UGC NET Paper 2 Sociology Mock Test - 6 - UGC NET MCQ

The concept of the primary group was first introduced by C.H. Cooley in his book ‘Social Organization’. The primary group is the nucleus of all social organization. It is a small group in which a small number of persons comes, into direct and close contact with one another. The members of the primary group meet “face-to-face” for mutual help, co-operation, companionship and discussion of common question. It is the nursery of human nature and from it originates the human virtues of love, sympathy, co-operation, honesty, justice and fair play. The relation among the members of the primary group is characterized by face-to-face, direct, intimate, informal and personal.

The correct answer is option 3, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

• The IDB is a financial institution that provides loans and grants to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for development projects.
• It was established in 1959 and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The IDB promotes neo-liberal policies such as free trade, privatization, and deregulation in the region.

 Additional Information

• Option 1, International Labour Organization (ILO), is a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes social justice and decent working conditions worldwide. It does not impose neo-liberal policies.
• Option 2, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), is also a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes education, science, and culture. It does not impose neo-liberal policies.
• Option 4, BRICS, is an acronym for an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. While these countries have been critical of neo-liberal policies imposed by Western financial institutions, they do not themselves impose neo-liberal policies.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

The correct answer is A - 4, B - 1, C - 2, D - 3.

Key Points

• Dunlop's Approach
  • In the 1950s, Prof. John T. Dunlop gave a theory of a System Model of Industrial Relations.
  • He stated that the industrial system is comprised of three distinct parts-
    • management organizations
    • workers
    • government agencies
  • These three distinct parts are intertwined and cannot act completely independent of one another.
  • However, the power part holds is relative to its position within the market and political environment.
  • It also states that the industrial relations system is a social subsystem, and its actions are dependent on three factors, i.e. technology, the economy and the distribution of political power.
  • It differed from the prevailing ideologies of the time that mostly considered employers, workers and the government as separate, autonomous agencies with separate and independent powers and processes.
• Gandhian Approach
  • It was based on principles of truth, non-violence and non-possession.
  • According to Gandhi one should be brave and not a coward. He should present his views, suggestions and thoughts without being violent.
  • Gandhiji had immense faith in the goodness of man and he believed that many of the evils of the modern world have been brought about by wrong systems and not by wrong individuals.
  • He also pleaded for perfect understanding between capital and labour, mutual respect, recognition of equality, and strong labour organisation as the essential factors for happy and constructive industrial relations.
• Unitary Approach
  • Under unitary approach, industrial relations are grounded in mutual co- operation, individual treatment, team-work, and shared goals.
  • Work place conflict is seen as a temporary aberration, resulting from poor management, from employees who do not mix well with the organizational culture.
  • The underlying assumption is that everyone benefits when the focus is on common interest and promotion of harmony.
• Marxist Approach
  • It is based on the proposition that the economic activities of production, manufacturing, and distribution are majorly governed by the objective of profit.
  • Marxists regard conflict between employers and employees as inevitable.
  • The Marxist approach argues that for social change to take place, class conflict is required.
  • Marxists regard state intervention via legislation and the creation of industrial tribunals as supporting management’s interest rather than ensuring a balance between the competing groups.

The correct answer is General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

Explanation: The theory credited with changing the apologetic view of capitalism into a more pragmatic one is the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, which was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. John Maynard Keynes, in his work "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," published in 1936, presented a new approach to economic theory.This theory marked a departure from classical economic thought, which generally believed in the self-regulating nature of markets. The General Theory was developed in the aftermath of the Great Depression, a period of severe economic downturn, high unemployment, and widespread economic distress.
Key PointsKeynes aimed to provide an explanation for the persistence of high unemployment and economic slumps, challenging classical economic ideas that suggested markets would naturally return to equilibrium.
Key Contributions:

• Aggregate Demand: Keynes emphasized the role of aggregate demand in determining the level of economic activity. He argued that insufficient demand could lead to prolonged periods of unemployment.
• Role of Government: Unlike the classical view that advocated minimal government intervention, Keynes argued for active government involvement in managing the economy. This included fiscal policies like government spending to stimulate demand during economic downturns.
• Importance of Monetary Policy: Keynes acknowledged the role of monetary policy but also stressed its limitations, particularly during periods of deep economic recession.

Pragmatic View of Capitalism:

• Keynesian economics offered a pragmatic perspective on capitalism. It recognized that, under certain conditions, market economies could experience significant failures and prolonged periods of unemployment.
• Rather than viewing capitalism apologetically, Keynesian economics advocated for a more nuanced understanding, acknowledging the need for interventions to stabilize the economy.

