts.
• A learning environment promoting participation, cooperation, collaboration for construction of knowledge is basically an active learning environment.
• There are strategies like simulations, role-playing, multimedia supported learning environments, games, intentional learning environments, storytelling, case studies, dialogues, scaffolding, learning by design, group cooperation, collaborative learning, etc., which promotes active learning. 

Therefore, it can be concluded that it is interactive role of the learners which encourages them to become more accountable for their own learning

The word adolescence is derived from Latin word “adolescere” meaning “to grow up” or “to mature.” It is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves a number of changes in body and mind.

Key Points

• World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescence as a phase of life between 10-19 years of age characterized by physical growth, emotional, psychosocial and behavioral changes, thus, bringing about transformation from childhood to adulthood.
• "Need to release energy, with sudden outbursts of activity" is an emotional characteristic displayed by an Adolescent.
• Stanely Hall described adolescence as a time of “storm and stress”.
• During adolescence, the mind of adolescents is unstable and they show aggression very quickly.
• During adolescence, adolescents are not able to control their emotions.

Hence, we can conclude that "Need to release energy, with sudden outbursts of activity" is an emotional characteristic displayed by an Adolescent.

Physically challenged children refer to children who are suffering from locomotor and neurological disabilities and these disabilities hinder them from living a normal life.

Key Points 

• It is the responsibility of a teacher never to demotivate the physically challenged children and always encourage them to take part in different learning activities.
• The teacher will sensitize adult students toward helping disabled children in performing tasks is appropriate as this statement acknowledges the presence of children with physical disabilities in the classroom and indicates that the teacher is taking steps to ensure that they receive appropriate support and assistance from their peers and adults.

Hence, we can conclude that the teacher will sensitize adult students toward helping disabled children perform tasks that would be most appropriate.

Every organization needs a defined mission - that is its stated purpose - and a vision that looks into the future and describes an ideal state for the organization which it will achieve when it reaches the character for which the leader has committed his energies and enthusiasm.

• Such a vision combines analysis and understanding of the past history, traditions and culture of the organization; a recognition of the possible need to change; an analysis of the present situation and the key factors likely to affect the chances of success or failure; a forecast of the future and factors which could bring success; and outlines later to be developed, of the first steps to be taken and thereafter of tactical (short term) and strategic (long term) goals.

Key PointsCommunicating the Vision:

• A private vision has no organizational significance.
• Sharing the vision perceptively with those whose work will help to achieve it, and with an open-ness to change, should lead to cooperative teamwork, the creation of targets, and the constructive handling of any conflicts arising.
• But for this to be so, the vision must be fully shared, concisely expressed, and work must proceed in a learning atmosphere. Constant cross-referral must take place between existing and new activities to ensure that all move the organization towards its goals.

Hence, it is clear that the above-mentioned statement emphasizes that a vision must be fully shared and concisely expressed.

The correct answer is Abbe Sieyes.

Key Points

• Abbe Sieyes, originally a priest, wrote an influential pamphlet called What is the Third Estateí?
• The representatives of the third estate viewed themselves as spokesmen for the whole French nation.
• They declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
• They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes.​

Additional Information

• The French middle-class gained more power is a valid generalization about the immediate result of the French Revolution of 1789.
• Causes of the French Revolution : 
  • Social Inequality in France due to the Estates System
  • Tax Burden on the Third Estate
  • The Rise of the Bourgeoisie
  • Ideas put forward by Enlightenment philosophers
  • Financial Crisis caused due to Costly Wars
  • The Rise in the Cost of Bread
  • International. Struggle for hegemony and the Empire resource of the state
• The result of the French Revolution was the end of the monarchy.
  • King Louis XVI was executed in 1793.

The correct answer is Louis Fischer.Key Points

• Gandhi's biographer Louis Fischer wrote that the Non-Cooperation Movement became an epoch in the life of India and Gandhiji.
• Louis Fischer was an American journalist. Among his works was a contribution to the ex-communist treatise The God that Failed, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, the basis for the Academy Award-winning film Gandhi, as well as Life of Lenin, which won the 1965 National Book Award in History and Biography.

Thus, Gandhi's biographer Louis Fischer wrote that the Non-Cooperation Movement became an epoch in the life of India and Gandhiji.

Additional Information

•  C.N. Broomfield.: During the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of Indians were put in jail. Gandhiji was also arrested in March 1922, and charged with sedition. The judge who presided over his trial was Justice C.N. Broomfield.
• Sarvepalli Gopal was a well-known Indian historian. He was the son of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the first Vice-President and the second President of India. He was the author of Radhakrishnan: A Biography and Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography.
• Francis Robert Moraes was editor of many prominent newspapers in post-Independence India, including The Times of India and The Indian Express. 

The correct answer is Muskmelon.

