RSMSSB JE Civil Mock Test - 6 - Civil Engineering (CE) MCQ

The correct answer is Sri Ganganagar Sugar Mills Limited, Sri Ganganagar.

Key Points

• Sri Ganganagar Sugar Mills Limited, Sri Ganganagar is not an Undertaking of the Government of India located in Rajasthan.
  • Rajasthan State Ganganagar Sugar Mills (RSGSM) is a Government of Rajasthan Undertaking.

Additional Information

• Public Sector Enterprises by Union Government:
  • FCI ARAVALI GYPSUM & MINERALS (INDIA) LTD., Jodhpur
  • Hindustan Salts Ltd, Jaipur
  • HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Ltd.
  • Instrumentation Ltd. , Kota
  • Rajasthan Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Jaipur
  • Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Ltd (REIL)., Jaipur
  • Sambhar Salts Ltd., Jaipur
  • Modern Bakeries (India) Limited

The correct answer is Bundi.Key Points

• According to the Thorpe and smith Classification soils of Rajasthan can be classified into 8 types.
  • Desert soils - Barmer
  • Dunes and associated soils- Jaisalmer
  • Brown soils sierozens
  • Red loams - Bharatpur
  • Hill soils
  • Saline sodic soils
  • Alluvial soils and black soils

Important Points

• Brown soils
  • Districts - Tonk, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh
  • Annual rainfall - 50cm to 75 cm is sufficient for Kharif crops.
  • texture - sandy loam to clay loam.
  • Colour - ranges from grayish brown to yellow-brown.
  • The major area of these soils is in the catchment area of the Banas river.
  • They are rich in calcium salts but have poor organic matter.
  • The use of fertilizers becomes essential to get a good harvest.
  • As the groundwater is saline, soils irrigated with these waters have accumulated salts
  • Tank irrigated soils have also developed the problem of the high water table.
  • Rabi crops are grown under irrigation.

The correct answer is a - iii, b - iv, c - ii, d - i.

Key Points

• Bankli Dam is located in Jalore.
  • ​It is located on the Sukri river.
• Som-Kamla Amba is located in Dungarpur.
  • ​It is located on the Som river.
• Morel Dam is located in Sawai Madhopur.
  • ​It is located on the Morel river.
• Jakham Dam is located in Pratapgarh.
  • ​This dam is built on the Jakham river.

The correct answer is ​Bol Bharmali.

• ​​Bol Bharmali is a literary work which is associated with Satya Prakash Joshi.

Key Points

• Bol Bharmali
  • ​Bol Bharmali is a poem composed by the famous Rajasthani language writer Satya Prakash Joshi.
  • He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Rajasthani Language in 1977.

Additional Information

• Jhuravo
  • ​Jhuravo is a Rajasthani poem.
  • It is composed by Chandra Prakash Deval.
  • He received Padma Shri in 2011.
  • He has been awarded by Sahitya Akademi, Delhi for his poetry "Paagi" in 1979.
  • He awarded by Matrishri Kamal Goenka Rajasthani Literature award in 2009 for his poetry "Jhuravo".
  • He has been awarded the prestigious 23rd Bihari Puraskar for his poetic work 'Hirna! Maun Saadh Van Charna' in the year 2013.
• ​​​Kodmade
  • ​Kodmade a Rajasthani literary work composed by Meghraj Mukul.
  • He belongs to the Churu district of Rajasthan.
  • ​His important work includes:
    • Sainanin
    • ​Kodmade
• Pagferrau
  • ​ Mani Madhukar was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1975 for a collection of poems 'Pagferrau' composed by him.
  • ​Mani Madhukar is a famous poet and writer in the Hindi and Rajasthani languages.
  • His original name is Maniram Sharma.

The correct answer is four.Key Points

• On the basis of the existing relief features, there are the following physical divisions of Rajasthan:
  • Western Sandy Plains.
  • Aravalli Range And Hilly Region.
  • Eastern Plains.
  • Hadoti region

Additional Information

• Western sandy plains is a special geographical region which is also called ‘The Great Indian Desert’ or ‘Thar Desert.it covers the districts like Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Hanumangarh and Ganganagar
• It is the oldest mountain range in the world. it is expanded into seven districts of Rajasthan- Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, and Alwar.
• The Eastern region is on the east side of the Aravalli region which includes districts like Bharatpur, Alwar, Dhaulpur, Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, and Bhilwara. This region is the River Basin region which is formed by the collection of soil by rivers.
• Hadoti is expanded in the districts like Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Baran. Mukundra Hills and Bundi Hills are famous spots

Thus, Rajasthan can be divided into four major geographical divisions.

