UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 10 - UGC NET MCQ

Given:

The alcohol and water in a mixture = 4 : 5

The ratio of alcohol and water in the new mixture = 1 : 3

Calculation:

Suppose total mixture = 9x liters

Alcohol content = 4/9 × 9x = 4x liters

Water content = 9x - 4x = 5x liters

According to the question,

4x/(5x + 20) = 1/3

⇒ 12x = 5x + 20

⇒ 7x = 20

⇒ x = 20/7

The initial quantity of a mixture(i.e 9x) = 180/7

The total quantity of the new mixture = 180/7 + 20 = 320/7

The alcohol in the new mixture = 1/4 × (320/7) = 80/7

The total quantity of alcohol in the new mixture is 80/7.

Shortcut Trick

The alcohol and water are in the ratio of 4 : 5

Now, 20 litres of water is added and the ratio becomes 1 : 3

So, we have to equal the unit of alcohol in both the ratio

So, water is added (12 - 5) = 7 unit → 20 litre

So, the quantity of alcohol is 4 units → (20/7) × 4 = 80/7 litres

Among the options, the most likely platform to be a widely-used Learning Management System (LMS) that provides an open-source e-learning solution is: 2) Moodle

Key Points

• LMS: Moodle is a recognized and renowned LMS, specializing in providing a learning platform for educational institutions and organizations.
• Open-source: Moodle is actively developed as an open-source project, freely available for anyone to use and modify, unlike the other options (which are likely proprietary platforms).
• Popularity and usage: Moodle boasts a vast user base with countless deployments worldwide, cementing its status as a popular open-source LMS solution.

While the other options might also offer e-learning functionalities, they lack the specific traits of a full-fledged LMS and likely don't share the open-source nature of Moodle:

• CourseMill: This could be a specific course creation platform or a closed-source LMS solution.
• LearnCube: This might be a platform focusing on gamified learning or a proprietary LMS with limited access.
• WebStudy: This could be a web-based educational resource portal or a platform with limited LMS capabilities.

Therefore, based on the provided criteria, Moodle stands out as the most likely option for a widely-used open-source LMS platform. However, if you have more context or specific features in mind, I can refine the answer further.

The correct answer is: Nalanda University is considered the world's first residential university.

Key Points

• Nalanda University, located in the eastern part of India (in today's Bihar), is one of the oldest known universities in the world.
• It is widely recognized as the world's first residential university, as it had dormitories for students. Scholars and students from various countries, including China, Korea, and central Asia, travelled to Nalanda University, known for its comprehensive curriculum, to study subjects like science, astronomy, metaphysics, and philosophy besides Buddhism.
• However, it ceased to exist by the end of the 12th century and was rediscovered in 19th-century archaeological excavations. It did not remain continuously operational and was certainly not established during the British era.

The positional values of the alphabets are as follows:

The logic followed here is as follows:

Hence, the correct answer is "Q13".

The correct answer is A, B, C, E and F

Key Points

National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF):

• National Institutional Ranking Framework is an initiative of the Government of India that was launched in 2015.
• The NIRF aims to rank higher educational institutions in India based on various parameters such as teaching, learning, research, outreach, and overall institutional performance.
• The framework provides a methodology to evaluate and rank institutions, including universities, engineering colleges, management institutes, pharmacy colleges, and overall institutions.
• The rankings generated by NIRF are intended to provide valuable information to students, parents, and other stakeholders for making informed decisions about higher education institutions in India.

Important Points

The NIRF provides for ranking of institutions in five broad generic groups of parameters, namely:

• Teaching, Learning and Resources (TLR): This parameter measures the quality of teaching and learning at an institution. It considers factors such as the faculty-student ratio, the number of PhD-holders on the faculty, and the availability of library and laboratory resources.
• Research and Professional Practice (RP): This parameter measures the research output of an institution. It considers factors such as the number of publications in peer-reviewed journals, the number of patents filed, and the amount of external funding received for research.
• Graduation Outcome (GO): This parameter measures the success of an institution in graduating students who are ready for employment or further study. It considers factors such as the placement rate of graduates, the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, and the number of students who start their own businesses.
• Outreach and Inclusivity (OI): This parameter measures the efforts of an institution to reach out to and include students from all backgrounds. It considers factors such as the number of students from underrepresented groups, the availability of financial aid, and the availability of support services for students with disabilities.
• Peer Perception: This parameter measures the reputation of an institution among its peers. It considers factors such as the opinion of academic experts, the opinion of industry leaders, and the opinion of employers.

