HTET PGT Political Science Test - 2 - HTET MCQ

Learning from observation is a common and natural method of human learning. Observational learning (also known as vicarious learning, social learning, or modelling) is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behaviour executed by others. It is different from imitation in which the observer copies and reproduces the behaviour of the model. In observational learning, we think and judge and learn not only how to do certain things but also what the consequences of our action are likely to be. According to Bandura (1977), the following four distinct processes are involved in observational learning:

• Attention Process: We do not imitate the total behaviour of a model, instead, we focus on specific aspects that we are interested to learn. We pay attention to significant features of the behaviour we want to learn. For example, a child learning to write in good hand writing watches her teacher and keenly observe the way she is holding the pen, moving her fingers, where she is using capital letters and does not pay attention to how the teacher is dressed or how she walks.
• Retention Process: The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning. We need to remember the things observed through some way of using symbols, understanding and organizing our observations. Usually we employ two processes for retention: first storing the things observed as visuals in our memory and then rehearsing the sequence of actions mentally. Bandura (1977) suggests that the best way to learn from a model is to organize and rehearse the observed behaviour cognitively (mentally with proper thinking) and then act it out.
• Motor Reproduction Process: After we have retained the observed behaviour through rehearsal of the visual images, the behaviour has to be transformed into physical actions. For this one needs two things. First, he must have basic requirements for the action to be performed by him.
• The second aspect for transforming the observed behaviour to action is to actually practice the sequence of actions. Having a perfect visual imagery and mental rehearsal of the actions will not help the observer to perform the act spontaneously.
• Motivational Process: You must have come across some children who have learnt very well through observational learning as they can vividly describe the steps of action and can perform it perfectly. But often they do not perform as and when required. In such cases, what they lack is proper motivation to act. The child is required to be motivated especially self-motivated to act.

Hence, we conclude that Observational learning is also known as vicarious learning, social learning, or modelling.

Conditioning is the process of modifying one’s behaviour with the help of some preparation or training. Behaviourism theory is an idea which states that learning takes place owing to conditioning. John Watson is called the father of behaviourism. There are two types of conditioning:

• Classical: Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, this conditioning has the following characteristics:

• Two factors: environment and a naturally occurring stimulus.
• When the conditioned stimulus is evoked, the conditioned response takes place.
• As soon as the lightning of the bolt takes place (stimulus), jumping happens (response) naturally by child.

• Operant: It is based on reinforcement and punishment. For example, parents reinforce their kid to study well, and if he does not, he is punished or else he is offered a reward.

Additional Information

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about conditioning.

Key PointsCommunity Involvement is defined as any student-centred school-community interaction that directly or indirectly supports the physical, social, emotional and intellectual needs of students.

• For individuals, the benefits of community involvement can include improved mental health, reduced stress, and increased longevity. For communities, citizen engagement can enhance decision-making and has been shown to improve public health, education, safety, and environmental management.

Thus it is clear that community involvement is defined as any student-centred school-community interaction that directly or indirectly supports the physical, social, emotional and intellectual needs of students.

Psychoanalytical Theory: ​This theory was developed by the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud. This theory has described three major parts of the personality structure which include Id, Ego, and Superego.

The Id: This is the most important part, which develops with the birth of the child. It can be thought of as a storehouse of biologically the urge to eat, drink, eliminate, and be sexually stimulated. The sexual energy is called the libido. According to Freud, the Id operates on a ‘pleasure principle’.The id satisfies its fundamental urges immediately and as they arose without regard to rules, the realities of life, or morals of any kind.

The Ego:

• This part develops from the school year of life of the child—as a result of social contacts.
• The ego consists of behaving and thinking which constitute the function of the person.
• The ego motives of the Id and channel behaviour into a more socially acceptable frame.
• It keeps a person working for a living, getting along with people, and generally adjusting to the realities of life.
• Freud characterized the ego as working in the service of the ‘reality principle’.
• That is, the ego tries to satisfy the id’s urge for pleasure, but only in realistic ways. The ongoing tension between insistent urges of the id and the constraints of reality helps the ego develop certain skills to safeguard the self-image.
• These skills are called ego defense mechanisms

The Superego:

• This part of the personality is called the conscience.
• The superego may indicate as ‘wrong’ certain things that the ego would otherwise do to satisfy the id.
• However, ‘ego ideal’- a set of values and moral ideals that are pursued because they are perceived to be worthy. In other words, the superego operates ‘moral principle’.