Impact:

• Keynesian economics had a profound impact on economic policy, especially in the post-World War II era. It influenced the development of welfare states and the adoption of policies aimed at maintaining full employment.

Additional Information

• While Keynesian economics became widely accepted, it faced criticisms, particularly regarding inflation and the long-term effectiveness of certain policies.
• Over time, variations of Keynesian thought, such as New Keynesian economics, have emerged, incorporating insights from both Keynesian and neoclassical perspectives.
• In summary, the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money by John Maynard Keynes played a crucial role in changing the perception of capitalism. It shifted the focus from a purely apologetic view to a more pragmatic one, recognizing the need for government intervention to address economic challenges, particularly during periods of economic downturns.

The correct answer is Only Statement I is correct.

Explanation: Marx and Engels did co-author "The Communist Manifesto," but they did not emphasize the importance of a market-driven economy; rather, they critiqued it.

Key Points

Marx and Engels, in "The Communist Manifesto," published in 1848, indeed critiqued the market-driven capitalist economy rather than emphasizing its importance. The document is a political pamphlet that serves as a foundational text for the socialist and communist movements. In it, Marx and Engels analyze the historical development of society and argue for the overthrow of the capitalist system. Here are some key points that highlight their critique of a market-driven economy:

• Historical Materialism: Marx and Engels start by presenting their materialist conception of history, known as historical materialism. They argue that the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles. According to them, the mode of production and the social relations of production determine the character of a society.
• Bourgeoisie and Proletariat: The Manifesto introduces the concept of the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class). It describes how the bourgeoisie, through industrialization and the pursuit of profit, has revolutionized production, technology, and social relations. The proletariat, on the other hand, is exploited and alienated from the fruits of their labor.
• Exploitation and Alienation: Marx and Engels argue that the capitalist system is inherently exploitative. The bourgeoisie accumulates wealth through the exploitation of the proletariat, paying workers less than the value they produce. This exploitation leads to alienation, as workers are estranged from the products of their labor and the creative process itself.
• Commodification and Capital Accumulation: They critique the commodification of labor and the fetishism of commodities, where social relationships are reduced to economic transactions. The relentless pursuit of profit leads to the accumulation of capital in the hands of a few, creating economic inequality and social injustice.
• Crisis Tendencies of Capitalism: Marx and Engels argue that capitalism has inherent contradictions and crisis tendencies. The system experiences cyclical economic crises, including overproduction, unemployment, and financial instability. These crises intensify class struggles and create conditions ripe for revolutionary change.
• Call to Revolution: The Manifesto concludes with a call for the working class to unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie, leading to the establishment of a classless, communist society. Marx and Engels envision the abolition of private property, the end of class distinctions, and the establishment of a society where the means of production are collectively owned.

Additional Information

• Marx and Engels' critique in "The Communist Manifesto" revolves around the negative consequences of a market-driven capitalist economy, emphasizing its exploitative nature, inherent contradictions, and the need for revolutionary change to establish a more equitable and classless society.
• They did not see the market-driven economy as a positive force but rather as a system that perpetuates inequality and social strife.

The correct answer is All of the statements are correct.

Explanation: Neoliberal perspectives advocate for limited state intervention in the economy, while feminist critiques underscore the state's role in perpetuating gender-based oppression and call for transformative changes; postcolonial theorists argue that the state, influenced by colonial legacies, can contribute to marginalization and advocate for decolonization, whereas techno-optimists propose that technological advancements will make traditional state functions obsolete, fostering a more decentralized and autonomous societal organization.Key Points

Let's break down each perspective mentioned: neoliberal, feminist, postcolonial, and techno-optimist.

