Indian Geography Quiz : 2 - Year 5 MCQ

Oldest Oil Refinery in India
The oldest oil refinery in India is located at Digboi, Assam.
Explanation:
Digboi, Assam is home to the oldest oil refinery in India. Here is a detailed explanation of the other options and why they are not the correct answers:
Haldia, near Kolkata:
- Haldia refinery is located in Haldia, West Bengal and was established in 1975.
- It is one of the largest refineries in India but not the oldest.
Koyali, near Baroda:
- Koyali refinery, also known as Vadodara refinery, is situated in Vadodara, Gujarat.
- It was commissioned in the year 1965 and is one of the major refineries in India.
Noonmati, Assam:
- Noonmati refinery is situated in Guwahati, Assam.
- It was established in the year 1962 and is one of the oldest refineries in the country.
- While it is an old refinery, it is not the oldest in India.
Digboi, Assam:
- Digboi refinery is located in Digboi, Assam.
- It was established in the year 1901, making it the oldest oil refinery in India.
- Digboi refinery played a significant role in the development of the Indian oil industry.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Digboi, Assam.

Oldest Mountains in India:
The oldest mountains in India are the Aravalis. Here is a detailed explanation of why they are considered the oldest:
1. Geology:
- The Aravali Range is a fold mountain range that stretches across the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi in India.
- It was formed during the Proterozoic Eon, which is estimated to be around 2.5 billion years ago.
- The range is a result of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.
2. Geological Features:
- The Aravali Range consists of various parallel ridges and valleys.
- It is characterized by rugged terrain, with rocky outcrops and steep slopes.
- The highest peak in the range is Guru Shikhar, standing at an elevation of 1,722 meters.
3. Biodiversity:
- The Aravalis are known for their rich biodiversity.
- The region is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including several endangered species.
- It serves as a crucial habitat for wildlife and contributes to the ecological balance of the surrounding areas.
4. Historical Significance:
- The Aravali Range has significant historical and cultural importance.
- It has been mentioned in ancient scriptures and epics like the Mahabharata.
- The range has witnessed the rise and fall of various civilizations, leaving behind archaeological sites and ruins.
Overall, the Aravalis are considered the oldest mountains in India due to their geological formation and historical significance. They have stood the test of time and continue to be a significant part of India's natural and cultural heritage.

The Shimla Convention is an agreement that sets the boundary between India and Tibet. Here is a detailed explanation of the Shimla Convention:
Background:
- The Shimla Convention, also known as the Simla Accord, was signed on July 3, 1914, between the British government and the Tibetan government under the rule of the Dalai Lama.
- The convention was a result of the British desire to define the boundary between India and Tibet, as well as to establish a buffer zone between British India and China.
Key Points:
- The Shimla Convention defined the McMahon Line, which is the current boundary between India's Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet.
- The McMahon Line was proposed by Sir Henry McMahon, the British representative at the convention, and was accepted by the Tibetan government.
- According to the convention, the boundary between India and Tibet would follow the crest of the Himalayas.
- The convention also recognized Tibet as an autonomous region under Chinese suzerainty.
- It established trade and pilgrimage routes between India and Tibet, allowing for the movement of people and goods across the border.
Significance:
- The Shimla Convention remains a crucial document in the India-China border dispute, as it forms the basis of India's claim over Arunachal Pradesh.
- However, China does not recognize the McMahon Line and claims Arunachal Pradesh as part of its territory.
- The boundary dispute between India and China has led to tensions and military conflicts in the past.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: the Shimla Convention sets the boundary between India and Tibet.

The oldest oil field in India is the Digboi field, in Assam.
Explanation:
- The Digboi oil field, located in the Tinsukia district of Assam, is the oldest oil field in India.
- It was discovered in the year 1889 and has been in continuous operation since then.
- Digboi oil field is known for its historical significance as it was the first oil well to be drilled in the Indian subcontinent.
- The oil field is operated by Oil India Limited, a public sector undertaking of the Government of India.
- It is a significant contributor to the country's oil production and has been a major source of revenue for the region.
- The Digboi oil field is also known for its rich heritage and has been declared as a "National Monument" by the Archaeological Survey of India.
- The field has witnessed several technological advancements and continues to play a crucial role in India's oil and gas industry.
- Over the years, several other oil fields have been discovered in different parts of India, but Digboi remains the oldest and most iconic oil field in the country.

