DSSSB PRT Mock Test - 5 - DSSSB TGT/PGT/PRT MCQ

As North-West is 135^o clockwise from South in the same were North-East is 135^o clockwise from the West.

Axis Bank has recently reappointed Amitabh Chaudhry as the MD and CEO of the bank. The Axis Bank board has appointed Chaudhry for a term of three years with effect from January 1, 2025. This will be his second extension of three years. Chaudhary joined the bank as MD and CEO in 2019. Prior to this, he was the MD and CEO of HDFC Life.

SJVN Limited has commissioned India’s first multipurpose (heat and power) green hydrogen pilot project at the 1,500 MW Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station at Jhakri, Himachal Pradesh. The project will also generate electricity using green hydrogen and a 25 kW fuel cell.    

The Indian Historical Records Commission (IHRC), operating under the Union Ministry of Culture, has adopted a new logo and motto. It is an apex advisory body on archival matters. It was established in the year 1919.

The "Gajraj system" is an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based solution implemented by Indian Railways to prevent elephant fatalities on railway tracks, demonstrating a pioneering step in wildlife conservation.

Hence, Option B is correct.

Hence, Option B is correct.

HCF = 12
Numbers = 12x and 12y
where x and y are prime to each other.
∴ 12x × 12y = 2160

= 15 = 3 × 5, 1 × 15
Possible pairs = (36, 60) and (12, 180)
Hence , Number of such possible pairs is 2.

'बाल' बहुवचन रूप का सबसे अच्छा विकल्प है।Key Points

• बहुवचन - शब्द के जिस रूप से यह बोध होता है कि वस्तु एक से अधिक है।
• उदाहरण - बाल, प्राण, हस्ताक्षर आदि

Additional Information अन्य उदाहरण -

The psychometric approach to intelligence aims to measure and quantify individual differences in cognitive abilities through standardized tests. This approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of various abilities and tries to identify and understand the underlying dimensions of intelligence.

Key Points

• Statement I is correct because the psychometric approach often uses tests that measure a variety of cognitive abilities, such as verbal, quantitative, and spatial reasoning, and combines them into a single index of cognitive ability, such as an intelligence quotient (IQ) score.
• Statement II is also correct because the psychometric approach attempts to identify the underlying structure of intelligence, typically by using statistical techniques such as factor analysis to determine how different cognitive abilities are related to one another.
• This approach has led to the identification of different types of intelligence, such as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence, which have different underlying cognitive processes and developmental trajectories.

Thus, it is concluded that Both I and II are correct.

The behaviorist view defines learning as stimulus-response (S-R) relationships, and hence as an associative process. According to them, in learning, a new association or connection is formed between a stimulus and response.

• Associative theory of learning is a form of conditioning, a theory that states behavior can be modified or learned based on a stimulus and a response. This means that behavior can be learned or unlearned based on the response it generates.

Key Points

Classical Conditioning Theory:

• It was proposed by Ivan Pavlov. According to classical conditioning, we learn by making associations and relationships among various stimuli. During classical conditioning, organisms acquire information about the relations between various stimuli, not simple associations between them.
• The subjects of learning in this theory are always some kind of automatic, involuntary or reflexive responses such as heart rate, salivation, vomiting, pupil dilatation, etc.

Stimulus-Response Theory

• It was proposed by Edward Thorndike, who believed that learning boils down to two things: stimulus, and response. It is a theory that proposes that all learning consists primarily of the strengthening of the relationship between the stimulus and the response.
• According to him, learning is by the association between the stimulus (presence of the lever) and the response (pressing the lever). Mainly these theories emphasize providing a conducive and supporting environment to facilitate learning with intelligently manipulated reinforcements.

Operant Conditioning Theory:

• Skinner propagated an operant conditioning theory related to the stimulus-response relationship and reinforcement. In his view, learning is a change in behavior. As the learner learns, his\her responses in terms of changed behavior increase.
• Learning is, therefore, formally defined by him as a change in the likelihood or probability of a response. Operant conditioning is a learning force that affects the desired response more frequently by providing a reinforcing stimulus immediately following the response.

Hene, it is concluded that Gestalt theory is not an associative theory of learning.

Hint

• Gestalt theory: The German word Gestalt means “form” or “configuration”, and the Gestalt psychologists maintained that the mind should be thought of as resulting from the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organizations within this pattern. It was propounded by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler.

Self is a multi-dimensional concept. It is affected by multiple factors, which in turn influence the individual aspects.

