MPTET Varg 3 Mock Test - 1 - MPTET MCQ

Cognitive aspects of human beings refer to the processing of information through mental faculties. Our experience shows that by the time children go to school, they can understand the concepts of size, number, shape, and color. Children's mental development continues as they grow older. The more complex aspects of the school curriculum, therefore, are comprehended by children at a later age when the mental faculties are well developed.  

Key Points

•  According to Piaget, cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development. When Piaget talks about cognition, he means the mental process which can systematize, organize and utilize knowledge. This capacity develops in the learners through the interaction of innate power (heredity), environment, and maturation.
•  Piaget has classified the whole continuum into four stages to elaborate the process of cognitive development:
  •  Sensory Motor Period (0-2 years) & Pre-operational period (2-7 years)
  •  Concrete operation period (7-11 years) & Formal operational period (11-15 years)

Important Points

• The formal operational period is the last stage of Piaget's classification which starts at about the age of 11 years and continues till about the age of 15 years.
• At the stage of formal operation, the child displays three new qualities:
  •  systematic analysis (with all possible solutions) of the problem
  • a logical approach, operate on operations
  • ability to use higher-order structure.
• At this stage, the adolescents are capable of thinking about ideas and propositions which are unreal. For example, if all the blue cows give green milk, then will all the green milk be only from blue cows. She can think of such types of problems and try to get related answers accordingly.
• At this stage, the adolescents are also able to organize their operations into the more complicated higher-order structures by taking interest in algebra or attempting equations.
• The formal operation period stage is characterized by 'hypothetic deductive operation' when learners act as a representative of adult thinking.

Thus, it is concluded that according to Piaget in the formal operation stage adolescents develop the ability to operate on operations.

 Hint

• At the concrete operational stage, the child develops the ability of concrete operations.
• At the sensory-motor period, the child develops the ability of symbols and Operation based on sensory experiences. Learning a language is also a part of this ability because the sound and words of the language are symbols representing objects and actions in the environment. 

Creativity is the recombination of ideas or restructuring of ideas that leads to a new thought, a new output, or a new product. The stress here is on combining ideas in various unique ways. 

Key Points

• Children will be most creative when they participate in an activity in which they find interest, enjoyment, satisfaction, and challenge.
• It has often been found that when children initially show a high level of interest and motivation in a task.
• The provision of freedom for creative individuals to follow their own areas of interest and the maintenance of interpersonal relationships and the team spirit necessary for the accomplishment of specific projects.
• The interest of the learner in the subject is one of the important factors affecting the learner’s preparedness. 
• Interests are influenced by cultural factors and are emotionally weighted. An unpleasant emotion weakens interests while pleasant emotion strengthens them. 

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that children are most creative when they participate in an activity of their interest.

Additional Information

• Creativity and intelligence are regarded as totally independent of each other. Intelligence is not supposed to influence creativity.
• Creativity is viewed as a mental operation accessible to everyone. It is supposedly dependent on domain-specific knowledge and deliberate practice.

Individual differences are the difference between individuals in terms of physical and psychological growth.

Physical or psychological differences are related to differences in one's physical body and psychological differences are in terms of varying learning styles, interest, attitude, aptitude, emotional, social, cognitive, moral development.

Important Points Different students have different learning styles. learning styles fall into 3 categories:-

1. Visual learners- Visual learners prefer to use images, maps, and graphic organizers.
2. Auditory learners- best understand through listening and speaking in learning situations.
3. Kinesthetic learners- understand information through figuring out things by hand.

Additional Information

• Physically disabled children can be those children who are born with poor health or suffer from any bodily defect. The bodily defect can be related to vision, hearing, or speech. Braille system, sign language, fingerspelling, cued speech, etc are used to teach these students.
• Cognitive ability is the capability of the brain to think, read, remember, reason, or any other mental activity. This can't be a reason for differentiation between students
• The attitude of a student towards learning can be changed by the teacher by creating an effective and positive learning space. 

Conclusion:-    Hence a teacher differentiates the classroom by individual differences on the basis of their learning styles.

Science is a subject matter of knowledge that can be altered, explored, observed, proved, and used in different circumstances of life.

• The teaching of science in school is to enhance the scientific attitude of children by developing their logical and critical thinking abilities.