Hence, we can conclude that as per Sigmund Freud, the dominance is of the id when Sunita always does whatever she wants to do without thinking about the consequences.

Additional Information

• Freud believed that the diverse nature of these three parts conflicts with one another, which leads to three types of anxiety.

(1) Reality anxiety-arising when the individual faces dangers or threats in the external world.

(2) Neurotic anxiety-arising when the individual’s Id impulses threaten through his ego controls and result in behaviour that leads to punishment and

(3) Moral anxiety occurs when the individual does something or even when doing something conflicts with his superego or moral values and arouses guilty feelings

Motivation: The term motivation has been derived from the Latin word ‘movere’, which means ‘to move. “the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms”.

Motivation is of two types, which are:

• Intrinsic Motivation.
• Extrinsic Motivation.

Key Points

• Intrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation can be defined as “motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy”.
  • Example: There could be an activity that an individual enjoys doing.
• These four components of intrinsic motivation are-
  • Challenge- It relates to the extent to which an individual enjoys the excitement that accompanies a new challenge.
  • Enjoyment- It relates to the pleasure that an individual may obtain from carrying out the task.
  • Mastery- It relates to the sense of pride and accomplishment that an individual may experience when he/ she carries out a difficult task.
  • Autonomy and self determination- It relates to the autonomy that an individual enjoys while carrying out the task, that is, the freedom with which the individual can determine what is to be done and how is it to be done.
• So by all these explanations, we can say that intrinsic motivation comes from the soul of the students, and it will be enhanced if the learning environment of the student fosters their sense of belonging and and intensity in their action.
• Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation can be defined as “motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises”.
  • Example: reward, praise, money, feedback.

Development: Development can be defined as the change of shape, size, health, or change in psychology.

Key PointsThe following are the Principles of Human Development:

• Principle of Continuity: Development follows the principle of continuity which starts with conception and ends with death. It is a never-ending process in life.
• Principle of Individual Differences: It says that every individual is unique in himself/herself as the heredity and environmental factors makes him/her different from others.
• Principle of Generality to Specificity: The development process starts with general responses shown by the child as s/he passes through the later stages s/ he starts exhibiting specific behaviours. For example, a child may utter a sound which is common for every object and person s/he sees in the environment, like ‘inna’, but later on s/he starts pronouncing specific words denoting specific objects or persons, like maa, pa, and so on.
• Principle of Interrelation: The development of an individual is reflected through the balanced interrelation of all the aspects of life. Development in any aspect affects the other aspect also.
• Principle of Interaction: The principle of interaction suggests that an individual is the product of heredity and environment. In other words, the interaction takes place within and outside forces of the child.
• Principle of Differentiation in Rate: Differentiation in rate indicates that individuals differ in the rate of development. There is a difference in the rate of development in girls and boys like girls grow faster than the boys at the early stage of development.
• Principle of Integration: Principle of Integration refers to the integration of various aspects of development like physical, mental, emotional, social and moral.
• Principle of Predictability: Development is predictable i.e. with the help of the uniformity of the pattern and sequence of development, we can predict the behaviour to a great extent of child in one or more aspect in a particular stage of her/his growth and development.
• Principle of Sequentiality: It states that every individual although exhibit difference in change, they follow the same sequence of change.
  • The Cephalocaudal tendency exhibits that the development proceeds in the longitudinal direction i.e. from head to foot. That is the reason why the child first gains control overhead before s/he starts walking.
  • Proximodistal tendency proceeds from near to the distant and from parts of the body near the centre develop first then the extremities. Therefore the child in the earlier stage of development exercises on the fundamental muscles rather than the smaller muscles or fine motor skills.