Hence, the correct answer is A, B, C, E and F.

The most effective way to avoid plagiarism in research is: C) Appropriately citing the sources of all quotations, ideas, or data taken from others.

Key Points

• A) Paraphrasing text heavily from an original source without giving credit: While paraphrasing can be a useful tool, it doesn't automatically eliminate plagiarism. If the core idea or structure of the text remains the same, you need to cite the source even if the exact wording is changed.
• B) Directly copying and pasting text from an online article without citations: This is blatant plagiarism and should never be done. It's essential to properly attribute all borrowed information, whether it's directly quoted or paraphrased.
• D) Citing only direct quotations but not ideas that have been paraphrased: This approach is incomplete and can still lead to plagiarism. Any idea or information that originated from another source needs proper citation, regardless of whether it's verbatim or rephrased.

Therefore, the key to avoiding plagiarism lies in acknowledging and crediting all borrowed information, regardless of its form. This includes direct quotations, paraphrased ideas, data, and even specific structures or arguments that you draw from other sources.

Here are some additional tips for avoiding plagiarism:

• Use quotation marks for direct quotes.
• Cite the source immediately after the borrowed information.
• Use a consistent citation style for your field.
• Paraphrase in your own words, but ensure the meaning is accurate.
• Use plagiarism detection tools to check your work.

By following these practices, you can ensure that your research is original, ethical, and properly credited.

Given:

Original marks = 36

Increased marks = 6

Total marks = 120

Formula:

Percentage increase = (Increase/Total marks) × 100

Calculation:

⇒ Percentage increase = (6/120) × 100

Percentage increase = 5%

Therefore, the increase in her percentage is 5%.

Key Points

• Null hypothesis (H0):
  • This is the default prediction in a hypothesis test. It states that there is no statistically significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied.
• Alternative hypothesis (H1):
  • ​This is the opposite of the null hypothesis, stating that there is a meaningful difference or relationship between the variables.
• The research doesn't start with a formulated hypothesis, but rather tests hypotheses formulated beforehand based on existing theories or research questions.
• The null hypothesis doesn't necessarily propose or predict anything about a correlation or a causal relationship, just the absence of a detectable effect.
• The null hypothesis doesn't claim that observed differences are always due to chance, but assumes this as the baseline from which to assess the evidence against the alternative hypothesis.
• It is not the function of the null hypothesis to determine the significance of observed effects for changing accepted theories or practices. That judgment comes based on the statistical analysis and comparison to the alternative hypothesis.

Therefore, statement 3 captures the essence of the null hypothesis: it proposes the absence of significant effects and sets the initial assumption for testing against the alternative hypothesis.

Given:

A train increases its speed to 8/5 times of its original speed and reaches the station 39 minutes before.

Concept Used:

The speed ratio is inversely proportional to the time ratio.

Calculation:

The speed ratio for the given sum is 8 : 5

The time ratio will be 5 : 8

As per the question, the difference in time will be 8 – 5 = 3 units

Again the value of 3 units = 39 minutes

So value of 1 unit = 39 / 3

⇒ 13
So, scheduled time = 8 units
⇒ 8 × 13
⇒104 minutes

The usual time is 104 minutes

English is the associate official language in our country. The roles and functions of English are innumerable:

• It is taught as a part of the school curriculum for 6 to 12 years, either as a subject or both as a subject and a medium of instruction.
• Its need can be discerned in every domain - administration, bureaucracy, education, science and technology, judiciary, trade, and commerce.
• It is not only in these public domains that the knowledge of English is considered an essential necessity but also it is very important to take care of our personal 'communicative needs as well.