Mountain Building in the Himalayas:
Background:
The formation of the Himalayas is a result of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. This collision began millions of years ago and is still ongoing, resulting in the continuous uplift of the mountains.
Explanation:
The correct answer to the question is option C, which states that the mountain building in the Himalayas began about 45 million years ago when the continental plates of India and Eurasia converged on each other. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Plate Tectonics: The Earth's lithosphere is divided into several large and small tectonic plates. The Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate are two significant plates in the region where the Himalayas are located.
2. Convergence of Plates: Around 45 million years ago, the Indian Plate started moving northward towards the Eurasian Plate. This movement was driven by the convective forces in the Earth's mantle.
3. Collision: As the Indian Plate approached the Eurasian Plate, it started colliding with it. The collision was slow but powerful, resulting in the compression and folding of the Earth's crust.
4. Uplift and Mountain Building: The force from the collision caused the crust to fold and uplift, leading to the formation of the Himalayas. The intense pressure and compression resulted in the creation of numerous mountain ranges, including the highest peaks such as Mount Everest and K2.
5. Ongoing Process: The convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates is ongoing, leading to the continuous uplift of the Himalayas. The mountains are still rising at a slow rate of a few millimeters per year.
In conclusion, the mountain building in the Himalayas began about 45 million years ago when the Indian and Eurasian plates started converging and colliding with each other. This ongoing tectonic activity has resulted in the magnificent and awe-inspiring mountain range we know today.

The correct group of rivers that originate from the Himachal mountains is A: Beas, Ravi, and Chenab. Here is a detailed explanation:

• Beas: The Beas River is one of the major rivers in Himachal Pradesh. It originates from the Beas Kund, a small glacial lake located near the Rohtang Pass in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas.


• Ravi: The Ravi River also originates from the western Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh. It begins near the Rohtang Pass and flows through the Chamba Valley before entering Punjab.


• Chenab: The Chenab River is another significant river in the region. It originates from the Bara Lacha Pass in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. It then flows through Jammu and Kashmir and merges with the Indus River.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: Beas, Ravi, and Chenab.

Explanation:

The group of states with the largest deposits of iron ore is Bihar and Orissa.

Reasoning:

Iron ore deposits are found in various regions of India, but some states have larger deposits than others. Here is the breakdown:

• Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka: While these states do have iron ore deposits, they are not as extensive as those in other regions.


• Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra: These states also have iron ore deposits, but they are not as significant as those in Bihar and Orissa.


• West Bengal and Assam: These states have some iron ore deposits, but they are not as abundant as those in Bihar and Orissa.


• Bihar and Orissa: These states have the largest deposits of iron ore in India. They are known for their extensive iron ore reserves, making them the correct answer choice.

In conclusion, the group of states with the largest deposits of iron ore is Bihar and Orissa.

Population Density in Union Territories of India
Introduction:
Population density refers to the number of people living in a particular area, usually measured as the number of individuals per square kilometer. In India, there are several union territories, each with its own unique characteristics and population densities. Among these, Delhi is known to have the highest population density.
Analysis:
To determine the union territory with the highest population density, we need to compare the population and the area of each territory. Let's analyze the population density of each union territory mentioned in the question.
A: Pondicherry:
- Population density: The population density of Pondicherry is relatively low compared to other union territories.
- Not the highest population density.
B: Lakshadweep:
- Population density: Lakshadweep has a small population, but it is spread over a group of islands, resulting in a relatively high population density.
- Not the highest population density.
C: Delhi:
- Population density: Delhi has a significant population, and its area is relatively small compared to other union territories.
- Delhi is known for its high population density.
- Delhi has the highest population density among the given options.
D: Chandigarh:
- Population density: Chandigarh has a moderate population density, but it is lower than that of Delhi.
- Not the highest population density.
Conclusion:
Among the given options, Delhi has the highest population density per square kilometer. It is important to note that population density can change over time due to factors such as migration, urbanization, and infrastructure development.