Hence, we conclude that except Gradation, each one is the principle of development.

Effective learning involves several key components that help ensure that students not only acquire knowledge but also understand, retain, and apply it meaningfully.

Key Points

• When learning activities are connected to learners' personal experiences, interests, or real-life situations, they find the material more meaningful and engaging.
• Contextual learning helps students see the relevance of what they are studying and motivates them to participate actively.
• Contextual activities enable students to apply knowledge in practical situations, enhancing understanding and retention. This approach also makes learning more interactive and dynamic.

Hence, we can conclude that aligning learning activities with learners' contexts makes the learning process more relevant and engaging, thereby enhancing active participation and involvement.

The early childhood stage, typically spanning from around ages 2 to 6, is a critical period of development marked by significant milestones and tasks. These developmental tasks refer to the skills, abilities, and behaviors that children are expected to acquire during this stage. Here's an explanation of some common developmental tasks of early childhood:

Key Points

• Language Development: Rapidly expanding vocabulary and communication skills.
• Motor Skills: Developing both gross and fine motor skills.
• Social Skills: Learning to interact, share, and cooperate with others.
• Self-Regulation: Developing the ability to control emotions and behavior.
• Cognitive Development: Improving problem-solving and reasoning abilities.
• Independence: Asserting autonomy and doing tasks independently.
• Exploration and Curiosity: Showing interest in discovering new things about the world.

Additional Information These developmental tasks are essential for laying the foundation for future growth and learning. They contribute to children's overall well-being, social adaptation, and academic success. Parental support, appropriate stimulation, and a nurturing environment play crucial roles in facilitating the achievement of these tasks during early childhood.

Albert Bandura, a psychologist, has proposed "Observational Learning Theory" which emphasizes that learning takes place through indirect sources, like watching or hearing others.

Key Points

To test whether social behavior was achievable or not, Albert Bandura constructed an experiment entitled “Bobo Doll Behaviour: A Study of Aggression.”

• In this experiment Bandura exposed a group of children to a video, featuring violent and aggressive actions. For the experiment Bandura made of a film of one of his students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll.
• Bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-shaped balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you knock him down. The woman punched the clown, shouting “sockeroo!” She kicked it, sat on it, hit with a little hammer, and so on, shouting various aggressive phrases. Bandura showed this film to groups of kindergartners who, as you might predict, liked it a lot.
• Bandura did a large number of variations on the study: The model was rewarded or punished in a variety of ways, the kids were rewarded for their imitations, the model was changed to be less attractive or less prestigious, and so on.

Hence, it could be concluded that Albert Bandura conducted the 'Bobo Doll' experiment.

Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.

Key Points Characteristics of intelligence:

• It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete a task or deal with a situation.
• Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.
• It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.
• Intelligence includes the capacity to understand novel stimuli, learn a language, and communicate with others, be aware of the environment, have the ability to reason, plan, and solve problems creatively.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that a set of capabilities refers the intelligence.

Additional Information Some theories related to Intelligence-

Psychology is derived from two Greek words “psyche” and “logos”. Psyche means soul (life) and logos means knowledge (explanation) or the study of the soul.

Key Points

• Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology concerned with the practical application of research methodologies and findings in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
• It classifies their basic activities under three main headings: assessment (including diagnosis), treatment, and research.
• Clinical psychologists' tools also are used to diagnose learning disabilities, determine competency to stand trial for a crime, and guide individuals into a deeper understanding of their vocational and vocational likes and dislikes.
• Clinical psychologists similarly use various tools, called psychological tests to help diagnose mental illness and disease.
• But like complex medical conditions, tests often don't provide all the answers, so psychologists rely on a broader educational tool called an "assessment" to more accurately diagnose psychological conditions.
• Based on assessments, psychologists develop and apply effective therapeutic treatment plans and interventions.

Thus, it is concluded that Clinical psychology deals with the practical aspects of abnormal psychology.