Important Points

Inclusion of the English language in the school curriculum is of paramount importance today because it

• Promotes social status-
  • Social Status refers to the social position of a person in his/her group. It is based upon honor or prestige.
  • A person who is educated with a growth-enhancing occupation achieves high social status.
  • Many-a-times first generation learners are admitted to the school. So, it is a ladder for them to improve their social status.
  • Competence in the use of English has become the passport not only to higher educational opportunities but also to better economic gains.
  • Going further up the ladder after higher education, job opportunities, social advancement, prestige, power become issues of consideration and English is often perceived as the language fulfilling these aspirations.
• Personal growth-
  • Personal growth is the activity through which a person realizes himself/herself and regularly evolves in order to reach his/her full potential. It is an essential part of a person's growth, maturity, success, and happiness.
  • English promotes personal growth by providing a variety of opportunities to the learner to evolve themselves to reach his/her full potential. It helps to develop the learners their soft skills which lead to growth in various field like the globalized workplace.
  • A soft skill refers to the cluster of personality traits, social graces, felicity with language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that marks each of us to varying degrees. Soft skills complement hard skills, which are the technical requirements of a job.

Key Points

• The inclusion of the English language in the school curriculum will not reduce regional feeling as the child is already competent in his native language or mother tongue. A child enters the school with the knowledge of his native language or mother tongue.
• The inclusion of the English language in the school curriculum doesn't focus on providing higher income or ensures job security as the school curriculum focus more on personal growth.

From the above, it is clear that the Inclusion of the English language in the school curriculum is of paramount importance today because it promotes social status and personal growth.

The correct answer is Accepting an incorrect hypothesis.

Key Points

• Type II error is accepting an incorrect hypothesis.
• In statistics, a type II error is the error of failing to reject a false null hypothesis. This means that the researcher concludes that there is no difference between the groups being studied, when in reality there is a difference.
• Type II errors are often called false negatives. They can occur when the sample size is too small, the power of the test is too low, or when the effect size is small.

Additional Information Here is an example of a type II error:

A researcher is testing a new drug to see if it is effective in reducing blood pressure. The researcher conducts a study and finds that there is no statistically significant difference between the blood pressure of the group that took the drug and the group that took a placebo. However, the researcher fails to realize that the sample size was too small to detect a difference. As a result, the researcher makes a type II error and concludes that the drug is not effective, when in reality it is.

Type II errors can have serious consequences. In the example above, the researcher may decide not to use the drug, even though it could be effective in reducing blood pressure.

There are a number of things that researchers can do to reduce the risk of type II errors. These include:

• Increasing the sample size
• Increasing the power of the test
• Using a more sensitive test
• Accounting for known sources of variability
• By taking these steps, researchers can reduce the risk of making type II errors and ensure that their conclusions are accurate.

According to the given codes,

Form the above figure, it is clear that the code for 'mad' is 'ma' and code for 'Social' is 'si'.
Hence, the correct answer is 'ma' and 'si'.

The correct answer is To ensure minimum usage of core Information & Communication Technology (ICT).
Key Points
e-Kranti: National e-Governance Plan 2.0:

• One of the key components of the Digital India initiative is e-Kranti. It was approved by Union Cabinet in 2015.
• The Vision of e-Kranti is "Transforming e-Governance for Transforming Governance".
• The mission of e-Kranti is to guarantee a comprehensive transformation of the government by providing all services to the public electronically via numerous modalities of integrated and interoperable systems, all while guaranteeing the affordability, efficiency, and transparency of these services.
• The objectives of 'e-Kranti' are as follows:
  • To redefine NeGP with transformational and outcome oriented e-Governance initiatives.
  • To enhance the portfolio of citizen centric services.
  • To ensure optimum usage of core Information & Communication Technology (ICT).
  • To promote rapid replication and integration of eGov applications.
  • To leverage emerging technologies.
  • To make use of more agile implementation models.

Additional Information
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP):

• The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG), the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (ME&ITy), and the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (MoPPG&P) developed the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006.
• Objectives :
  • Enhancing service delivery to citizens
  • Facilitating information provision
  • Boosting inter-state efficiency and coordination
  • Improving interaction with businesses and industries
  • Promoting transparency and accountability in government affairs

e-Governance (eGov):

• The use of information and communication technology (ICT) for government service delivery, information interchange, transaction processing, integration of pre-existing services, and information portals is known as e-Government.
• The “e” in e-Governance stands for ‘electronic’.