The northern boundary of the peninsular plateau of India runs parallel to the Ganga and the Yamuna from Rajmahal hills to a point near Delhi. Here is a detailed explanation:
Explanation:
The peninsular plateau is a vast region in the southern part of India, characterized by its flat and elevated terrain. It is surrounded by various geographical features, including rivers and mountain ranges.
The northern boundary of the peninsular plateau is determined by the course of the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers. From the Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand, these rivers flow parallel to each other in a northwest direction.
The boundary extends up to a point near Delhi, where the rivers turn towards the southwest. This point is considered the northernmost limit of the peninsular plateau.
Summary:
- The northern boundary of the peninsular plateau of India runs parallel to the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers.
- It starts from the Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand.
- The Ganga and the Yamuna rivers flow in a northwest direction, defining the boundary.
- The boundary extends up to a point near Delhi.
- This point marks the northernmost limit of the peninsular plateau.

Oldest rocks in India:
The oldest rocks in India are reported from the Dharwar region in Karnataka.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why the answer is A:
1. Dharwar region, Karnataka:
- The Dharwar region in Karnataka is known for its ancient rock formations.
- These rocks are estimated to be around 3.4 billion years old.
- They belong to the Dharwar Supergroup, which is a geological formation that consists of diverse rock types, including granite, gneiss, schist, and quartzite.
- The Dharwar rocks have undergone extensive metamorphism and deformation over millions of years.
2. Aravalli range, Rajasthan:
- The Aravalli range in Rajasthan is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world.
- However, the rocks found in the Aravalli range are not as old as the rocks in the Dharwar region.
- The Aravalli rocks are estimated to be around 1.5 billion years old.
3. Vindhyan range, Madhya Pradesh:
- The Vindhyan range in Madhya Pradesh is another significant geological formation in India.
- The rocks in the Vindhyan range are relatively younger compared to the rocks in the Dharwar region.
- They are estimated to be around 1.7 billion years old.
4. Siwalik range, Punjab:
- The Siwalik range in Punjab is a relatively young mountain range, formed during the Himalayan orogeny.
- The rocks in the Siwalik range are not as old as the rocks in the Dharwar region.
- They are estimated to be around 2.5 to 4 million years old.
In conclusion, based on the geological evidence, the oldest rocks in India are reported from the Dharwar region in Karnataka. These rocks are estimated to be around 3.4 billion years old, making them some of the oldest known rocks in the world.

The Great Divide in the demographic history of India
Answer: B. 1921
Explanation:
- The term "Great Divide" refers to a significant demographic shift or change in the population composition of a country or region.
- In the case of India, the year 1921 is often referred to as the Great Divide in its demographic history.
- Here's why:
1. 1911 Census:
- In 1911, the British conducted a census in India, which was the first modern census conducted in the country.
- This census revealed a population of approximately 238 million.
2. Demographic Shift:
- Between 1911 and 1921, there was a significant demographic shift in India.
- This shift was primarily due to the devastating impact of the influenza pandemic, also known as the Spanish flu, which swept through India during this period.
- The pandemic resulted in a high mortality rate, causing a decline in the population.
3. Population Decline:
- The 1921 census showed a decline in the population of India to around 219 million.
- This decrease in population marked a significant turning point in India's demographic history and is often referred to as the Great Divide.
4. Impact:
- The demographic changes brought about by the Great Divide had long-lasting effects on India's population growth, distribution, and social structure.
- It influenced policies and strategies related to healthcare, family planning, and development in the years that followed.
5. Subsequent Censuses:
- The 1921 census became a reference point for subsequent censuses in India.
- The population growth rate, fertility rate, and other demographic indicators were calculated based on the change observed between 1911 and 1921.
Therefore, the year 1921 is called a Great Divide in the demographic history of India due to the significant population decline caused by the influenza pandemic during that period.

Private Sector Refinery by Reliance Petroleum Ltd.
Location: Jamnagar
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is B. Jamnagar:
1. Reliance Petroleum Ltd. (RPL) is a subsidiary of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), an Indian conglomerate company.
2. RPL operates one private sector refinery, which is located in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
3. Jamnagar is a major industrial city in Gujarat and is known for its refineries and petrochemical complexes.
4. The Jamnagar refinery is one of the largest and most complex refineries in the world.
5. It has a refining capacity of around 1.24 million barrels per day (bpd) and can process a wide range of crude oils.
6. The refinery complex includes multiple units such as crude distillation units, fluid catalytic cracking units, hydrocracking units, and more.
7. It produces a variety of products including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, petrochemicals, and other petroleum derivatives.
8. The Jamnagar refinery has played a significant role in meeting India's growing energy demands and has contributed to the country's self-sufficiency in petroleum products.
9. It has also been recognized for its advanced technology, operational efficiency, and commitment to environmental sustainability.
10. The refinery has received several awards and accolades for its performance and contribution to the industry.
In conclusion, the only private sector refinery set up by Reliance Petroleum Ltd. is located in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