Key Points

Critical thinking:

• It is a process that challenges an individual to use reflective, reasonable, rational thinking to gather, interpret, and evaluate information in order to derive a judgment.
• It’s the process of “active, persistent, and careful consideration” of the credibility and conclusions of supposed knowledge or information. 
• While teaching science, a teacher usually conducts such type of activity that compels the children to think, analyze, observe, experiment, and prove the scientific phenomena present in nature.
• Critical thinking can be enhanced among children by asking the children to discuss the "cause and prevention of pollution" in groups followed by sharing in a large group.
• This activity will compel the children to use their existing knowledge and previous experiences to critically think, compare and analyze the causes of pollution along with the preventive measures that can be taken to minimize the effect of pollution.

Hint

• Asking children to read about the topic of "pollution" will only develop their reading and comprehension skills and not their critical thinking.
• Asking children to write and learn question answers to the chapter "pollution" given in the science textbook will make their thinking convergent and discourages the new outcomes that arise in their minds.

So, it is concluded that asking children to discuss the cause and prevention of pollution can enhance critical thinking among them.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. There are four major domains of development which include Physical, Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Development. 

• Social development is essentially a matter of integration of one's purposes with those of the social order as it refers to:

  • the development of social skills and values in an individual across the lifespan.
  • the individuals' ability to act and respond according to the circumstances and culture of the society.
  • the way an individual adapts social norms, values, culture, etc and internalizes the attitudes and customs of society.

Important Points

Social development includes:

• Proper satisfaction of basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing
• Values that lead to a satisfying lifestyle harmonious with members of the community.
• Social integration i.e. involvement and participation of people in social, political, and economic processes and establishment and maintenance of effective social institutions.
• Social development, which inter alia eradicates poverty, enhances productive employment and fosters social integration of one's purpose.
• Through social integration, it would automatically result in establishing a better social order.
• Development of human beings i.e. enhancement of literacy, vocational education, moral education, creative personality, etc.

Hint

• Emotional Development refers to subjective feeling accompanied by a physiological change.
• Emotion is associated with a feeling of pleasure and displeasure. It is subjective and purely individual.

Hence, we can conclude that social development refers to getting along harmoniously with others.

No two individuals are exactly the same. We all differ from one another not only in height, weight, color, appearance, speed of reaction but also in behavior. Individual differences stand for the variation or deviations among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or number of characteristics.

Key Points

•  All the individuals differ in their abilities, aptitudes, interests, ambitions, attitudes, achievements, learning styles, and aspirations. Some are slow learners while some are gifted. The teaching should be designed, performed, and evaluated according to individual differences.
• Individual differences are the psychological characteristics (intelligence, emotional state, physical structure) that differentiate one person from another.
• Students should be provided with suitable assistance and guidance in accordance with their abilities and learning needs so that they can develop their potential to the full.
• Each individual grows at his own unique pace because of the wide individual differences that exist among the children concerning their growth and development.

Thus, it is concluded that The differences in attitude, interest, achievement, and learning style of learners indicate individual differences.

Russian Psychologist Sigmund Freud developed a popular psychodynamic approach to human personality during his clinical practice. It focuses on the unconscious psychological processes that affect human behaviour and explains how childhood plays a crucial role in shaping adult personality.

•  Sigmund Freud is also known as the Father of Modern Psychology. He developed a therapeutic method called psychoanalysis to gain the unconscious ideas back and make people live with more self-awareness.

Key points

During the research, Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg and divided it into three levels of consciousness as below:

• Conscious: A level under which a person is aware of his thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
• Preconscious: A level under which a person gets awareness about his emotions and feelings if he attends it closely.
• Unconscious: It is a level under which a person is unaware of his mental activities. According to Freud, this level works as the reservoir of all ideas or emotions that are either repressed or hidden from conscious awareness as they might lead to psychological dissension.

Hence, it could be concluded that Freud founded the Psychodynamic approach to understanding human behaviour.

Shortcut Trick : 

Converting fractions to decimal,

⇒ 4/5 = 0.800

⇒ 7/8 = 0.875

⇒ 6/7 = 0.857

⇒ 5/6 = 0.833

∴ The smallest fraction is 4/5

Alternate Method : 

Detailed Solution:

Given:

The numbers are: 4/5, 7/8, 6/7, 5/6

Concept used:

Make the denominators the same and compare the numerators.

The fraction with the least numerator will be the least.