​Digital India initiative:

• It was launched in July 2015.
• It is a premier initiative of the Indian government that aims to make the country a knowledge economy and society empowered by technology.
• It is built upon 9 key pillars : Universal Access to Mobile connectivity, Broadband Highways, public Internet access, e-Governance, e-Kranti, Global Information, Electronics Manufacturing, IT Training for Jobs, and Early Harvest Programmes.

• Parametric and non-parametric analyses are two broad categories of statistical analyses used in research and data analysis. While they differ in their underlying assumptions and techniques, they share some common aspects. One common aspect is the use of inferential statistics, which involves making inferences or conclusions about a population based on sample data.

1- Testing of null hypotheses only:

• This option is not correct because both parametric and non-parametric analyses can involve testing null hypotheses. In hypothesis testing, researchers formulate a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, and statistical tests are used to assess the evidence against the null hypothesis.

2. Chain of reasoning based on inferential statistics:

• This option is correct. Both parametric and non-parametric analyses follow a chain of reasoning based on inferential statistics. In both cases, researchers use statistical techniques to analyze the data, calculate test statistics, and make inferences about the population based on the sample data.

3. Statistics as means and frequencies:

• This option is not entirely accurate. While both parametric and non-parametric analyses involve using statistical measures such as means and frequencies, it is not something they commonly share. The choice of statistical measures used in the analysis depends on the nature of the data and the specific research question.

4. Ordinal and interval scale data:

• This option is not accurate in terms of what parametric and non-parametric analyses commonly share. Parametric analyses typically assume the data to follow a specific distribution and require interval or ratio scale data. Non-parametric analyses, on the other hand, do not rely on these assumptions and can be used with various types of data, including ordinal and interval scale data.

Hence option 2 is the correct answer.

Calculation:
Let salary of B = 100
The salary of A = 75 (According to the question)
percentage difference in salary = (100 - 75) × 100/75
⇒ 2500/75 = 33 (1/3)%
∴ The salary of B is 33(1/3)% more than salary of A

The best description of Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is: B. OMR is the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests.

Key Points

• A. OMR is a form of computer data storage that makes it possible to read data mechanically: While OMR involves reading data mechanically, it's not about data storage itself.
• C. OMR is a form of audio data recognition system used for converting human speech into written texts: This describes speech recognition, not OMR, which deals with optical data, not audio.
• D. OMR is a computer vision system used for recognizing objects in images and videos: While both involve computer vision, OMR focuses specifically on extracting data from human-marked forms, not general object recognition.

Therefore, B precisely identifies the core function of OMR: automatically reading marks made by humans on paper forms to capture data.

Sri Lanka is ranked highest among Asian countries in the Human Development Index as per 2018 statistics.

• Human Development Index(HDI) is an index that is used to rank countries based on human development.
• It is arrived at using indicators which include life expectancy, per capita income, and education.
• The HDI was first launched in 1990 and used by the United Nations Development Program(UNDP).
• Nations rank higher on this index have a higher level of education, a higher lifespan, and a higher gross national income per capita than nations with a lower score.
• India ranked 130 out of 187 while Sri Lanka ranked 79 to achieve this feat.

India became a center of higher learning in the Gupta Period

• The Gupta period was a gradual evolution. Education as a system of knowledge was confined to the Brahmanic class in the Gupta age.
• Formal education was available in Brahmin asramas, hermitages, and in some extends to Buddhist and Jaina monasteries. In the former, it would have been restricted to the upper castes.
• Theoretically, the period of studentship at the former lasted over many years, but it is unlikely that most would spend long periods as students. Learning was a personalized experience involving teachers and pupils.
• The emphasis was on memorizing texts such as parts of the Vedas and gaining familiarity with the contents of the Dharmasastras and subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, prose and verse composition, logic, and metaphysics. But much else was included in Sanskrit learning, such as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and astrology.

NOTE:

• Buddha Period: The history of Buddhism starts from the 6th century BCE. Buddhism started in the eastern part of Ancient India, in the ancient Kingdom of Magadha, and is based on teachings of Siddhārtha Gautama. it one of the oldest religions practiced today.
• Mughal Period: Mughal also spelled Mogul, Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin it ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century.
• British Period: This period was from 1858 to 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. Modern education began in India under British rule.