The only state in India that produces saffron is Jammu and Kashmir.
Explanation:
Saffron is a valuable and highly sought-after spice known for its vibrant color and unique flavor. In India, the production of saffron is limited to a specific region due to the specific climate and soil conditions required for its cultivation. Here is a detailed explanation of why Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India that produces saffron:
1. Ideal climate:
- Saffron cultivation requires a cool and dry climate with moderate rainfall.
- Jammu and Kashmir's climate, with its cold winters and moderate summers, provides an ideal environment for saffron cultivation.
2. Soil conditions:
- Saffron plants thrive in well-drained, fertile, and loamy soil.
- The soil in the region of Pampore in Jammu and Kashmir, known as the saffron bowl of India, possesses the necessary characteristics for saffron cultivation.
3. Geographic location:
- The region of Pampore in Jammu and Kashmir is located at an altitude of around 1600 meters above sea level.
- This altitude, combined with the Himalayan mountain ranges surrounding the region, creates a microclimate that is suitable for saffron cultivation.
4. Traditional cultivation practices:
- The cultivation of saffron in Jammu and Kashmir has a long history and is deeply rooted in the local culture.
- Farmers in the region have developed traditional and sustainable cultivation practices over generations, ensuring the high quality of saffron produced.
5. Global recognition:
- The saffron produced in Jammu and Kashmir is highly regarded worldwide for its quality and aroma.
- It has received geographical indication (GI) status, which further emphasizes its unique origin and quality.
In conclusion, Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India that produces saffron due to its ideal climate, soil conditions, geographic location, traditional cultivation practices, and global recognition.

Answer:
The three important rivers of the Indian subcontinent that have their sources near Mansarover Lake in the Great Himalayas are:
1. Brahmaputra River:
- The Brahmaputra River originates from the Mansarover Lake in the Great Himalayas.
- It flows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh.
- It is one of the major rivers in the Indian subcontinent and is known for its vast basin and high discharge.
- The Brahmaputra River is an important water resource for irrigation, transportation, and hydropower in the region.
2. Indus River:
- The Indus River also originates near the Mansarover Lake in the Great Himalayas.
- It flows through Tibet, India, and Pakistan.
- The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia and is an important water source for Pakistan and India.
- It is known for its historical significance, as the Indus Valley Civilization developed along its banks.
3. Sutlej River:
- The Sutlej River, like the Brahmaputra and Indus Rivers, has its source near Mansarover Lake in the Great Himalayas.
- It flows through Tibet, India, and Pakistan.
- The Sutlej River is an important tributary of the Indus River and plays a crucial role in irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
- It is also known for its scenic beauty and is a popular destination for river rafting and other water-based activities.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Brahmaputra, Indus, and Sutlej.

The Radcliffe Line is a boundary between India and Pakistan.
The Radcliffe Line is a demarcation line that was drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the partition of India in 1947. It divided the British Indian Empire into two separate countries, India and Pakistan. Here are some key points about the Radcliffe Line:
1. Background: The Radcliffe Line was drawn as part of the partition plan to create separate countries for Hindus and Muslims. The plan was proposed by the Indian Independence Act of 1947.
2. Boundary: The Radcliffe Line marked the boundary between the two newly created countries, India and Pakistan. It extended from the Line of Control in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south.
3. Partition: The partition of India and the drawing of the Radcliffe Line resulted in one of the largest mass migrations in history, with millions of people moving across the border to be with their religious communities.
4. Controversy: The Radcliffe Line was drawn hastily, and there were disputes and controversies regarding the exact placement of the boundary. This led to further tensions and conflicts between India and Pakistan.
5. Effects: The Radcliffe Line had significant social, political, and economic consequences for the people living on both sides of the border. It resulted in the displacement of millions of people, communal violence, and ongoing territorial disputes between India and Pakistan.
In conclusion, the Radcliffe Line is the boundary between India and Pakistan that was drawn during the partition of India in 1947. It continues to shape the relationship between the two countries and has had a profound impact on the lives of millions of people.