Key Points

• Zaid crops are summer season crops.
• They grow in a long time period mainly from March to June. 
• Crops that are being raised throughout the year due to artificial irrigation are Zaid crops.
• Zaid crops are grown in the irrigated parts of the country like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Some of the crops produced during 'zaid' are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables, and fodder crops.
• Zaid Kharif: Sown in August-September and harvested in December-January. Important crops include rice, jowar, rapeseed, cotton, and oilseeds.
• Zaid Rabi: Sown in February – March and harvested in April -May. Important crops are watermelon, cucumber, leafy and other vegetables.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

Kharif crops

• Crops are sown at the beginning of the southwest monsoon and harvested at the end of the southwest monsoon.
• Sown in June-July when rains first begin.
• Harvested in September-October.
• Requires a lot of water and hot weather to grow.
• Important kharif crops: Jowar, bajra, rice, maize, cotton, Jute, groundnut, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.

Rabi crops

• Crops need a relatively cool climate during the period of growth but a warm climate during the germination of their seed and maturation.
• Sown in October-November.
• Harvested in April-May.
• Important Rabi Crops: Wheat, barley, gram, linseed, mustard, Masur, peas, and potatoes.

The correct answer is Haryana.  

Key Points

• Haryana depends upon canal irrigation for its agricultural prosperity to a great extent.
• About 49-49% of the irrigated area in Haryana is irrigated by canals.
• The Western Yamuna Canal irrigates about 4 lakh hectares in Ambala, Kurukshetra, Kamal, Panipat, Rohtak, Hissar, Sirsa, Faridabad, and Jind districts.
• The Bhakra canal enters Haryana near Tohana and irrigates large parts of the Hissar, Fatehabad, and Sirsa districts.
  • Its main branches are the Fatehabad, the Ratia, the Rori, the Barwala, and the Tohana branch.
• Gurgaon Canal irrigates 1.2 lakh hectares in Gurgaon and Faridabad districts.
• Jui Canal irrigates the semi-desert region of Bhiwani and adjoining areas. 

The Correct Answer is "Kanshi Ram".

Important Points

• Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), a national political party in India, was formed in 1984.
• The BSP states that it represents the people at the lowest levels of the Hindu social system—those officially designated as members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes—as well as other religious and social minorities.
• The core support group of the BSP consists primarily of the Dalits (Scheduled Castes, formerly called untouchables).
• The party espouses no specific ideology, other than its opposition to and outspoken criticism of the inequalities of the caste system, and its main tenets are focused on respecting and upholding the constitutional rights of the lower members of Indian society.

Key Points

• Kanshi Ram (1934–2006), a Dalit and a civil service worker, was spurred into pro-Dalit activism in the 1960s after reading Ambedkar’s writings and through witnessing firsthand caste discrimination.
• Ram’s efforts to mobilize Dalits and other minorities led to his involvement in politics, in which he spent years crisscrossing Uttar Pradesh state and traveling throughout the country eliciting support for the cause.
• In 1984 he founded the party and led it until he was succeeded by Kumari Mayawati in 2003.
• Although Ram was responsible for building the support base for the party, Mayawati shaped and nurtured it into a powerful political force in Uttar Pradesh—India’s most populous state—and at the national level.
• The state long remained the BSP’s stronghold, and the party also has a presence in Punjab state.
• The first significant political success for the BSP came in 1993, when it entered into an alliance with the Samajwadi (Socialist) Party for the governance of Uttar Pradesh.
• In 1995, however, the BSP left the coalition, and Mayawati, with support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), became chief minister (head of government) in the state.
• Her first term lasted less than five months until the BJP withdrew its support.
• In the next several years Mayawati served two more short stints as chief minister: 6 months in 1997 and another 15 months in 2002–03.

The correct answer is the people

Parliamentary System

• India has a parliamentary system of Government.
• Article 74 and Article 75 deal with the parliamentary system at the centre and Articles 163 and 164 deals with the states.
• In a parliamentary system, the executive is a part of the legislature, which implements the law and plays an active role in framing it as well.
• The head of the state holds a ceremonial position and is the nominal executive. For example, the President.
• In India, the head of government is the Prime Minister who is the real executive. 

Additional Information

• Article 75 of the Indian constitution provides for a Prime Minister to be appointed by the president.
• According to Article 74, the Prime Minister headed the council of ministers would aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions.
• The party which wins majority seats in the elections of the Lower House forms the government.
• The council of ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
• In a Parliamentary democracy, the ruling party is responsible to the people of the country. Hence option 4 is correct.

The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms– social, economic, and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. 

• Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, color, race, religion, sex, and so on. It means the absence of privileges being extended to any particular section of the society, and improvement in the conditions of backward classes (SCs, STs, and OBCs) and women.
• Economic justice denotes the non-discrimination between people on the basis of economic factors. It involves the elimination of glaring inequalities in wealth, income, and property.
• A combination of social justice and economic justice denotes what is known as ‘distributive justice’. 
• Political justice implies that all citizens should have equal political rights, equal access to all political offices, and an equal voice in the government.
• The ideal of justice–social, economic, and political–has been taken from the Russian Revolution (1917). 

Therefore, Religious Justice is NOT mentioned in the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

The correct answer is Enhances the dignity of people.

Key Points

• Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.
• A Dictatorship is a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in the hands of a leader.

Additional Information

• Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but a democratic government is people’s own government.
• Democracy promotes equality among citizens as it is people's own government.
• It enhances the dignity of the individual.
•  It provides methods to resolve conflicts if any.
•  Only democracy allows room to correct mistakes
• Gives equal status to women and weaker sections. 
• In a democratic government, citizens have fundamental rights and duties.
• In a democratic form of government, the decision-making process is slow. Because it is followed by the procedures and its decisions are more acceptable to the people.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• Constitution has adopted the system of territorial representation (the First-past-the-post system) for the election of members to the Lok Sabha. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The Constitution has not adopted the system of proportional representation due to two reasons:
  1. The difficulty for the voters to understand the system (which is complicated) is due to the low literacy scale in the country.
  2. Unsuitability to the parliamentary government due to the tendency of the system to multiply political parties leading to instability in government. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Additional Information

• The First Past the Post system of elections is quite simple and good for large countries like India and the USA. 
• In India
  • The entire country is divided into various constituencies. During general elections, India is divided into 543 constituencies.
  • Every constituency elects one representative each.
  • In each constituency, different political parties put forward their candidate to contest elections.
  • The candidate who gets the highest number of votes is declared elected.
  • In order to become the representative of that particular constituency, a candidate need not secure the majority of votes, rather, he just has to secure more votes than all the other candidates of different political parties contesting the election from that constituency.
  • This is known as the First Past the Post system, as the candidate who crosses the winning post first, gets elected.
  • First Past the Post system is also called the Plurality System.

The correct answer is All of the above

Key Points 

Consumer Protection Act 1986

• An Act to provide for better protection of the interests of consumers
• it has provisions for the establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes.
• It provides some Rights to the consumer as follows
  • Right to choice. 
  • Right to representation.
  • Right to information.
  • Right to safety.
  • Right to redressal.
  • Right to consumer education.

The correct answer is In 1991

Key Points

•  New economic policy-
  • ​New economic policy was adopted in 1991 in India during a typical economic crisis.
  • India was facing macroeconomic problems such as inflation, the inverse balance of payment, higher fiscal deficits, the oil crisis, inverse foreign exchange reverse etc during the 90s.
  • To combat these macroeconomic problems India chose to reform the economy following the IMF and World Bank.
  • Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation were three broad policies in the New economic policy.

Additional Information

•  Liberalisation-Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as liberalisation.
• Privatisation-Process of Handovering the public sector economy to the private sector.
• Globalisation-Globalisation is this process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.

The correct answer is  All of the above

Key Points

• Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
• The factors which help in the process of globalisation are-
  • Free capital flow
  • Technology
  • Removal of trade barriers like taxes on imports.
  • Migration of labour
  • International trade
• It promotes international trade throughout the world freely.
• It helps to flow the foreign investment in developing countries from the developed countries.
• It also increases competition in an economy as foreign corporations are allowed to function in the domestic economy.
• Technological advancement also become possible through globalisation.
• A higher level of profit is gained by MNCs in developing nations as they get cheap labour there.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• Human Development Report is published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
• Human Development Report is an annual Human Development Index report.
• Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education and per capita indicators which are used to rank countries for human development.
• Human Development Report compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
• The first Human Development Report was launched in 1990.

 Thus, we can say that Human Development Report consists of life expectancy, education, per capita income.

• Social exclusion is a complex, diverse process. It entails the denial or absence of resources, rights, goods, and services as well as the impossibility of participating in the regular social contacts and activities that are accessible to the majority of people in a particular society.
• Poverty, inequality, a lack of adequate and accessible public services, subpar public transportation, the welfare and benefits system, and a lack of acceptable housing are some of the major contributors to social exclusion.
• It is more difficult to be heard when one is socially rejected, and individuals in positions of power may not give your opinions on society and the laws you must follow as much consideration. Even voting, the most straightforward way for everyone to decide how their community will change in the future, could becoming harder.
• Women, children, lone parents, and homes with a single retiree are particularly at danger of social isolation among the continuously poor.

 Hence, Social exclusion is the process by which individuals or groups are denied access to facilities, perks, and opportunities that others have.

• Per capita income or average income measures the average income earned per person in the given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year.
• It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.
• This is used to compare the wealth of the population of different regions.