'तुम्हारा घर बहुत सुंदर है।' वाक्य के रेखांकित पद में संबंधकारक कारक प्रत्यय है।

• सम्बन्ध कारक:
  • संज्ञा अथवा सर्वनाम के जिस रूप से एक वस्तु का सम्बन्ध दूसरी वस्तु से जाना जाये, उसे सम्बन्ध कारक कहते हैं।
  • इसकी मुख्य पहचान है – ’का’, ’की’, के।
    • सम्बन्ध कारक का उदाहरण –
    • राहुल की किताब मेज पर है।

प्रमुख बिंदु
कारक:-
किसी भी क्रिया को करने वाले को कारक कहा जाता है अर्थात् जिसके द्वारा क्रिया को पूर्ण किया जाता है, उन्हें कारक कहा जाता है।‌

कारक के भेद

1. कर्ता कारक
2. कर्म कारक
3. करण कारक
4. सम्प्रदान कारक
5. अपादान कारक
6. सम्बन्ध कारक
7. अधिकरण कारक
8. संबोधन कारक

अतिरिक्‍त जानकारी

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

प्रमुख बिंदु

• ''बहुत ज्यादा उत्तेजित होना'' के लिए उपयुक्त लोकोक्ति- अगिया बेताल होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग- जब भी किसी राजनेता की आलोचना कर दो तो वह अगिया बेताल हो जाता है।

अन्य विकल्प:​

​अतिरिक्‍त जानकारी

• लोकोक्ति का अर्थ है लोक में प्रचलित वे कथन या उक्तियां जो लोक-अनुभव पर आधारित होती हैं।
• लोकोक्ति= लोक+ उक्ति
• लोग समाज में प्रचलित उक्ति को लोकोक्ति अथवा कहावत कहते हैं।
• जैसे- लोकोक्ति- अंधा क्या चाहे दो आँखें- मनचाही बात हो जाना
  वाक्य-प्रयोग- मुकेश की नौकरी लगी ही थी और उसकी शादी हो गयी, अब अंधा क्या चाहे दो आँखें, यही हुआ मुकेश के साथ।

The correct answer is 'Eternal'.

Key Points

• Let us see the meaning of Evanescent:-
  • Evanescent: lasting for only a short time, then disappearing quickly and being forgotten.
    • Example: We would have all missed the evanescent moment if not for the photographer’s speed and skill.
• Let us see the meanings of the given options:-

• From the meanings of the given words, we can say that the word 'Eternal' is the word almost opposite in meaning to the word 'Evanescent'.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'Eternal'.

Here the correct answer is Someone who is uncomfortable in a specific situation.
Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given idiom:-
• Fish out of water - someone who is uncomfortable in a specific situation. (कोई है जो एक विशिष्ट स्थिति में असहज है​)
  • For Example - I felt like a fish out of water at my new school.
• Thus, the correct answer is option 1.
  

Therefore, the correct meaning of the given idiom is Someone who is uncomfortable in a specific situation.

The correct answer is 'Option 3' i.e. 'Cruel'.

Key Points

• The given word is "Compassionate".
• In English, "Compassionate" refers to having or showing compassion.
• Compassion involves feelings of sympathy and sadness for the suffering of others, and a desire to help or to alleviate the suffering.(सहानुभूति).
• Out of the options provided, the most appropriate antonym of "compassionate" is: 'Cruel'.
• "Cruel" in English refers to someone who causes pain or suffering to others without feeling sympathy or remorse.
• It's the opposite of being compassionate because instead of wanting to alleviate suffering, a cruel person causes it.(निर्दय).

Therefore, the correct answer is: 'Cruel'.

Additional Information

• Here are explanations for all the options:
  • Likeable: "Likeable" refers to a person or thing that is pleasing, agreeable, or enjoyable. A likeable person is easy to like.(पसंदीदा)
  • Merciful: "Merciful" refers to showing mercy, which means showing kindness, forgiveness, and compassion to someone who it is in one's power to punish or harm.(दयावान)
  • Fashionable: "Fashionable" refers to someone or something that is popular, up-to-date, or in the current trend or style.(फ़ैशनेबल)

The correct answer is Rao Tularam.