Causal comparative:

• Causal-comparative research seeks to find relationships between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
• The researcher's goal is to determine whether the independent variable affected the outcome, or dependent variable, by comparing two or more groups of individuals.
• In the given example, Causal-comparative research is used to identify cause-effect relationships or to examine the consequences of differences that already exist between two groups.
• Causal-comparative research is also sometimes referred to as "ex-post-facto" research because the researcher is attempting to determine the cause or reason for differences that already exist among groups of individuals.

Descriptive:

• Descriptive research is carried out to provide information about a person, thing, or process.
• It describes the characteristics of an individual, group, organization, or phenomena, conditions, or situation.
• The characteristics are described in terms of the dependent variables.
• The description may be limited to events of past or present but not of the future. In that case, it becomes experimental research. Most of the research in social sciences is descriptive in nature.

Correlational research

• It provides some indication as to how two or more things are related to one another or, in effect what they share or have in common or how well a specific outcome might be predicted by one or more pieces of information.
• Correlational research uses a numerical index called the correlation coefficient as a measure of the strength of this relationship.
• For example, if you are interested to find out the relationship between the number of hours spent studying and their achievement, then you would be doing correlational research because you are interested in the relationship between these two variables.

Experimental research

• It is mainly used in science subjects such as physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, etc.
• The experiment requires two variables, one independent variable, and the other dependent variable.
• It is important that in experimental research the independent variable is manipulated and the effect of manipulation is observed on the dependent variable.

Given:

Salary of A = 40% × salary of B

Calculation:

According to the question:

Salary of A = 40% × salary of B

⇒ Salary of A/salary of B = 40/100

Salary of A : Salary of B = 40 : 100 = 2 : 5

Percentage difference = {(5 - 2) × 100}/2

⇒ (3 × 100)/2 = 150%

∴ The correct answer is 150%.

The primary use of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) in an organization is to provide a secure connection to the internal network from an external location. VPNs encrypt all traffic between the user's device and the VPN server, making it difficult for attackers to intercept or decipher the data.

Key Points

• VPNs can be used by employees to access internal resources, such as file servers, databases, and applications, from remote locations. They can also be used by organizations to connect different office locations together over the public internet.
• VPNs cannot speed up the network or broadcast internal communication. Data encryption on local machines is typically done using other security solutions, such as antivirus software and disk encryption.
• Here are some of the benefits of using a VPN in an organization:
  • Security: VPNs encrypt all traffic between the user's device and the VPN server, making it difficult for attackers to intercept or decipher the data. This is especially important for organizations that handle sensitive information, such as financial data or customer data.
  • Remote access: VPNs allow employees to access internal resources from remote locations. This is ideal for employees who work from home or who travel frequently.
  • Cost savings: VPNs can help organizations to save money on network costs. For example, organizations can use VPNs to connect different office locations together over the public internet, instead of paying for dedicated leased lines.
• Overall, VPNs are a valuable tool for organizations that want to improve the security and efficiency of their network.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Formula used:
Percentage = (Favourable value/Base value) × 100
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total salary of the five employees together = Rs. 20,000 + Rs. 25,000 + Rs. 18,000 + Rs. 21,000 + Rs. 30,000
⇒ Rs. 1,14,000
and the total expenditure of Ratan, Rakesh and Raju together = Rs. 16,250 + Rs. 12,600 + Rs. 10,500
⇒ Rs. 39,350
Now, required difference = Rs. 1,14,000 - Rs. 39,350
⇒ Rs. 74,650
Required percent = (Rs. 74,650/Rs. 1,14,000) × 100
⇒ 65.48%
⇒ 65.5% (approx)
∴ The total expenditure of Ratan, Rakesh and Raju is approximately 65.5% less than the totals salary of the five employees together.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total expenditure of Ram and Ratan = Rs. 12,000 + Rs. 16,250
⇒ Rs. 28,250
and the total expenditure of Raju and Rajat = Rs. 10,500 + Rs. 16,500
⇒ Rs. 27,000
Now, required difference = Rs. 28,250 - Rs. 27,000
⇒ Rs. 1,250
∴ The difference between the expenditure of Ram and Ratan together to that of Raju and Rajat together is Rs. 1,250.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Formula used:
Percentage = (Favourable value/Base value) × 100
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Savings of Rajat = Rs. 13,500
and the total expenditure of Ram and Raju = Rs. 12,000 + Rs. 10,500
⇒ Rs. 22,500
Now, required percent = (Rs. 13,500/Rs. 22,500) × 100
⇒ 60%
∴ The savings of Rajat is what percent of the total expenditure of Ram and Raju is 60%.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total expenditure of the Ram and Rakesh together = Rs. 12,000 + Rs. 12,600
⇒ Rs. 24,600
and the total savings of Rakesh, Raju and Rajat together = Rs. 5,400 + Rs. 10,500 + Rs. 13,500
⇒ Rs. 29,400
Now, required ratio = 24,600 ∶ 29,400
⇒ 41 ∶ 49
∴ The ratio of the total expenditure of Ram and Rakesh together to the total savings of Rakesh, Raju and Rajat together is 41 : 49.