Potential for Harnessing Tidal Energy in India
Gulf of Cambay:
- The Gulf of Cambay, located on the western coast of India, has a significant potential for harnessing tidal energy.
- It experiences high tidal ranges, with a maximum tidal range of about 11 meters.
- The region is ideal for the installation of tidal power plants due to its favorable coastline and strong tidal currents.
Gulf of Mannar:
- The Gulf of Mannar, situated between India and Sri Lanka, also has the potential for harnessing tidal energy.
- It has a tidal range of about 1-2 meters, which may be comparatively lower than the Gulf of Cambay but is still suitable for tidal energy generation.
- The region has a long coastline and a narrow width, allowing for the development of tidal power plants.
Backwaters of Kerala:
- The backwaters of Kerala, a network of brackish lagoons and lakes along the Malabar Coast, offer potential for tidal energy harnessing.
- While the tidal range in this region is relatively small, the presence of natural channels and estuaries can be utilized to create tidal barrages and generate electricity.
Chilka Lake:
- Chilka Lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in India, is located in the state of Odisha.
- Although it is not directly connected to the sea, tidal influence can still be observed in the lake.
- The tidal range in Chilka Lake is relatively small, but it has the potential for tidal energy harnessing through the construction of tidal barrages.
In conclusion, among the given options, the Gulf of Cambay in India has the highest potential for harnessing tidal energy due to its high tidal range and favorable coastal conditions. However, it is important to note that all the mentioned regions have some potential for tidal energy generation and can contribute to India's renewable energy portfolio.

The state having the largest area of forest cover in India is Madhya Pradesh.
Here is a detailed explanation of why Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in India:
1. Geographical Location:
- Madhya Pradesh is located in central India and is known for its vast stretches of forested areas.
- Its geographical location and diverse topography make it suitable for supporting a large forest cover.
2. Central Indian Highlands:
- Madhya Pradesh is home to the Central Indian Highlands, which consist of the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges.
- These highlands are covered with dense forests, contributing to the state's overall forest cover.
3. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries:
- Madhya Pradesh is known for its numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, which are spread across the state.
- These protected areas help in preserving and increasing the forest cover of the state.
4. River Systems:
- Madhya Pradesh is crisscrossed by several major river systems like the Narmada, Tapti, and Chambal.
- These rivers and their tributaries provide ample water supply, fostering the growth of forests in the state.
5. Biodiversity:
- The state's forest cover is rich in biodiversity, supporting a wide range of flora and fauna.
- The presence of diverse ecosystems attracts a variety of plant and animal species, contributing to the overall forest cover.
6. Afforestation Efforts:
- The state government of Madhya Pradesh has undertaken various afforestation initiatives, including tree planting drives and conservation programs.
- These efforts have played a crucial role in expanding the forest cover of the state.
7. Tribal Population:
- Madhya Pradesh is home to a significant tribal population that has traditionally lived in harmony with nature.
- The tribal communities have been actively involved in preserving and protecting the forests, further contributing to the state's forest cover.
Overall, the combination of favorable geographical factors, abundant water resources, protected areas, and conservation efforts has led to Madhya Pradesh having the largest area of forest cover in India.

The percentage of Earth surface covered by India:
India is a country located in South Asia and is the seventh-largest country in the world by land area. To determine the percentage of Earth's surface covered by India, we can follow these steps:
1. Find the total land area of Earth:
- The total land area of Earth is approximately 148.94 million square kilometers (Source: CIA World Factbook).
2. Find the land area of India:
- The land area of India is approximately 2.97 million square kilometers (Source: CIA World Factbook).
3. Calculate the percentage:
- Divide the land area of India by the total land area of Earth.
(2.97 million square kilometers / 148.94 million square kilometers) * 100 = 1.99%
Therefore, the percentage of Earth surface covered by India is approximately 2.4%.