Key Points

• Haryana celebrates 'Martyrdom Day' on 23rd September every year in the memory of Rao Tularam.
• Rao Tula Ram was a freedom fighter during the 1857 revolt.
• Rao Tula Ram was born on 9 December 1825 and he was a Yaduvanshi Ahir King of Rewari.​
• Some other great Freedom Fighters of Haryana:
  • ​Sir Chhoturam
  • Sher Nahar Singh
  • Nawab Abdurrahaman Khan
  • Nawab Ahmad Ali Gulam Khan
  • Pt Nekiram Sharma
  • Chaudhary Devilal

Additional Information

• Raja Nahar Singh was the ruler of Ballabhgarh in Haryana and was actively involved in the Indian Independence Struggle.
• Raja Nahar Singh was born on 1823 in Ballabhgarh, Haryana.
• Raja Nahar Singh was a hero of India's First War of Independence in 1857 and on 9^th January 1858 he was hanged by the British.
• This day is celebrated in Haryana as Balidan Diwas (The Day of Sacrifice).

Given:-
A picture is 40 cm wide and 1.6 m long
Formula used:-
Perimeter = 2 (length + width)
Calculation:-
Width = 40 cm
The Length of the picture = 1.6 m = 1.6 × 100 = 160 cm
Perimeter of the picture = Perimeter of rectangle
⇒ 2 (40 + 160) = 400cm ----- (1)
As per the question,
The ratio of its width to its perimeter is
Width : Perimeter
⇒ 40: 400
⇒ 1:10
∴ The required answer is 1:10.

Calculation:

134 – 9 = 125,

159 – 9 = 150,

184 – 9 = 175.

Required number is

HCF of [(134 – 9), (159 – 9) and (184 – 9)]

HCF of [125, 150, 175]

HCF is = 25

∴ Required number = 25

The correct answer is Hisar.

​

• The name of the Animal Science Center is Lala Lajpat Rai University.
• It was established in 2010.
• The university currently offers undergraduate and postgraduate, from diploma to doctorate, in Veterinary and Animal Science.
• The Chancellor of this university is the Governor of Haryana.

Additional Information

• Chief Minister of Haryana – Nayab Singh Saini
• Total Legislature seats - 90
• Total Lok Sabha seats - 10
• Total Rajya Sabha seats - 5

The correct answer is Mahendragarh.Key Points

• Mahendragarh district of Haryana ranks first in the production of mustard.
  • Mahendragarh is a historic district, with many ancient monuments and temples such as the Jal Mahal, the Chor Gumbad, and the Narnaul Fort.
  • It is also an agricultural district, with many farmers engaged in the cultivation of crops such as wheat, mustard, and bajra.
  • The district has several important industries, including cement, marble, and mineral-based industries.

Important Points

• Palwal is renowned for cotton production, and there are several cotton industries or factories in the area.
  • It is also a significant transport hub, with many major national highways and railway lines passing through the district.
  • It has a diverse range of industries including cotton, automobile, agro-based, chemical, food processing, steel, electronics, and logistics.
• Rohtak known for its traditional wrestling, with several ‘akhadas’ located in the district.
  • Hosts the famous Tilyar Lake and the Baba Mastnath Temple.

Additional Information

• Haryana ranks first in the production of Mushroom.
  • Mushroom is one of the best diets, which contains protein, minerals, and vitamins like Nutritive material in a sufficient quantity.

The correct answer is Jakarta.

Key Points

• ASEAN headquarters is in Jakarta, Indonesia.
  • The Asian South-East Nations Association(ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising 10 Southeast Asian countries, fostering intergovernmental cooperation and promoting economic, educational, political, security, military, and socio-cultural integration between its members and other Asian nations.
  • It was established on 8 August 1967, when the ASEAN Declaration was signed by the foreign ministers of five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
  • It was awarded observer status at the UN General Assembly in 2006.
  • ASEAN was established in 1967 and has 10 members (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Burma (Myanmar). The ASEAN Secretariat is located in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Additional Information

International organizations and Headquarters

The correct answer is Statement 1 is false, but statement 2 is true.