Key Points Following are a few definitions of self-concept:-

• Neill:- Self-concept is a basic notion about who we are in terms of physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. From the time of our birth, we develop and regulate our self-concept based on the information received from others about ourselves.
• Roy Baumeister:- Self-concept is “the individual’s belief about himself or herself, including the person’s attributes and who and what the self is.”
• Purkey:- Self-concept is “the sum of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence”.
• Hilgard, Atkinson, and Atkinson:- The self-concept is defined as “the composite ideas, feelings, and attitudes people have about themselves’ .

Thus, it is concluded that Neill is the correct answer.

Marriage is one of the universal social institutions established and nourished by human society connected to the institution of the family.

Key Points

• Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social group, caste, or tribe.
• It is a cultural norm that limits individuals' marriage choices to their own social background or community.
• This practice is often motivated by the desire to maintain cultural and social traditions and prevent the dilution of cultural values and customs.
• Endogamy is prevalent in many societies around the world, including South Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.

Thus, it is concluded that The term that refers to a cultural restriction that prohibits individuals from marrying outside of their own social group or community is endogamy.

Additional Information

• Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group, caste, or tribe. It is a cultural norm that encourages individuals to marry someone from a different social background or community to create social ties and strengthen relations between groups.
• Arranged marriage is a type of marriage where the family or a third party select and arrange the marriage of the individuals involved.
• Polygamy is a form of marriage in which one person is married to multiple spouses at the same time.

Autism is a spectrum disorder, which means that it affects people in different ways and to different degrees.

Key Points

• Autism is a developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction.
• One of the common characteristics of autism is difficulty with communication, which can manifest in a number of ways. For example, individuals with autism may have difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication, such as maintaining eye contact, using appropriate body language, and engaging in reciprocal conversation.
• They may also have difficulty understanding non-literal languages such as sarcasm or figurative language.
• Autism involves a profound failure in social, linguistic, and imaginative development.
• Treatment for autism typically involves a combination of specialized interventions, such as behavioral therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy, as well as support from caregivers and loved ones.

Thus, it is concluded that I, II, and III is the correct answer.

Cognitive Behavioural therapy is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do.

Key Points

• It takes into account the individual's behavior as well as cognition which includes thinking and emotions.
• It focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive patterns of information processing and related behaviors.
• It shares three fundamental propositions:
  • Cognitive activity affects behavior
  • Cognitive activity may be altered and monitored
  • Desired behavior change may be effective through cognitive change.
• The cognitive behavioral approach is based on the assumption that anxiety, depression, and negative emotions develop from maladaptive thought processes.

Hence we conclude that the premise that an individual's behavior and effect are largely determined by his or her attitudes and assumptions about the world underlies Cognitive-behavior therapy.

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications. ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system.

• ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning.

Key Points

• ICT can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate students. The term ‘assessment’ in education means the procedure that is used to collect information about the knowledge, attitude, and skills of a learner. There are various ways to carry out assessment: oral, aural, written, and performance-based.
• Online assessment is an ICT-enable evaluation method. Online assessment is the process of conducting a test online to gauge the participants’ learning and mastery over a particular subject.
• An online assessment may be administered with a specific intent, such as ascertaining a candidate’s skills, knowledge, or learning abilities.
• In simple terms, an online assessment is a structured, meticulous evaluation of an individual’s skills, characteristics, knowledge, or expertise. The test is hosted online via modern web-based technologies.
• Online assessments comprise a series of questions that assess multiple aspects of a test-taker and are created based on the job role, level, and competency requirements.

Hence, it could be concluded that Online assessment is an ICT-enable evaluation method.

Additional Information

• Personal interviews: Personal interview is basically a meeting organized by a recruiter in which he evaluates a potential employee for prospective employment. However, this meeting should be considered as a two-way process between the candidate and the interviewer. So, it is not an ICT-enabled evaluation method, rather, it is a meeting to check one's capability.
• Pen and paper tests: It is a written exam (with a pen & paper), as opposed to an exam taken electronically (via computer). So, it is not an ICT-enabled evaluation method.
• A student portfolio is a compilation of academic work and other forms of educational evidence assembled for the purpose of (1) evaluating coursework quality, learning progress, and academic achievement; (2) determining whether students have met learning standards or other academic requirements for courses, grade-level promotion, and graduation; (3) helping students reflect on their academic goals and progress as learners; and (4) creating a lasting archive of academic work products, accomplishments, and other documentation. So, it is not an ICT-enabled evaluation method.