• Neoliberal Perspectives: Neoliberalism is an economic and political philosophy that emphasizes limited government intervention in the economy. Neoliberals argue that free markets and individual entrepreneurship lead to the most efficient allocation of resources and economic growth. They advocate for reducing government regulations, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and promoting free trade. The idea is that a minimal state role allows for increased economic efficiency and innovation.
• Feminist Critiques: Feminist perspectives highlight the role of the state in perpetuating gender-based oppression. Feminists argue that historical and systemic biases embedded in state structures contribute to gender inequality. Laws, policies, and societal norms often reflect and reinforce patriarchal power structures. Feminist critiques call for transformative changes in the state, including policies that address gender disparities, combat violence against women, and promote equal opportunities in areas such as education and the workplace.
• Postcolonial Theorists: Postcolonial theorists examine the lingering effects of colonialism on societies and institutions. They argue that the state, influenced by colonial legacies, can contribute to the marginalization of certain groups. Postcolonial perspectives call for decolonization, which involves reexamining and dismantling structures that maintain colonial power dynamics. This might include revising legal systems, acknowledging indigenous rights, and fostering cultural diversity to counteract the historical injustices perpetuated by colonialism.
• Techno-Optimists: Techno-optimists believe that technological advancements have the potential to render traditional state functions obsolete. They argue that innovations in areas such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and decentralized technologies can lead to more efficient and autonomous societal organization. Some techno-optimists envision a future where decentralized networks replace centralized authorities, and technology facilitates a more direct and participatory form of governance.

Additional Information

• These perspectives offer different lenses through which to view the role of the state and societal organization.
• Neoliberalism focuses on minimal state intervention for economic efficiency, feminist critiques emphasize the need for state action to address gender-based oppression, postcolonial theorists call for decolonization to rectify historical injustices, and techno-optimists envision a future where technology reshapes governance and societal structures.
• Each perspective reflects different values, concerns, and visions for the relationship between the state and society.

• Marxism is an Ideology inspired by the philosophy of the German philosopher Karl Marx.
• It stresses the importance of struggle between different social classes. It holds that action and human institution are economically determined and class struggle is the basic agency of historical change and workers of the world has to unite in order to overthrow the capitalistic society and establishes a society based on communism which is a classless society where each will contribute according to his capacity and each will get according to his needs.
• The Marxist view of industrial relations, also known as Radical Perspective, concentrates on the nature of the society surrounding the organization.
• The basis of this theory is of a clash between the employer (Bourgeois) and the worker (Proletariat).
• The employer tries to maximize profit by paying workers as little as he can while striving for a monopoly in his industry to control prices. Workers, on the other hand, believe that they are the most vital part of the production and strive to get their fair share of profits through the formation of trade unions.
• From a Marxist perspective, the inevitable result of this clash is a worker revolution, where workers take control of companies, eliminating the capitalist altogether.
• Although Marxism has fallen out of favor since the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was highly popular in the first half of the 20th century, when workers were paid subsistence-level wages.
• It was mostly due to the fast development of Soviet Industries during and after world war one while other countries were going through a recession.

According to Hyman, the production system is privately owned, profit is the key influence on company policy, and control over production is enforced downwards by the owner's managerial agents.

The Marxist general theory of society argues that:

1. Class (group) conflict is the source of societal change- without such conflict, the society would stagnate;

2. Class conflict arises primarily from the disparity in the distribution of, and access to, economic power within the society – the principal disparity being between those who own capital and those who supply their labour;

3. Social and political conflict in whatever form is merely an expression of the underlying economic conflict within the society.

Important Points

Assumptions about workplace relations

• It reflects a wider class conflict between capital and labour.
• It reflects the coercion of the working-class into dominant capitalist values.

Assumptions about workplace conflict

• Conflict is Inevitable as capital seeks to reduce costs, workers seek fairer prices for labour.
• This conflict will only cease by a revolutionary change in the distribution of property and wealth.

Assumptions about trade unions

• Trade unions should raise the revolutionary consciousness of workers.
• Trade unions should not limit an action to improving the material lot of workers.
• Union leaders who accommodate management betray the workers.

Assumptions about collective bargaining

• Collective bargaining merely offers temporary accommodations.
• It leaves important managerial powers intact.

The correct response is 2 only.

Key Points

• In socialist states, the collectivization of agriculture becomes a key player for several reasons. It fits nicely with their central planning approach, allowing easier management and aligning with production goals.
• Proponents also see it as improving efficiency through economies of scale and technology access.
• Additionally, it theoretically contributes to their push for equality by distributing land and resources more evenly.
• However, remember that effectiveness and specific implementations vary greatly depending on context and historical factors, and diverse models of socialist states exist.
• Despite this, understanding the rationale behind collectivization helps explain its connection to socialist ideology.

Additional Information

• Individualism: Individualism, emphasizing individual rights and liberties, is generally not a feature of socialist states. Socialist states often prioritize collective good and social welfare over individual interests.
• Movement of products and exchanges determined by the market: This is a characteristic of capitalist economies, where supply and demand dictate prices and production. Socialist states typically have more centralized planning and control over the economy, although varying degrees of market mechanisms might exist within them.