The correct answer is Gopal Singh Kharwa and Kesari Singh Barhath.

Key Points

• 'Veer Bharat Sabha' was established by Kesari Singh Barhath.
• Kesari Singh Barath established the Veer Bharat Sabha in 1910 to connect all sections of Rajasthan with revolutionary activities.
• Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath was an Indian revolutionary leader, freedom fighter, and educationist from Rajasthan, India.
• He was the head/patriarch of the Barhath family, members of which actively participated in anti-British activities including Gopal Singh Kharwa, Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath and Zorawar Singh Barhath.

The correct answer is Jodhpur.Key Points

• In 1864 AD, the first Christian missionaries in Rajasthan established the 'Litho Press' in Beawar.
• In August 1866, the 'Marwar Gazette' was first published in Rajasthan from Jodhpur.
• In 1879 AD, Maharana Sajjan Singh of Udaipur issued the Sajjan Kirti Sudhakar (Government Gazette). This was the first fortnightly publication.
• In 1882, Maulvi Murad Ali began printing the 'Rajputana Gazette' from Ajmer.
• Munshi Munnalal Sharma founded the monthly newspaper 'Deshhitashi' in 1882.

The Correct Answer is Jambhoji.

Key Points

• Bishnoi Sect​
  • ​Shri Guru Jambheshwar was the founder of the Bishnoi sect.
  • It has 29 rules.
  • Bishnois is the religious sect of Rajasthan that has a tradition of protecting wildlife.
  • Protecting wildlife and the environment is a part of religious activity for this community.
  • Bishnoi sect focus on environment conservation and wildlife.
  • Amrita Devi Bishnoi of this community had sacrificed her life in order of protecting the Khejri tree in Rajasthan in 1730.
  • In the leadership of Amrita Devi Bishnoi, 363 Bishnoi ware died for saving the Khejri tree.
  • Amrita Devi Bishnoi award is given for wildlife Protection.

Additional Information

• Dadu Panth
  • ​Dadu Dayal was a poet-saint from Gujarat.
  • He moved to Naraina, near Jaipur Rajasthan, where he gathered around himself a group of followers, forming a sect that became known as the Dadupanth.
  • Dadupanthis are one of the 7 martial akharas of Vaishnavite sampradaya of Hindus.
• Laldasi sect
  • ​It was established by Saint Laldas ji.
  • Laldas Ji was a woodcutter of the Meo caste.
  • The sect included both the religions of Muslim religion and Hinduism.
  • Main Place of Worship – Sherpur & Dholidoov Village, Alwar.

The correct answer is NH 11.

• The longest National Highway in the state is NH 11 (Old Name NH15).

Additional Information

• NH 8 is the busiest in the state of Rajasthan.
• Busiest National Highway in the state - NH 48, 58 (old 8).
• The maximum length of National Highways - Udaipur District.
• Minimum length of National Highways - Sawai Madhopur District.
• Highway passing through most of the districts - NH 27 (old 76) - passes through 7 districts.

The correct answer is Banas.

• Banas is the largest tributary of the Chambal river in Rajasthan.

Key Points

• Banas
  • Banas is a major tributary of the Chambal River, the two rivers meeting near village Rameshwar in Khandar Block in Sawai Madhopur District.
  • The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River.​

Additional Information

• Darshadwati
  • Brahmanas often mention the Drishadwati River.
  • Brahmanas point out that the Drishadwati River had its origin from the pot of Brahma i.e. Pushkar.
  • The Hindu religious text Manusmriti describes Brahmavarta as the region between the rivers Saraswati and Drishadwati in India.
• Luni
  • The Luni is the largest river in the Thar Desert of northwest India.
  • It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer, passes through the southeastern portion of the Thar Desert.
  • It ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
• Sabarmati
  • The Sabarmati river is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.
  • It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat of the Arabian Sea.

The correct answer is All of the Above.

In News

• The Lok Sabha General Election 2024 in Rajasthan was conducted peacefully and fairly across all 25 constituencies.