Calculation:

Making the denominators of the fractions same = LCM (5, 8, 7, 6) = 5 × 8 × 7 × 6

Let common denominator be D = 5 × 8 × 7 × 6

Then, 4/5 = (4 × 8 × 7 × 6)/(5 × 8 × 7 × 6) = 1344/D

7/8 = (7 × 5 × 7 × 6)/D = 1470/D

6/7 = (6 × 5 × 8 × 6)/D = 1440/D

5/6 = (5 × 5 × 8 × 7)/D = 1400/D

The numbers are: 1344/D, 1470/D, 1440/D, 1400/D

From the above we can see, 1344/D is the smallest among all.

∴ We can say that fraction 4/5 is the smallest among all the given fractions.

Given:

The time = 2:58 p.m.

Concept:

1 hour = 60 minutes

Calculation:

⇒ 2 hours 58 minutes = (2 × 60) + 58 = 120 + 58 = 178 minutes

⇒ 4 hours 59 minutes = (4 × 60) + 59 = 240 + 59 = 299 minutes

⇒ The difference between them = 299 - 178 = 121 minutes or (2 hours 1 minutes)

⇒ Now this 2 hours 1 minutes will be before 12 p.m. then, 

⇒ Required timing = (12 × 60) - 121 = 720 - 121 = 599 or (9 hours 59 minutes)

∴ The required result will be 9 : 59 a.m.

Additional information:

AM: Ante meridiem

PM: Post meridiem

Mathematics is a science that involves dealing with numbers, different kinds of calculations, measurement of shapes and structures, organisation and interpretation of data and establishing relationship among variables, etc. 

Key Points

• Mathematics is the “queen of all sciences” and its presence is there in all the subjects. Mathematics acts as the basis and structure of other subjects. These views have brought in the relevance of Mathematics to be considered as one of the core subjects of the school curriculum.
• Second, Mathematics is more than computation. What does it mean? For example, if someone is asked, “How many apples can be filled in a square-shaped box”? He/she may say, “approximately 100”. This answer is an approximation. But, for anyone to get the exact answer, he/she should be well versed with mathematical concepts such as the shape of a box, the style of packing etc. Thus, we would conclude that Mathematics is more than mere computations. Mathematics gives us clear and correct answers through calculations. 
  Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that mathematics is more than computation, it means that a child should be well versed with more than one mathematical concepts.

Calculation:

According to the question

LCM of 2, 4 and 6 = (2 × 2 × 3) 

⇒ 12

The smallest cube greater than 1000 = (12)³

⇒ (12 × 12 × 12)

⇒ 1728

∴ The smallest cube greater than 1000 is 1728

Mathematics is the study of patterns, numbers, geometrical objects, data, and information. It deals with data analysis, integration of various fields of knowledge, deductive and inductive reasoning, and generalizations.

Key Points

Factors that effect teaching-learning in mathematics:

Emotional and social factors:

• The emotional imbalances and maladjustment in a child's society will also impact the learning of mathematics.
• If a child faces problems in expressing his emotions or his emotions has been depressed previously either by his family, peers or by his teacher, it will negatively impact his learning.

Environmental factors:

• Environmental factors refer to the combination of all external and environmental factors that affect the learning process.
• Some schools operate in dilapidated buildings with leaking roofs. They may not have a lab, library, toilets or drinking water facilities. which creates a barrier in the path of learning.

Teacher's personality:

• Teachers are the implementers of education who foster the potential of young seedlings to grow and bloom. 
• The positive professional attitude of teachers in the shape of personality, knowledge, and communication skills have a significant influence on the academic learning of students.

Hint

• Lack of parent education or educational level of parents doesn't affect the teaching-learning of mathematics as the mathematical problems mostly depend upon the logical ability and not on parent's education. 

Hence, it could be concluded that the lack of parents' education will least affect the teaching-learning of mathematics.