Important Points

• Socialist states seek to create a more egalitarian society by prioritizing collective ownership of key resources like land and industries.
• This means the state or community controls these means of production rather than private individuals.
• They often have centralized economic planning to direct resources and achieve specific goals, potentially focusing on social welfare by providing essential services like healthcare and education to all citizens.
• However, there's no single model, and different interpretations and implementations vary in their degree of state control, individual freedoms, and market involvement.

The correct answer is - All the above.

Key Points

• Bureaucracy is a system of organization that is characterized by a clear division of labor, a hierarchy of authority, and a set of formal rules and procedures.
• Weber believed that bureaucracy was the most efficient and effective way to organize large-scale organizations.

• The development of the assembly line: The assembly line is a rationalized system of production that breaks down the production process into a series of simple tasks, each of which is performed by a different worker. This system is more efficient than traditional methods of production, in which each worker produces a complete product from start to finish.
• The rise of the modern nation-state: The modern nation-state is a rationalized form of political organization that is based on the principles of bureaucracy, citizenship, and territorial sovereignty. The nation-state is more efficient and effective than traditional forms of political organization, such as feudalism or tribalism.
• The growth of scientific knowledge: Science is a rationalized system of knowledge that is based on the principles of observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning. Science is more reliable and accurate than traditional forms of knowledge, such as religion or superstition.

Additional Information

Rationalization in Sociological Context:

• Rationalization is a sociological concept often associated with the works of thinkers like Max Weber. Weber emphasized how modern societies undergo rationalization as they transition from traditional to more bureaucratically organized forms.
• This process involves the application of reason, efficiency, and calculability to various aspects of social life, including institutions, bureaucracies, and daily behaviors.

According to UN Charter, Right to development is an inalienable human right of the people that enable them to participate and enjoy Economic, Social and Cultural Development.

Key Points

• The Right to Development
  • It was adopted by UNGA (United Nations General Assembly) in 1986 with Resolution No. 41/128.
    • “The right to development is an inalienable human right, therefore every individual has the right to participate in, support and benefit from economic, social, cultural and political development. Such development is one in which all human rights and fundamental freedomcan be achieved."
    • "The development of human rights also means the rights of all people to self determination, including all financial rights, in accordancewith the relevant provisions of the two international human rights conventions and allows them to exercise their full and independent authority over the resources.
• quite comprehensive as it combines human rights with the theory of development.
  • Cover all human rights under its ambit - civil, political, economic, social and cultural.
  • Adheres to the principle of self-determination and full control over natural resources.
  • Promote international cooperation, solidarity and service in related activities.
• Charter of the United Nations
  • Documents housed in the United Nations.
  • Came into force on 24 October 1945.
  • Notable as an international treaty.
  • Members of the United Nations are obligated to abide by the terms and conditions of this Charter.
  • The Charter sets forth the principles of international relations.
  • There are nineteen chapters that set out the rules and procedures for implementing its vision.

The book titled 'The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State' written by Frederick Engels.

• It's content has taken significant portion from notes of Karl Marx to Morgan's book titled 'Ancient Society'.
• This work is regarded as among earliest major works on family economics.

Key Points

• Frederick Engels
  • ​argued that marriage as an institution is based on unequal division of labour.
  • Marriage is a microcosm of society.
  • He jointly wrote works with Marx including The Holy Family, The Communist Manifesto and The German Ideology.
  • After Marx's death he compiled Das Capital (two volumes).
• ​L.T. Hobhouse
  • ​known as earliest proponent of social liberalism.
  • also early proponent of welfare state.
  • His best works include The Principle of Induction, Labour Movement, Theory of Knowledge, Mind in Evolution, Liberalism, Morals in Evolution: A study in comparative ethics, Social Evolution and Political Theory, The Metaphysical Theory of State: A Criticism, Social Development and The Elements of Social Justice.
• G.P. Murdock work on family
  • ​well known for his work on family-kinship within 250 different societies.
  • functionalist perspective.
  • Advocated cross-cultural, systematic and comparative approach.
  • His conceptual framework includes cultural universals, Universal theory of nuclear family.
  • Argued that family as an institution is universal. He identified four crucial functions- sexual, reproduction, educational and economic.
  • His well known works are Our Primitive Contemporaries, Outline of World Cultures, Social Structure.​
• Lewis Morgan
  • ​He worked on kinship and social structure, theory of evolution and Ethnography of Iroqouis.
  • proposed that earlier clan was matrilineal clan, not patriarchal.
  • contemporary of Marx and Engels.
  • Three major stages of evolution: savage, barbarism and civilisation.
  • His well known works are System of consanguinity and Affinity in Human Society and Ancient Society and The League of Iroquois.