Children begin to learn language consciously at the primary school level. They acquire spoken language while interacting with their family members even before they come to school. But all this learning is informal and not very structured.

• In order to plan language teaching in a systematic way, it is desirable for you as a language teacher to understand the main objectives of teaching language at the primary level.

Key Points

Objectives of language learning or teaching language:

The main objective of language learning is to develop basic skills of language for better understanding and effective communication. So a child can use listening, speaking, reading, and writing as separate skills such as:

• reading comprehension ability
• ability to understand what is heard
• coherent writing-skills development
• enjoy various kinds of reading materials
• use grammar functionally in various contexts
• write neatly, with logical sequence and creativity
• speak effectively in both informal and formal situations

Hint

• Thinking is the basis of all cognitive activities or processes and is unique to human beings but is not related to the objective of language learning. It involves the manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment.

Hence, we can conclude that trying to think hard is not a language learning objective.

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics. He has proposed 'Language Acquisition Theory' that is primarily related to language development.

Key Points

• The Innate Language Theory by Noam Chomsky was devised on the Language Acquisition Device and Universal Grammar.
• According to Chomsky, all children are both with an inner ability of language acquisition consisting of universal grammar as it is a set of rules in the mind of humans that helps them in acquiring and understanding grammar regardless of where or how they are raised.
• Chomsky emphasizes that 'children have an innate universal grammar' which helps them in developing grammatical sentence structures independence of sensory experience.

• A language acquisition device is a hypothetical tool in a child's brain that makes learners able to acquire and produce language. It also helps to learn and assimilate the language easily.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Innate Language Theory by Noam Chomsky was devised on the Language Acquisition Device and Universal Grammar.

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc.

• These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

• Skinner and Watson are major proponents of behaviourism.
• John B Watson is a Behaviourist Psychologist. He is also known as the founder and father of behaviourism. Behaviourism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It".
• B.F. Skinner is considered the most influential psychologist advocating the role of operant conditioning in learning. It is a process through which organisms learn to repeat behaviours that produce positive outcomes or avoid or escape from negative outcomes.
• Behaviourism dominated experimental psychology for several decades, and its influence can still be felt today.
• Behaviourism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods and especially experimentation.
• Behaviourism focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviours are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behaviour.
• An example of behaviourism is when teachers reward their class or certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behaviour throughout the week. The same concept is used with punishments.

Hint

• Social Constructivism emphasizes the role of culture and context in developing personal and shared interpretations of reality. It emerged largely from the work of Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, and Bandura.

Thus, it is concluded that Skinner and Watson are major proponents of behaviourism.

Counselling is about helping people who want to change some aspects of their thoughts, feelings or behaviour to enhance their life, or simply to explore and/or clarify their thoughts or feelings.

• Counselling is a problem-solving process.
• The counsellor helps students to:

1. understand themselves,
2. their potentials,
3. the assets,
4. the problems they are facing and making decisions to take alternative actions to solve their problems.

Key Points The main areas of counselling are:

1. Educational
2. Vocational
3. Health and Living conditions
4. Personal
5. Moral Social and
6. Leisure

• In all these areas, the role of counselling is developing the potentialities of the child, developing confidence, and communicating face to face in the form of interviews to nurture their positive growth.

Hence it can be concluded that Professional growth is NOT an element of counselling.

The correct answer is The Bengal Gazette.

• The Bengal Gazette knew as Calcutta General Advertiser started its publication in Calcutta, the center of colonial India during that time was India’s first newspaper in 1780.
• It was an English language weekly that was started by James Augustus Hicky, an Irishman who acted as the paper’s writer, editor, and publisher.

Children in the foundational stage enjoy free time exploring their immediate environment. The day needs to be carefully organized so that all domains of development receive adequate time and attention. The routine must ensure that children get ample opportunity for a range of experiences in every domain.

Key PointsNCF 2023 has suggested the following Considerations for the Daily Routine of the foundational stage students:

• The organization of the day is based on the institutional setting and the number of working days and daily working hours for each day.
• Each activity may be planned to keep in mind the attention span of the child.
• There should be a balance between child-initiated and Teacher-guided activities, group (whole group or small group) and individual or pair activities, and alternating activities (e.g., quieter activity after physical activity, group activity after individual activity, indoor activity after outdoor activity).
• Art and Craft, Outdoor Play, and Free Play must have adequate time and focus during the day.