Given; 12 – 8 + 4 ÷ 2 × 8 = 4

By checking options and changing signs and then using BODMAS Rule:

(1) × and +  

⇒ 12 – 8 × 4 ÷ 2 + 8 = 4

LHS = 12 – 8 × 4 ÷ 2 + 8

= 12 - 8 × 2 + 8

= 12 - 16 + 8

= 20 - 16

= 4

LHS = RHS

(2) × and ÷

⇒ 12 – 8 + 4 × 2 ÷ 8 = 4

LHS = 12 – 8 + 4 × 2 ÷ 8

= 12 - 8 + 4 × 0.25

= 12 - 8 + 1

= 13 - 8

= 5

≠ 4

LHS ≠ RHS

(3) ÷ and –

⇒ 12 ÷ 8 + 4 - 2 × 8 = 4

LHS = 12 ÷ 8 + 4 - 2 × 8

= 1.5 + 4 - 2 × 8

= 1.5 + 4 - 16

= 5.5 - 16

= - 10.5 

≠ 4

LHS ≠ RHS

(4) – and ×

⇒ 12 × 8 + 4 ÷ 2 - 8 = 4

LHS = 12 × 8 + 4 ÷ 2 - 8

= 12 × 8 + 2 - 8

= 96 + 2 - 8

= 98 - 8 

= 90

≠ 4

LHS ≠ RHS

Hence, × and + is the correct answer.

Babies and children utilize their senses to learn about the world while forming concepts long before they can think logically.  At a young age, mathematical concepts, especially basic skills lay the foundation for future learning in math. It is one of the few subjects that have practical, cultural, and disciplinary value.

There have been different forms of approaches and methods which have been used for a better understanding of mathematics from Behaviorist to Constructivist Teaching. But Integrated Learning remains one of the best for proper understanding of any concept or subject even including mathematics.

Key Points

Integrated learning as championed by John Dewey, is to teach problem-solving using real-life skills by integrating different sets of curriculums or dimensions. The main focus is to utilize prior knowledge and experiences of the students to support and acquire new knowledge and experiences. Project work gives a learning platform for students to apply their previous knowledge critically and creatively to real-life situations. Project enables learners to conduct real inquiry in an interdisciplinary manner. It promotes problem-solving in Mathematics and connects it to real life application.

• It employs a variety of learning styles, theories, and multiple intelligences and its major characteristics are as follows :
• Its key features are Creativity, adaptability, critical reasoning, and collaboration.
• primarily focuses on problem-solving, thereby learning explores and uses information effectively.
• It enables children to integrate ideas and experiences and helps them to apply to real-life situations, even to link the concepts with their different applications.

Hence, It is clear from the above points that the correct understanding of mathematics develops when children can link the concept with its application.

Additional Information

Raising their hands to answer promptly shows eagerness to answer and discipline; asking for lots of problems in homework represents eagerness to learn and looking for refresher books to solve problems shows a willingness to solve new challenges but none of them guarantees the proper understanding of the concept.

Mathematics includes detailed study and analysis of shapes, patterns, numbers, and data. Mathematics education aims to provide the ability to mathematize the thought process of children i.e., use of mathematical knowledge in everyday life.

• It makes students capable of using and understanding mathematical terminology in their real-life such as the use of words "profit", "discount", and "interest", etc. 
• The mathematics teacher aims to develop critical thinking, creative expressions, and spatial reasoning among the children.

Key Points

Mathematical reasoning:

• The reasoning is the process of thinking or acting in a sensible and logical way in a response to a stimulus. It is the process through which an individual can conclude the reasons or causes behind a phenomenon.
• The indicators of mathematical reasoning are those signs which reflect how a child presents his arguments through the process of solving a mathematical problem.
• The indicators of mathematical reasoning are:
  • the ability to estimate the answer and process solutions to solve problems in novel ways,
  • ability to prove the relationships between the mathematical statements, theories, and  justify all the parameters,
  • framing unusual and yet important questions,
  • ability to draw logical conclusions based on existing data,
  • writing interesting articles on mathematics, 
  • ability to draw and explain the figures, tables, and graphs used in solving a mathematical problem,
  • drawing unique graphs, diagrams, and pictorial representations of mathematical data and processes, and
  • creating materials and activities for fun in mathematics. 
• These indicators of mathematical reasoning can be used to assess the creative abilities of a child.

Hint

• The ability to recall the correct formulae in different situations can be done by cramming the formulas or by developing an in-depth understanding of the concepts so that the children can become aware of the formulas i.e., which formula will be helpful in solving what type of problem, etc.

Hence, it is concluded that the ability to recall the correct formulae in different situations is not an indicator of mathematical reasoning.

The correct answer is Dudhraj.

Key Points

• The State Bird of Madhya Pradesh is Dudhraj.
  • He is also known as Shah Bulbul and paradise flycatcher.
  • It is commonly found in two colors in India White and Orange.