Explanation: Terrorism is not confined to specific regions, and globalization has played a role in the cross-border spread of terrorist ideologies and activities.

Key PointsThe assertion that terrorism is not confined to specific regions and that globalization has played a role in the cross-border spread of terrorist ideologies and activities is multifaceted and rooted in several key factors:

• Definition and Nature of Terrorism: Terrorism is defined as the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. It is not restricted by geographic boundaries, as its underlying causes—like political discontent, religious extremism, or social injustice—can be found globally.

Impact of Globalization:

• Technological Advances: The advent of the internet and social media platforms has facilitated the global spread of extremist ideologies. Terrorist groups use these platforms for propaganda, recruitment, and communication. The speed and reach of online networks mean that messages and radical ideologies can be disseminated worldwide instantaneously.
• Ease of Movement: Globalization has made international travel easier and more frequent. This mobility allows terrorists to move across borders, spread their ideologies, and carry out attacks in different countries.
• Global Financial Networks: The interconnectedness of the world's financial systems has enabled terrorist groups to fundraise and move funds across borders more efficiently, often using informal and hard-to-track methods like hawala.

Political and Social Factors:

• Failed States and Political Instability: In regions with weak governance or ongoing conflicts, terrorist groups can find safe havens. These areas can become breeding grounds for terrorism, and due to global interconnectedness, the impact of these groups is not limited to their immediate region.
• International Conflicts and Interventions: Foreign interventions and conflicts can have international repercussions. They can create grievances and narratives that are exploited by terrorist groups to recruit members globally.
• Cultural and Ideological Exchange: Globalization facilitates the exchange of ideas and cultures. While this can be positive, it also means that extremist ideologies can cross borders. People from different parts of the world can be radicalized through exposure to foreign extremist ideologies.
• Counterterrorism Challenges: The global nature of terrorism poses significant challenges for counterterrorism efforts. Coordination between different countries' law enforcement and intelligence agencies is required, but differences in priorities, capabilities, and legal frameworks can hinder effective collaboration.
• Economic Disparities and Globalization: Economic aspects of globalization, such as inequality and the displacement of traditional industries, can contribute to social unrest and create fertile ground for terrorist recruitment, especially in economically marginalized communities.
• Media and Perception: Global media coverage of terrorist attacks amplifies their impact, spreading fear and the terrorists' message beyond the immediate area of the attack. This coverage can unintentionally aid in spreading terrorist ideologies.

Additional Information

• The interaction of various aspects of globalization with local political, social, and economic factors has facilitated the spread of terrorism beyond specific regions, making it a global issue requiring coordinated international responses.

Prime Minister is the Head of the Government of India. He has absolute freedom in selecting and firing any minister. The cabinet ministers control the various ministries such as Defense, Transportation, Finance and Foreign Affairs.

Prime Minister can ask the President to dissolve the Parliament any time and call for new elections.

• The French Revolution in 1789:
  • This was a transformative period in French history during which the monarchy was overthrown, and a radical restructuring of society took place.
  • One of the main aims of the revolution was to establish equal citizenship rights for all (especially as contrasted with the heavily stratified Estates system that existed before the revolution).
  • This period gave birth to many modern principles of democracy, equality, and citizenship, encapsulated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
• The struggle against the ruling white minority in South Africa:
  • This primarily refers to the anti-apartheid movement, a multi-decade struggle to dismantle institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.
  • One of the main goals of the movement was to achieve equal citizenship rights for all, regardless of race.
  • The successful end of apartheid in the 1990s marked a significant victory for racial equality and equal citizenship rights.
• The women’s movement in India:
  • Women in India, like many parts of the world, have fought for equal citizenship rights.
  • This struggle has been characterized by efforts to achieve gender equality in various facets of life, such as politics, education, employment, and family life.
  • Although progress has been made, the fight for full equality continues.