India's Highest Annual Rainfall
Answer: C. Mawsynram, Meghalaya
Explanation:
Mawsynram, located in the state of Meghalaya, holds the record for the highest annual rainfall in India. Here is a detailed explanation of why Mawsynram is reported as having the highest annual rainfall:
1. Geographic Location:
Mawsynram is situated in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, which is known as one of the wettest regions in the world. Its geographical location plays a significant role in receiving abundant rainfall.
2. Monsoon Influence:
Mawsynram is influenced by both the southwest and northeast monsoons, leading to heavy rainfall throughout the year. The southwest monsoon, which occurs from June to September, and the northeast monsoon, which occurs from October to November, contribute to the high annual rainfall in the region.
3. Orographic Effect:
The region's topography, with its hills and plateaus, enhances the orographic effect, where moist air is forced to rise, resulting in increased rainfall. The elevation of Mawsynram adds to the orographic effect, making it receive more rainfall compared to other regions.
4. Rainfall Measurement:
The rainfall in Mawsynram is measured using rain gauges, which collect and record the amount of precipitation. The data from these rain gauges over the years have consistently shown Mawsynram to have the highest annual rainfall in India.
5. Annual Rainfall Record:
Mawsynram has a recorded average annual rainfall of around 11,872 millimeters (467.4 inches), making it the place with the highest annual rainfall in India. The heavy rainfall contributes to the lush greenery and numerous waterfalls in the region.
In conclusion, Mawsynram in Meghalaya, India, receives the highest annual rainfall due to its geographic location, monsoon influence, orographic effect, and consistent measurement of rainfall.

The refineries are Mathura, Digboi and Panipat are set up by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Explanation:
The refineries mentioned, Mathura, Digboi, and Panipat, are all set up by the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Mathura Refinery: The Mathura Refinery is located in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. It was commissioned in 1982 and is the sixth-largest refinery in India. It has a capacity of processing 8.0 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA) of crude oil.
- Digboi Refinery: The Digboi Refinery is located in Digboi, Assam. It is the oldest operating refinery in India and was commissioned in 1901. It has a capacity of processing 0.65 MMTPA of crude oil.
- Panipat Refinery: The Panipat Refinery is located in Panipat, Haryana. It was commissioned in 1998 and is the biggest refinery complex in India. It has a capacity of processing 15 MMTPA of crude oil.
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL): IOCL is the largest commercial oil company in India. It is a government-owned corporation and operates refineries, pipelines, and marketing units across the country. IOCL plays a crucial role in meeting the energy demands of the nation.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

The principal copper deposits of India lie in the following places:

• Hazaribag and Singbhum of Bihar: These regions in Bihar have significant copper deposits.


• Khetri and Daribo areas of Rajasthan: Rajasthan is known for its rich copper deposits, particularly in the Khetri and Daribo areas.


• Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh: Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh also has substantial copper deposits.


• Siwaliks in Uttar Pradesh and in Karnataka: The Siwaliks region in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka is another area where copper deposits can be found.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: Hazaribag and Singbhum of Bihar.

The Yarlung Zangbo river, in India, is known as:
The correct answer is C: Brahmaputra.
Explanation:
- The Yarlung Zangbo river, also known as the Brahmaputra river, is one of the major rivers in Asia.
- It originates from the Angsi Glacier in western Tibet and flows through China, India, and Bangladesh.
- In Tibet, it is known as the Yarlung Zangbo river, but as it enters India, it is called the Brahmaputra river.
- The river is considered sacred in Hinduism, and it plays a significant role in the lives of people living in the region.
- The Brahmaputra river is known for its immense volume of water, making it one of the largest rivers in the world.
- It has a length of approximately 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) and is the ninth longest river globally.
- The Brahmaputra river is an important waterway for transportation and is also a source of irrigation for agriculture in the region.
- It is known for its unpredictable and sometimes destructive nature due to frequent flooding during the monsoon season.
- The river is home to diverse flora and fauna, including the endangered Gangetic dolphin and various species of fish.
Therefore, the Yarlung Zangbo river in India is known as the Brahmaputra.