Additional Information

• Swamp Deer or Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) is the state animal of Madhya Pradesh.
• It is commonly found in Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
• Banyan Tree is the State tree of Madhya Pradesh as well as the National Tree.
• It was announced state tree in 1981.
• It is also known as Ficus benghalensis.
• Mallakhamba is the state sport of Madhya Pradesh.

The correct answer is Loss of biodiversity

Key Points

Concept - 

• Deforestation is the process of removing a forest and converting it to a non-forest use.
• Forest land can be converted to fields, ranches, or urban use by undergoing deforestation.
• Deforestation causes the loss of forest land for other purposes.
• Since 1960, deforestation has been greatly intensified by human activities, adversely impacting natural habitats, biodiversity, and the environment.

​Additional Information

• Harmful effects on the environment -

1. LOSS of BIODIVERSITY:

• Many animals are devoid of their natural habitats, that are the forests they live in.
• It causes them to relocate for their survival or at certain times leads to their extinction.
• This happens with the endemic plant species too which can not regenerate themselves in other locations.
• The process of deforestation has lead to the cause of many species extinction. 
• It disrupts the natural habitats of a variety of plants and animals.

2. GLOBAL WARMING:

• Deforestation causes an increase in greenhouse gases as it leaves a reduced tree cover to make a balance in the air composition. Global warming will result because of this. 

3. DISRUPTION IN WATER CYCLE:

• A rise in global temperature will disrupt the water cycle, potentially reducing rainfall. Droughts are possible.
• The amount of groundwater will also drop.

4. SOIL EROSION:

• It will result in flooding and soil erosion as the binding factors of soil, The roots of the trees, are uprooted.
• Hence, the soil layers are prone to erosion and runoff.
• The fertile land would eventually be turned into deserts. This is referred to as desertification.

Explanation - 

• Human actions are endangering entire habitats, causing ecological imbalances, and placing Life in jeopardy by destroying forests.
• Deforestation causes a major threat to the habitat of giving flora and fauna.
• Hence the result of deforestation is Loss of biodiversity. 

The correct answer is for growth and repair.

Key Points

• The protein components of our diet are mainly responsible for muscle growth and repair.
• A protein is a naturally found, extremely complex substance that contains amino acid residues attached to peptide bonds.
• Proteins are present in all living organisms and include many essential biological compounds such as enzymes, hormones and antibodies.
• Protein has many roles in your body. It helps in repairing and constructing your body tissue, allows metabolic reactions, and coordinates physical functions.

Additional Information​Protein foods are:

• Thin pieces of meat: beef, lamb, wheel, pork, kangaroo.
• Poultry: chicken, turkey, duck, emu, goose, shrub bird.
• Fish and seafood: fish, shrimp, crab, shrimp fish, muscles, oysters, scallops, clams.
• Dairy products: milk, yogurt (especially Greek yogurt), cheese (especially cheese).

Social science examines the relationships between individuals and societies, as well as the development and operation of societies, rather than studying the physical world.

Key PointsDifference between science and social science:

• Science (also known as pure, natural, or physical science) and social science are two types of science that deal with the same scientific model and the components of their own respective general laws.
• Both of these studies and search for the relationship between work and reason. 
• Both compare the relationships of human beings to their surrounding environment in different contexts and give logical reasoning for the same.
• Only the understanding of the process of continuity and change differed in both of them.
• The basis of natural science is experimental data, while social sciences rely on experiential data.
• Pure science is characterized by control, exactness, rationality, controlled variables, and predictability, while social science is the opposite to it as it is spontaneous, with unpredictable or uncontrollable variables, and it deals with human emotions and behaviors.
• The usual method of science (with respect to experimental data) is doing repetitive and conventional experiments in a laboratory, while social science, utilizing experiential data, usually involves alternative methods of observation and interaction with people within a community.

 Thus, it is clear that option 4 is correct.  

• Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with high concentrations of toxic substances.
• It is a serious environmental concern since it harbours many health hazards.
• Soil pollution majorly affects plant health, as they directly reply on the quality of the soil.

Key Points

Causes and sources of soil pollution: 

• Agriculture (excessive/improper use of pesticides).
• Excessive industrial activity.
• Poor management or inefficient disposal of waste.
• Underground mining.
• Oil spillage during transportation.
• Untreated disposal of domestic and industrial sewage.