Population: Population is our required pool of people or items or events showing similar characteristics or feature for our study.
Sample:

• Sample is a part of our interested population. Sample is representation of population and used instead of population for convenience.
• For eg. We want to find impact of lockdown on school students in Mumbai city, but if its not feasible to collect data from all students, so we will select students from few schools which are well representative.

Normally distributed data: Data which when plotted on graph forms a bell shape, it shows symmetric along the y axis at mean and the data near the mean are more repeated or frequent than the data which are far away from mean.
we generally make use of parametric and non-parametric tests for making inferences about various population values (parameters). Many methods and techniques are used in statistics. These have been grouped under parametric and non-parametric statistics.

Descriptive statistics:

• Descriptive statistics describe the trend or a feature or a characteristic or phenomena of the data.
• This can be normally distributed.
• This involves central tendency(mean, median, mode), Spread chart(histogram, bar graphs, etc.), Range, variance, etc.
• For e.g. Average height of grade 9th students in XYZ school.

Hence, When the nature of the population from which samples is drawn is not known to be normally distributed the data can be analyzed with the help of Non-parametric statistics.
Additional Information
Inferential Statistics:

• Inferential Statistics deals with drawing conclusion about population from sample or about prediction about future events from past events.
• For e.g. We can generalize about average height of 9th grade students in Mumbai City from a sample of same grade students.

Given:

A can finish in 15 days, B can finish it in 25 days.

They work together for 5 days.

Concept used:

Efficiency = (Total work / Total time taken)

Efficiency = work done in a single day

Calculation:

Let total work be 75 units ( LCM of 15 and 25 is 75)

The efficiency of A

⇒ 75 /15 = 5 units

The efficiency of B

⇒ 75 / 25 = 3 units

The efficiency of A+B,

⇒ (5 + 3) units = 8 units

In 5 days total work done is 8 × 5 = 40 units

Remaining work 75 - 40 = 35 units

In the last 4 days, A does 4 × 5 = 20 units

Remaining work 35 - 20 = 15 units done by C in 4 days

So C does 75 units in (75 / 15) × 4 = 20 days

∴ The correct option is 3

The correct answer is 'How organisms evolve'.
Key Points

• Let's refer to the first two lines of the passage -
  • The Theory of Evolution by natural selection was first formulated in Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859.
  • In his book, Darwin describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or behavioral traits.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that Charles Darwin describes how organisms evolve in his book 'On the Origin of Species'.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "(a) & (d)".
Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage -
  • the theory of evolution by means of natural selection can be described as "descent with modification''.(Taken from the line 'Put simply......in the study of human origins)
  • ​​ The theory is sometimes described as "survival of the fittest," but that characterization can be misleading, Pobiner said.
  • Here, "fitness" refers not to an organism's strength or athleticism but rather its ability to survive and reproduce.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the Theory of 'Survival of the Fittest' refer to an organism's ability to survive and breed.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Macroevolution'.
Key Points

• Let's refer to the last part of the given passage-
  • When given enough time and accumulated changes, natural selection can create entirely new species, a process known as "macroevolution," (Taken from the line ''But when given......in 'The Philosophy of Macroevolution'''.)
  • This long-term process is what turned dinosaurs into birds, amphibious mammals (such as an animal called Indohyus) into whales and a common ancestor of apes and humans into the people, chimps and gorillas we know today.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that Macroevolution is responsible for changing dinosaurs into birds.

​Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.