Hence, We can conclude that statements I, II, and III are suggested for the Daily Routine of foundational stage students.

Self-evaluation is a collaborative, reflective process of internal school review. It provides teachers with a means of systematically looking at how they teach and how pupils learn and helps schools and teachers to improve outcomes for learners.

• Teachers are the implementer of education. Their patience and perseverance significantly impact a student's success in the classroom. Teachers carry a huge responsibility to shape and mold future generations and contribute to their student's successes.

Key PointsMainly, the teacher has to lead the students and guides them for a better learning experience through various teaching-learning activities.

Self-evaluation by teachers shows their roles as 'Reflective practitioners' as during self-evaluation teachers:

• develop their own teaching strategies and techniques.
• analyze overall performance and set goals for self-improvement.
• better understand the teaching-learning situations and challenges.
• look back at their works and consider about required advancement.
• locate their teaching in broader institutional, social, and political contexts.
• become aware of their underlying beliefs and assumptions about teaching.

Hence, it could be concluded that while leading the students, self-evaluation by a teacher shows his role as a reflective practitioner.

Mental health is a state of wellbeing in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.

Key Points

A mentally healthy person possesses the following characteristics:

• Ability to adjust​: This ability enables them to develop interpersonal relationships and to deal positively with all.
• Self-confidence: This ability makes them able to accept and trust themselves and makes learners feel very confident in all areas.
• Problem-solving: This ability enables them to find constructive solutions to our problems in day-to-day life.
• Emotional Maturity: This ability helps them to inform and communicate moral judgments and decisions.
• Critical thinking: This ability makes them able to analyze information with an objective perspective.
• Decision making: This is an ability that helps them to constructively take decisions by gathering relevant information.
• Acceptance of reality: This is the ability to understand reality and accept it accordingly.

Hint

• Intolerance is a lack of respect for practices or beliefs other than one's own. It also involves the rejection of people whom we perceive as different.
• For example, members of a social or ethnic group other than ours, or people who are different in political or sexual orientation.

Hence, we can conclude that intolerance is not the characteristic of Good Mental Health.

School health services (SHS) are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in primary or secondary education, either within school premises or in a health service situated outside the school.

• Providing clean water - Healthy School Environment
• Immunization programs - School Health Services
• Promoting mental wellness - Health Education

Key Points

• Reducing exposure to hazardous substances comes under the field of occupational health and safety (OHS), which is concerned with protecting the health, safety, and welfare of workers in the workplace.
• This includes identifying and assessing potential hazards in the workplace, implementing control measures to eliminate or minimize those hazards, and educating and training workers on how to work safely and avoid exposure to hazardous substances.
• Some common hazardous substances that workers may be exposed to include chemicals, biological agents, physical agents (such as noise or radiation), and ergonomic hazards (such as repetitive motion or poor workstation design).

Hence, we can conclude that Reducing exposure to hazardous substances - Work Education does not correctly match the strategy to improve student health with its corresponding category

Depression in adolescents is a serious mental health issue that affects many young people. It is a common and treatable condition that can have long-term consequences if left untreated.

Key Points

1. Family history of depression:
   • There is strong evidence that a family history of depression increases the risk of depression in adolescents.
   • Research shows that adolescents who have a parent or sibling with depression are 2-3 times more likely to develop depression themselves.
   • This suggests that there may be a genetic component to depression, as well as environmental factors that contribute to depression in families.
2. Substance abuse:
   • ​​Substance abuse is a well-established risk factor for adolescent depression.
   • Adolescents who abuse drugs or alcohol are at increased risk of developing depression, and depression can also increase the risk of substance abuse.
   • The two conditions are often co-occurring and can exacerbate each other.
3. High academic achievement:
   • While high academic achievement can be a source of stress and pressure for some adolescents, it is not considered a primary risk factor for adolescent depression.
   • In fact, some studies suggest that high academic achievement may actually be a protective factor against depression.
   • However, it is important to note that academic pressure and stress can contribute to depression in some adolescents, especially those who are already vulnerable due to other risk factors.
4. Chronic illness:
   • ​​Chronic illness is a recognized risk factor for adolescent depression.
   • Adolescents who have chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are at increased risk of developing depression.
   • The stress and challenges associated with managing a chronic illness can contribute to depression, as well as the physical symptoms of the illness itself.

In summary, family history of depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness are recognized risk factors for adolescent depression, while high academic achievement is not considered a primary risk factor, although it can contribute to depression in some adolescents.