Important Points

Control measures of soil pollution:

Soil erosion can be controlled by a variety of forestry and farm practices:

• Ex: Planting trees on barren slopes Contour cultivation and strip cropping may be practised instead of shifting cultivation.
• Terracing and building diversion channels may be undertaken.
• Reducing deforestation and substituting chemical manures with animal wastes also helps arrest soil erosion in the long term.

Proper dumping of unwanted materials:

• Excess wastes by man and animals pose a disposal problem.
• Open dumping is the most commonly practised technique.
• Nowadays, controlled tipping is followed for solid waste disposal.
• The surface so obtained is used for housing or sports field.

Production of natural fertilizers:

• Bio-pesticides should be used in place of toxic chemical pesticides.
• Organic fertilizers should be used in place of synthesized chemical fertilizers.
• Ex: Organic wastes in animal dung may be used to prepare compost manure instead of throwing them wastefully and polluting the soil.

Proper sewage disposal:

• Sewage should be properly disposed of in a sanitary method to avoid contamination of soil surface.
• Sewage wastes can in turn be used to produce biogas to get energy.
• Sewage after proper treatment can also be sued as a source of organic fertilizers in agriculture.
• Ex: Lavatories should be equipped with quick and effective disposal methods.

Public awareness:

• Informal and formal public awareness programs should be imparted to educate people on health hazards by environmental education.
• Ex: Mass media, Educational institutions and voluntary agencies can achieve this.

Recycling and Reuse of wastes:

• To minimize soil pollution, the wastes such as paper, plastics, metals, glasses, organics, petroleum products and industrial effluents etc should be recycled and reused.
• Ex: Industrial wastes should be properly treated at the source.
• Integrated waste treatment methods should be adopted.

Ban on Toxic chemicals:

• Ban should be imposed on chemicals and pesticides like DDT, BHC, etc which are fatal to plants and animals.
• Nuclear explosions and improper disposal of radioactive wastes should be banned.

Thus, all the above methods can be used to control soil pollution.

Pollution is an environmental issue that can be described as any undesirable element when mixed with the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of air, water, soil, land, and sound that causes harm to all living creatures found on earth in any means.

• Pollution comprises air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, and sound pollution. Vehicular pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment by motor vehicles.

• Transportation is a major source of air pollution. Vehicular pollution has grown at an alarming rate due to growing urbanization in India.
• The pollution from vehicles has begun to tell through symptoms like cough, headache, nausea, irritation of the eyes, and various bronchial and visibility problems.

Key Points

Even if vehicle pollution cannot be completely eliminated, there are some things that individuals, governments, and organizations can engage in to reduce the effects of pollution caused by transportation:

• Using a public transport system for traveling
• For example, increasing bus ridership and decreasing use of private vehicles can be associated with numerous benefits such as reduction in air pollution, decrease in traffic, drop in fuel consumption and subsequently lower fuel imports, lesser health hazards, higher productivity, and many more.
• Walking is also an option when the workplace is not that far off from the place of residence.

Hence, it can be concluded that the best way an individual in the city can contribute towards environmental protection is by using a public transport system for traveling.

Additional Information

Other steps to eliminate vehicle pollution:

• Civic education: ​Many people do not care about the effects of pollution because they are not aware of them. A sense of responsibility should be cultivated in everyone so that there is a desire and willingness to protect the environment.
• Progressive policies: Creating good regulations that anticipate the challenges of vehicle pollution.
• Vehicle maintenance: Things like replacing oil filters, changing the engine oil, and greasing the moving parts should be done on a regular basis. 
• Discard old vehicles: Old vehicles should be discarded or returned to the manufacturing company so that new ones can be acquired.

The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered among the world's worst industrial disasters. 

Key Points

Environmental Protection Act:

• In the wake of the Bhopal tragedy, the government of India enacted the Environmental Protection Act of 1986.
• The Environmental Protection Act (EPA) of 1986 is umbrella legislation with wide legislative coverage.
• This act was enacted by the Parliament of India in 1986 to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment and for matters connected therewith.
• It gives wide powers to the central government to take all such measures as it deems necessary for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment. 
• The central government can close down offending industries and restrict the setting up of new industries at environmentally non-compatible sites.

​Additional Information​

Air Act: 

• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is an Act of the Parliament of India to control and prevent air pollution in India.
• This was the first attempt by the government of India to combat air pollution. 
• ​The law was amended in 1987.

Pollution Control Act:

• No such act exists under Indian legislation.