Key Points

• A total of 58.28% voting took place in 12 Lok Sabha constituencies in the first phase in the state.
• In the second phase, 64.6% voting was recorded across 13 constituencies in Rajasthan.
• Barmer recorded the highest voting percentage in the second phase, with 74.25% of votes cast.
• In the second phase, 64.6% voting was recorded across 13 constituencies in Rajasthan.
• The constituencies included were Tonk-Sawai Madhopur, Ajmer, Pali, Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore, Udaipur, Banswara, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Kota, and Jhalawar-Baran.
• Barmer recorded the highest voting percentage in the second phase, with 74.25% of votes cast.
• The voting percentage increased in Barmer and Kota compared to 2019.
  • Barmer: From 73.3% in 2019 to 74.25% in 2024.
  • Kota: From 70.22% in 2019 to 71.42% in 2024.
• First phase:
  
• Second Phase:
  

The correct answer is Pali.

Key Points

• Pali shares its land boundaries with 8 districts of Rajasthan:-
  • Jodhpur
  • Barmer
  • Jalore
  • Sirohi
  • Udaipur
  • Rajsamand
  • Ajmer and Nagaur.

Additional Information

• Pali is one of the 33 districts of Rajasthan.
  • Before the formation of Rajasthan, this district was a part of Jodhpur State.
  • The district takes its name from the town of Pali which is also the headquarters of the district administration.
  • This district has its old age historical presence; In the Vedic age, Maharishi Javali stayed in this area, for meditation and interpretation of Vedas.
• As a part of the ancient Arbuda Provinces, this area was known as Ball-Desh. During the Kushana Age, King Kanishka had conquered the Rohat & Jaitaren area, part of today’s Pali district, in 120 AD.
• The Chalukyas king Harshvardhan also conquered Bhinmal and most of the parts of the present Rajasthan.
• As a part of the adjoining Mewar region where Rajputs were the ruler, still, Pali was ruled by the Brahmins, with the patronage of neighboring Rajput rulers, remained peaceful and progressive.

Move Command :

• The move command in AutoCAD is used to move objects at a specified distance and direction.
• To move the objects with precision, we can use object snaps, grid snaps, coordinates, etc.

Mirror Command :

• The mirror command in AutoCAD is used to create a copy (mirror copy) of the selected object.
• We can also delete the source object after mirroring the object.
• The objects that represent the same as half of their object can be mirrored across a center line to create the other half of the object.

Copy Command :

• The copy command is used to copy the objects.
• The concept is the same as Ctrl + C to copy and Ctrl + V to paste, which can also be used in AutoCAD.
• The objects are copied in a specified direction and at a specified distance.

Rotate Command :

• The rotate command is used to rotate the object by an absolute angle.
• It turns objects through the specified point.
• The specified point is the base point, and the rotation is performed from that point.
• The rotation of objects can be performed by randomly dragging the cursor and also by the specified angle.

As per IS 1742 1983, Clause 4.6.1

• Normally, the sewer shall be designed for discharging three times the dry-weather flow flowing half-full with a minimum self-cleansing velocity of 0.75 m/s.
• The approximate gradients which give this velocity for the sizes of pipes likely to be used in building drainage and the corresponding discharges when flowing half-full.
• In cases, where it is practically not possible to conform to the ruling gradient, a flatter gradient may be used but the minimum velocity in such cases shall on no account be less than 0.61 m/s.
• On the other hand, it is undesirable to employ gradients giving a velocity of flow greater than 2.4 m/s. Where it is unavoidable, cast-iron pipes shall be used.
• The approximate gradients which give a velocity of 2.4 m/s for the various sizes of pipes and the corresponding discharge when flowing half-full

Classification of carbon steel

Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel):

• Low carbon steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. The carbon content varies from 0.05 to 0.15 % for dead mild steel and 0.15 to 0.3 % for mild steel.
• The dead mild steel is very much ductile and is used for making various components like sheets, strips, wires, rods etc.
• The mild steel is soft and ductile.
• It is used for making various structural sections like angles, channels, beams, rods, pins, etc.

Medium carbon steel:

• For medium carbon steel, the carbon percentage varies from 0.3 to 0.8%.

​(Here the appropriate answer is Option B)

• These steels have better strength and not very easy to shape as mild steel.
• The hardness is slightly higher, and the ductility is poor.
• The machine parts requiring strength like springs, automobile parts, shafts, dies for forging etc. are made from medium carbon steel.