The Salal Project is on the river Chenab.
Explanation:
The Salal Project is a hydroelectric power project located in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated on the Chenab River, which is one of the major rivers of the Indian subcontinent.
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. The Salal Project: The Salal Project is a hydroelectric power project that was initiated by the Indian government in the 1970s. It was built to harness the hydroelectric potential of the Chenab River.
2. Hydroelectric Power Project: The Salal Project is primarily designed to generate electricity through the use of water from the Chenab River. It has a total installed capacity of 690 megawatts (MW) and consists of four power units.
3. Location: The project is located in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated on the Chenab River, which flows through the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
4. Importance: The Salal Project plays a significant role in meeting the electricity demands of the region. It contributes to the overall development of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and helps in reducing the reliance on conventional sources of energy.
5. Impact: The project has had a positive impact on the socio-economic development of the region. It has created job opportunities for the local population and has also facilitated the growth of industries and infrastructure in the surrounding areas.
In conclusion, the Salal Project is located on the Chenab River in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a hydroelectric power project that plays a crucial role in meeting the electricity needs of the region and has contributed to its overall development.

The only zone in the country that produces gold is also rich in iron is the Southern zone.
Explanation:
The given statement states that the only zone in the country that produces gold is also rich in iron. We need to determine which zone fits this criteria.
Reasoning:
To find the correct answer, let's analyze each option:
A: North-eastern zone
- There is no information given about the presence of gold or iron in this zone. Therefore, we cannot determine if it fits the given criteria.
B: North-western zone
- Similar to option A, there is no information provided about the presence of gold or iron in this zone. So, we cannot conclude if it meets the given criteria.
C: Southern zone
- The statement does not mention any other zone producing gold. Therefore, if gold is only produced in the Southern zone, it must also be rich in iron. Thus, this option fits the given criteria.
D: None of the above
- This option is incorrect since we have identified that the Southern zone is the only one that matches the given criteria.
Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, we can conclude that the only zone in the country that produces gold and is also rich in iron is the Southern zone.

The Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project
Location: The Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project is located on the river Godavari in Maharashtra, India.
Completion: The project was completed with the help of Japan.
Significance of the project:
- The Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project is a major hydroelectric power plant in Maharashtra.
- It plays a crucial role in generating electricity and meeting the power needs of the region.
- The project also helps in irrigating agricultural lands in the surrounding areas.
- The dam built as a part of the project provides water for drinking and industrial purposes.
Collaboration with Japan:
- Japan has been a key collaborator in the construction and development of the Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project.
- The Japanese government and Japanese companies have provided financial assistance and technical expertise for the project.
- This collaboration showcases the strong bilateral relations between India and Japan and their commitment to mutual development and cooperation.
Impact and benefits:
- The project has significantly contributed to the economic growth of the region by providing a reliable source of electricity.
- It has helped in improving agricultural productivity through irrigation, leading to increased crop yields and improved livelihoods for farmers.
- The availability of water for drinking and industrial purposes has also contributed to the overall development of the region.
Conclusion:
The Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project, situated on the river Godavari, was completed with the support of Japan. This project has played a vital role in generating electricity, irrigating agricultural lands, and providing water for various purposes. The collaboration between India and Japan in this project highlights their strong bilateral relations and commitment to mutual development. The project's impact has been significant, leading to economic growth, improved agricultural productivity, and overall development of the region.

The pass located at the southern end of the Nilgiri Hills in south India is called the Palghat gap.
The Palghat gap is a significant geographical feature located in the southern part of India. Here is a detailed explanation of why it is the correct answer:
1. Location:
- The Palghat gap is situated at the southern end of the Nilgiri Hills.
- It connects the state of Kerala in the southwest with the state of Tamil Nadu in the northeast.
2. Topography:
- The Palghat gap is a low-lying mountain pass that acts as a natural gateway between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
- It forms a crucial link between the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, allowing for easy transportation and communication between the two regions.
3. Importance:
- The Palghat gap has played a vital role in the historical, cultural, and economic development of the region.
- It serves as a major transportation route, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and services.
- The pass is traversed by various important transportation networks, including roads, railways, and pipelines.
4. Climate:
- Due to its unique geographical location, the Palghat gap experiences distinct climatic conditions.
- It acts as a funnel for the southwest monsoon winds, resulting in higher rainfall in the surrounding areas.
- The pass also experiences strong winds, making it a suitable location for wind energy projects.
In conclusion, the pass located at the southern end of the Nilgiri Hills in south India is called the Palghat gap. It serves as a crucial link between Kerala and Tamil Nadu, facilitating transportation and communication. The pass's topography and climatic conditions make it an important geographical feature of the region.