The correct answer is Misuse of official machinery

Explanation:

Misuse of official machinery refers to the improper use of government resources, power, and influence to gain an advantage in the electoral process.
This can include using government machinery, facilities, and personnel for political purposes, giving an unfair advantage to certain candidates or political parties.

• Unfair Advantage: Incumbent political parties or candidates in power may misuse their position to gain an unfair advantage during elections. This can involve using government resources for campaigning, influencing voters through official channels, or leveraging administrative power for electoral gains.
• Violates Level Playing Field: The misuse of official machinery goes against the principles of a level playing field in elections. All political parties and candidates should have equal access to resources and opportunities, and any misuse can distort the democratic process.
• Erosion of Democratic Values: When official machinery is misused, it erodes the democratic values of fairness, transparency, and equal representation. It can lead to a situation where the electoral outcome does not accurately reflect the will of the people but is instead influenced by the misuse of government resources.
• Electoral Integrity Concerns: Instances of misuse raise concerns about the overall integrity of the electoral process. Ensuring a free and fair election is essential for maintaining public trust in the democratic system.

While secret ballot, electronic voting machines, and adult franchise are crucial elements of the Indian electoral system, the challenge of the misuse of official machinery underscores the need for robust mechanisms to prevent any undue advantage to specific candidates or parties.

The correct answer is 'UN General Assembly and UN Security Council'

Key Points

• Election of Judges to the International Court of Justice (ICJ):
  • The judges of the ICJ are elected by both the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council.
  • Each of these bodies votes independently of the other.
  • A candidate must receive an absolute majority of votes in both the General Assembly and the Security Council to be elected.

Additional Information

• UN General Assembly: While the UN General Assembly is involved in the election process, it alone does not elect the judges. The Security Council also plays a crucial role.
• UN Security Council: Similar to the General Assembly, the Security Council alone cannot elect the judges. Both bodies must collaborate.
• UN Security Council and Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council is not involved in the election of ICJ judges. The responsibility lies with the General Assembly and the Security Council.

The correct answer is Every law passed by the Parliament needs the approval of the Supreme Court.

• Judiciary, the branch of government whose task is the authoritative adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations.

Important Points

• Judiciary can strike down a law if it goes against the spirit of the Constitution as it is the foremost independent reviewer body.
• Judiciary is independent of the executive as it will pose the challenge of partiality.
• Any citizen can approach the court if her rights are violated by filing PILs or using various Judicial instruments.

Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism are both terms that are different analytically but constitute similarities.

Key Points

• While authoritarianism wants the blind deference of its population to authority.
• Totalitarianism seeks to achieve this through imposing complete control over the lives of its citizens.
• One of the characteristics of authoritarian regimes is a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally accountable to the public.
• They tend to rely on passive mass acceptance rather than active popular backing and will permit social and economic organizations that are not under government control.
• Authoritarian regimes may be institutionalised and legitimate.

Thus, A, B and C Only are correct options.

The correct answer is Statements 2 and 4 are true.

Explanation: Jaya Prakash Narayan was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement, while Periyar E. V. Ramasamy actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhi.

Key PointsJawaharlal Nehru:

• Nehru served as the President of the Indian National Congress several times, most notably in 1929, 1936, 1947, and 1951.
• He played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India.

Jaya Prakash Narayan (JP Narayan):

• JP Narayan was indeed a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement.
• He later played a significant role in opposition politics, particularly during the 1970s, leading the movement against the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi known as the "JP Movement."

Deendayal Upadhyaya:

• Deendayal Upadhyaya was a key ideologue of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
• He was not associated with the socialist movement but was known for his advocacy of integral humanism.

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy:

• Periyar was a social reformer and politician in Tamil Nadu, known for his work against caste discrimination and for the rights of non-Brahmins.
• Periyar was initially an enthusiastic supporter of Non-Cooperation movement but left the Congress in 1925 as he believed that the Congress was neither able nor willing to provide importance to the concerns of non-Brahmins.
• He was particularly angered by Gandhi's pro-Brahman speeches in Madras during his trip in 1927.