High Carbon steel:

• The carbon percentage varies from 0.8 to 1.5.
• A high percentage of carbon gives hardness and strength to the metal.
• It is mainly used for tools like chisels, hammers, dies, punches, broaches, reamers, drills, taps, etc. and the machine parts like springs, mandrels and similar parts requiring high strength and hardness.

Limitation of carbon steel

• Low hardenability
• low corrosion and oxygen resistance
• Major loss of hardness on tempering

Concept:

Surface Irrigation System:

We have two sources of water to be used as irrigation water one is ground water and other is flowing water. Based on the source of water used as irrigation water, water irrigation system is mainly divided in to two categories:

1. Lift irrigation – when ground water lifted up to be used as irrigation water
2. Flow irrigation – when flowing water is used as irrigation water.

These are further classified as below –

Flow irrigation:

These are also called gravity irrigation. It is the type of irrigation in which water is available at a higher level as to enable supply to the land by gravity flow.

It is further divided into two categories

a) Inundation irrigation: It is done canal taking off from a river in flood without any diversion head work. It depend on the periodical rise in water level of the river and supply is drawn through open cuts in the river bank or creeks which are called heads. Inundation canals usually flow during the summer months and bring in large quantity of silt beneficial to crops. e.g. river canal irrigation.
b) Perennial Irrigation: In this system assured supply of water throughout the crop period to irrigation requirement of the crops is made available to the command area through storage of water done at dam or diversion supply made by means of head works at the off take point of the canal. Perennial irrigation may be either direct (e.g reservoir or tank), storage (indirect) or combined.

Note:

Methods Irrigation systems:

Irrigation water may be applied to the crops by three basic methods:-

1. Surface Irrigation method
2. Sprinkler irrigation method
3. Sub-surface irrigation method

Soil is also classified based on the mode of deposition or mode of transportation.
Soil deposit formed due to transportation by wind is called Aeolian deposit e.g. Loess

Additional Information

According to transporting agencies, the soil is classified as:

(i) Alluvial Deposit → Deposited by river water.
(ii) Lacustrine Deposit → Deposited by still water lakes.
(iii) Marine Deposit → Deposited by seawater.
(iv) Colluvial Deposit → Deposited by gravity e.g. Talus
(v) Glacial Deposit → Deposited by ice e.g. Till

Concept:

slope = = constant

⇒ =

where
w_L = LL = liquid limit
w_P = PL = plastic limit
w_s = SL = shrinkage limit
V_L = volume of soil mass at LL
V_P = volume of soil mass at PL
V_s = volume of soil mass at SL

Calculation:

Given:
SL = 20%
PL = 40%
V_P = 1.2 V_d
V_L = 1.5 V_d

⇒ =

Now, putting values, we get

⇒ =

⇒ I_P = 30%
Hence, the plasticity Index Pl of the soil is 30%.

Concept:

The relative quantity of alkalinity species are pH dependent. It is obtained using titration curve.

The titration curve is plotted by taking measurement of pH at every stage.

• The conversion of to is essentially complete at pH = 8.3, but formed also requires acid. Hence it is thought that half of have been neutralized up to pH = 8.3.
• The neutralization of OH- is completed up to pH = 8.3. Hence alkalinity is completely neutralized up to pH = 8.3
• At pH = 4.5 all the bicarbonates are neutralized. Hence, the amount of acid required to titrate a sample of water to pH = 4.5 is equivalent to the total alkalinity of water.

P = Phenolphthalein alkalinity
M = Methyl orange alkalinity

• If P = M all alkalinity is caustic alkalinity.
• If P = M/2, all alkalinity is carbonate alkalinity.
• If P < M/2, predominant species are carbonate and bicarbonate.
• If P > M/2, predominant species are carbonate and Hydroxide.
• If P = 0 total alkalinity is bicarbonate alkalinity

Defects of timber:

Rind-galls:
It is characterised by swelling caused by the growth of layers of sapwood over wounds after the branch has been cut off in an irregular manner.

Knots:
These are bases of twigs or branches buried by the cambial activity of the mother branch. The root of the branch is embedded in the stem, with the formation of annual rings at right angles to those of the stem.