Disaster Management Act:

• The Disaster Management Act was enacted on 23 December 2005.
• The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has 11 chapters and 79 sections and extends to the whole of India.
• The Act provides for "the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto." 
• The main focus of this act is to provide the people who are affected by disasters, try to provide them there earlier life routine and help them.

Thus, the Environmental Protection Act was enacted after the Bhopal Gas tragedy.

'उदास विशेषण शब्द है,उदास का भाववाचक संज्ञा उदासी होगा।

Key Points

Important Points

• विशेषण वे शब्द होते हैं जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताते हैं।

• वह संज्ञा जिसे हम छू नहीं सकते केवल उन्हें अनुभव कर सकते हैं और इस संज्ञा का भाव हमारे भावों से सम्बन्ध होता है,
• जिनका कोई आकार या फिर रूप नहीं होता है। उन्हें भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं।

Additional Information

बंध्या धरती पर भी स्वर्णिम पुष्प खिलाएं, से कवि का तात्पर्य बंजर धरती को फसलों से हरा भरा करना है।

Key Points 

दृग का समानार्थी आँख, दृष्टि, नेत्र, नयन, अक्ष, चक्षु।

 Additional Information

 कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण समानार्थी शब्द:-

1. अतिथि – मेहमान ,पाहुन ,आगंतुक, अभ्यागत।
2. अश्व- घोड़ा,आशुविमानक, तुरंग, घोटक, हय, तुरंगम, वाजि, सैंधव, रविपुत्र।
3. अधर्म – पाप ,अनाचार, अनीत, अन्याय, अपकर्म, जुल्म।
4. अचल – अडिग ,अटल ,स्थिर ,दृढ, अविचल।
5. अनुपम- अनोखा, अनूठा, अपूर्व, अद्भुत, अद्वितीय, अतुल।
6. अमृत- मधु, सुधा, पीयूष ,अमी, सोम ,सुरभोग।
7. कनक- कंचन, सुवर्ण, हिरण्य, हेम, हाटक, सोना, स्वर्ण।
8. कपोत – कबूतर, हारीत, पारावत, परेवा, रक्तलोचन।
9. कपड़ा- अंबर, पट, पोशाक, लिबास, दुकूल, परिधान,चीर, वसन, वस्त्र।
10. कमल- जलज, पंकज, अम्बुज, सरोज, शतदल, नीरज, इन्दीवर, सरसिज

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर 'सूर्यतनया’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'गंगा' शब्द का उचित पर्यायवाची शब्द 'सूर्यतनया' नहीं है।  
• गंगा के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - गंगा के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - देवनदी,  भगीरथी, विश्नुपगा, देवपगा, ध्रुवनंदा, सुरसरिता, देवनदी, सुरसरि, अमरतरंगिनी, विष्णुपदी, नदीश्वरी।
• सूर्यतनया पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - यमुना, अर्कजा, कलिंदजा, कलिंदशैलजा, कालिंदी, कालगंगा, कृष्णा, तरणिजा। 

Additional Information 

The correct answer is Political men
Key Points

• The passage gives a description of Coorg.
• From the line given in the passage: Midway between Mysore and the coastal town of Mangalore sits a piece of heaven that must have drifted from the kingdom of God. This land of rolling hills is inhabited by a proud race of martial men, beautiful women, and wild creatures.
• Political men are nowhere mentioned in the passage.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is Mahaseer
Key Points

• The passage gives a description of Coorg.
• From the line given in the passage: The river, Kaveri, obtains its water from the hills and forests of Coorg. Mahaseer — a large freshwater fish — abound in these waters.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 2

The correct answer is Kodavus
Key Points

• The passage gives a description of Coorg.
• From the line given in the passage: The Coorg Regiment is one of the most decorated in the Indian Army, and the first Chief of the Indian Army, General Cariappa, was a Coorgi. Even now, Kodavus are the only people in India permitted to carry firearms without a licence.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is Cocoa
Key Points

• The passage gives a description of Coorg.
• From the line given in the passage: Coorg, or Kodagu, the smallest district of Karnataka, is home to evergreen rainforests, spices, and coffee plantations.
• Cocoa is nowhere mentioned in the passage.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is "Time for a makeover, ICC".

Key Points

• The passage speaks for the weak point in the existing system and suggestions for improvement. And stated are the suggestions which will improve the system if followed.

Hence the correct answer is Option 4.