The correct answer is On Ecosystem Restoration.

Key Points

• The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is a rallying call for the protection and revival of ecosystems all around the world, for the benefit of people and nature. It aims to halt the degradation of ecosystems and restore them to achieve global goals. Only with healthy ecosystems can we enhance people’s livelihoods, counteract climate change, and stop the collapse of biodiversity.
• The UN Decade runs from 2021 through 2030, which is also the deadline for the Sustainable Development Goals and the timeline scientists have identified as the last chance to prevent catastrophic climate change.
• Led by the United Nations Environment Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The UN Decade is building a strong, broad-based global movement to ramp up environment restoration.

The correct answer Environmental aesthetics

Key Points

• Environmental pragmatism: This approach focuses on finding practical solutions to environmental problems based on scientific evidence and economic
• Deep ecology: While deep ecology emphasizes intrinsic values in nature and advocates for biocentrism, its main focus is not solely on protecting natural beauty. It has a more holistic approach that considers the interconnectedness of all living beings and the importance of preserving ecological balance considerations. While it may sometimes involve protecting natural beauty as a means to achieve other goals, it is not its primary philosophical ground.
• Social ecology: This approach emphasizes the link between social and environmental problems and advocates for radical social change to achieve ecological sustainability. While it may value natural beauty, it doesn't regard it as the single most effective ground for environmental protection.
• Environmental aesthetics: This approach argues that the beauty of nature has intrinsic value and deserves protection. It emphasizes the emotional and spiritual connection humans have with nature and believes that appreciating its beauty can inspire us to protect it.

Therefore, environmental aesthetics aligns best with the statement about protecting the natural environment based on its beauty.

The slogan "Save planet Earth" is associated with the Rio Earth Summit.Key Points

• The Rio Earth Summit, officially called the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held from June 3 to 14, 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• The summit brought together representatives from 172 countries, including 108 heads of state or government, and thousands of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and environmental activists.
• The summit's main objective was to address the growing concerns about environmental degradation, unsustainable development, and climate change.
• One of the major outcomes of the summit was the adoption of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, a document that outlines 27 principles for sustainable development.
• Another important agreement reached at the summit was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which established a framework for international cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the threat of climate change.
• The slogan "Save planet Earth" was not an official slogan of the Rio Earth Summit, but it became a popular rallying cry among environmentalists and activists during and after the conference.

• It has since been used in various campaigns and initiatives related to environmental conservation and sustainable development, and it continues to inspire people around the world to take action to protect the planet.

Hence we can conclude that the slogan "Save planet Earth" is associated with the Rio Earth Summit.

The correct answer is Compensation 4 times the market value of the land in rural areas.

Key Points

• Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill of 2011:
  • The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 stipulates mandatory consent of a minimum of 70 per cent for the acquisition of land for the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects, as well as 80 percent for the acquisition of land for the private companies.
  • The Bill seeks compensation of around 4 times the market value of the land in rural areas as well as two times the value in the urban areas.
  • The Bill will provide protection to the farmers as well as the rights of the farmers.
  • It replaced the Land Acquisition Act of 1894.
  • The Bill exempts the land acquisition for linear projects like ports, railways, irrigation canals as well as highways.
  • The Bill also proposed that no land can be acquired in the Scheduled Areas without Gram Sabhas’ consent.
  • In order to safeguard food security as well as for preventing arbitrary acquisition, the Bill also directs all the states for imposing limits on those areas which are under agricultural cultivation and can still be acquired.

The correct answer is Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.Key Points

• Natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and wildfires are known for their sudden and unexpected nature.
• These disasters can occur rapidly, with little or no warning, and can cause significant damage and loss of life.
• While it is true that human activity can sometimes contribute to the severity of natural disasters, such as the impact of climate change on extreme weather events, natural disasters have occurred throughout history, long before humans began to significantly impact the environment.

• Therefore, the statement that humans are inappropriately harnessing nature is not a correct explanation for the assertion that natural disasters fall at unexpected and speedy pace.

​Hence, the correct option is Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn the values and norms of a given society. 

• Socialization is not the same as socializing.
• Socializing is to mix socially with others (i.e., family, friends, neighbours, coworkers), whereas socialization is a process that may include socializing as one element, but is a complex, multi-faceted, and formative set of interactive experiences.

Features of socialisation:

• When there is a conflict between the ideas, examples and skills transmitted in-home and those transmitted by school or peers, the socialisation of the individual tends to be slower and ineffective.
• Formal socialisation takes through direct instruction and education in schools and colleges.
• Family is, however, the primary and the most influential source of education. Children learn their language, customs, norms and values in the family.
• Society perpetuates itself through the nternalisation of culture. 

Leadership is not a personality trait. Leadership traits refer to personal qualities that define effective leaders. Leadership refers to the ability of an individual or an organization to guide individuals, teams, or organizations. Depending on a company's goals and the industry toward the fulfillment of goals and objectives.

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was a committee appointed by the Government of India on January 16, 1957, to examine the working of the Community Development Programme(1952, Oct 2nd) and the National Extension Service(1953, Oct 2nd) and to suggest measures for their better working. The Chairman of this committee was Balwantrai G Mehta. The committee submitted its report on November 24, 1957, and recommended the establishment of the scheme of 'democratic decentralization' which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj. The main aim of the Panchayat raj system is to settle the local problems locally and to make the people politically conscious.

For a tribal of a particular region, Ghotul represents a Youth organization.

A youth organization is a type of organization with a focus on providing activities and socialization for minors. In this list, most organizations are international unless noted otherwise.

Deconstruction is a popular method of research in Literature.

Deconstruction is a methodology firstly developed by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida and originally applied to philosophical analysis. Deconstruction is a qualitative methodology that allows researchers and practitioners to analyse SAT in order to choose the most appropriate for the evaluation's purpose.

Non-Material culture refers to the intangible elements of culture.

• Nonmaterial culture, in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. In contrast to material culture, non-material culture refers to the intangible elements of culture that is, it  does not include any physical objects or artifacts.
• Examples of non-material culture include any ideals, ideas, beliefs, values, norms that may help shape society.
  

A role model is a person whose behaviour, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially by younger people. The term role model is credited to sociologist Robert King Merton, who coined the phrase during his career. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. 

The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other). It states results are due to chance and are not significant in terms of supporting the idea being investigated.

One of the most important measures taken up for improving the quality in secondary education is to improve the Pupil-Teacher ratios by appointing additional teachers in order to improve the classroom transaction process and environment. Further, special attention is paid on the teaching of Science, Mathematics and English. Poor science and maths education (and English) accounts for 80 per cent of total students who fail in the Tenth Board Examination. The low enrolment in science stream at the higher secondary level and poor-quality education is a constraint in the development of scientific manpower in the country. Science and Maths education would need special attention. Some of the initiatives under consideration include:

Promoting innovations by encouraging talent-spotting of innovators in schools through Innovation Scholarships.

For Marx, human potential is actualized in the objectification of the product. He argues that people always engage in the process of objectification, which means they produce objects like food, clothes, and shelters.

Marx views the process of making objects as an arena where people express their human capacities.

In a recent development, scientists have found particles of a rare isotope of iron (Fe-60) in Antarctica snow. It is believed that they have been originated from nearby supernovae. It will help in understanding the structure and origin of interstellar dust clouds, according to scientists.

The Ministry of Textiles is organising a Handicraft thematic Exhibition exhibition named ‘Kala Kumbh’, for promoting Geographical Indication (GI) crafts, through the Office of Development Commissioner (Handicrafts).

Recently the Kala Kumbh exhibition was inaugurated at Bengaluru and Mumbai. It is also proposed to be held at other major Indian cities including Kolkata and Chennai next month. Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH) will sponsor the thematic exhibitions. As of August 2019, 178 GI handicraft products have been registered from across the country.

The meaning of community life is changing as some traditional, class-based forms decline and other, new communities emerge. These include ethnic communities or villages, often based upon immigrant groups' shared experiences of exclusion and discrimination. 'Gay villages' have emerged in many cities, such as London, Manchester and Brighton, where sexualities are celebrated in their diversity. Even online, virtual communities can thrive, based upon a sense of 'imagined community' (Anderson 1983) rather than direct, face to face contact.

When the conditions of the people of the society change are known as the structural dynamics of society .

The central feature of social change is the change in social structure. The social structure itself is very large. Under this, the relations that occur in social institutions and the relationship of one institution with other institutions come under the purview of social change, in front of this structure social values ​​and norms are also there. Social change is a social process, whose attainment is eternal, whose flow is continuous.