Divide wall:

This is much like a pier and is provided between the sets of under sluice or river sluice or spill bays. It separate under sluices from the main weir. The main functions of a divide wall:

• It separates the turbulent floodwaters from the pocket in front of the canal head.
• It helps in checking parallel flow (to the axis of the barrage) which would be caused by the formation of deep channels leading from the river to the pocket in front of the sluices.

Head regulator:

A head sluices or canal head regulator (CHR) is provided at the head of the off-taking canal, and serves the following functions:

• It controls the entry of silt into the canal.
• It regulates the supply of water entering the canal.
• It prevents river floods from entering the canal.

Components of Diversion headwork are as follows:

Transition curve:

To minimise discomfort arising out of the sudden change in curvature at the junction of a tangent and a curve, a special type of curve is provided in between for gradual change from the back tangent to the circular curve and again from the circular curve to the forward tangent. This horizontal curve having varying radius is known as the transition curve.

There are five objectives for providing transition curve and are given below:

1. To introduce gradually the centrifugal force between the tangent point and the beginning of the circular curve.

2. Gradual increase of super-elevation from zero at the junction of the transition curve with the main curve to the specified amount at the point of tangency.

3. To provide a gradual introduction of extra widening.

4. A gradual change of gradient from zero at the junction of the transition curve with the main curve to the specified amount at the point of tangency.

5. A gradual change of radius from some value at the junction of the transition curve with the main curve to the infinite value at the point of tangency.

Concept:

Methods use to convert point rainfall values at different rain gauge stations into an average value over a catchment are:

1. Arithmetical mean method
2. Thiessen Polygon method
3. Isohyetal Method

The arithmetical mean method is very crude method and it is rarely used.

Thiessen Polygon method is superior to the arithmetic average method as some weightage is given to various stations on a rational basis.

The Isohyetal Method is considered as the best method as compared to the above two.

Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud. The usual intent is to increase precipitation (rain or snow),

The use of cloud seeding is very controversial. Some people say it isn't worth the resources, because even the most dramatic rainfall increases only amount to 5-20%. If it is done incorrectly, it can even reduce the amount of rain that might have fallen by dissipating clouds

Water that percolates through the soil emerges as the dry weather flows in streams.

Statement 1 & 3 are correct.

Concept:

According to IS code SP 27 1987:

Clause 3.1.1 No deduction shall be made for openings not exceeding 0.5 m² each, and no addition shall be made for painting to beading, moulding, edges, jambs, soffits, sills, etc, of such openings.

Additional Information

• Clause 3.8.1(a) No deduction shall be made for ends of joists, beams, posts, etc, and openings not exceeding 0.5 m each and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, etc, of these openings nor for the finish to plaster around ends of joists, beams, posts, etc.
• Clause 3.8.2 In case of openings of area above 3 m² each, deduction shall be made for opening on each face but jambs, soffits, and sills shall be measured.

Layout of Water Distribution System:

The distribution pipe system consists of mains, sub-mains, branches, laterals, and finally service connections.
Pipes, except for the service connections, are usually made of cast iron with some type of coating to avoid rusting whereas for service connections galvanized cast iron pipes are used.

Distribution pipes are mostly laid along the road below the footpath Depending upon local conditions and the orientation of roads, any of the following patterns of layouts is adopted singly or in combination.

1. Dead end or tree system.
2. Grid system or reticular system.
3. Ring or circular system.
4. Radial system.

Dead End System

• The system is also known as the tree system.
• The system has one main pipe from which a number of sub-mains bifurcate and from each sub-mains, several branched pipes separate out which are known as laterals.
• From laterals, house connections are given to different houses.
• Such type of distribution system is followed for old towns where the houses come up in a very unplanned way.
• The system is easy to design and is cheap and simple, but there are some drawbacks.
• Water can reach at a particular point only through one route, hence, if some fault creep in, water supply gets disturbed in that area because water conveyance is uni-directional only.
• There are many dead ends that prevent the free circulation of water.
• Stagnant water has to be removed periodically by providing scour valves at dead ends, and this results in the wastage of treated water.

• The system is also known as the reticular system.
• In this system, one main pipe runs through centre, and branches and laterals run in a grid pattern that is interconnected as shown figure.
• Since the mains, branches, and laterals are interconnected hence dead ends are eliminated and water reaching at different locations through more than one route.
• Most economical system if combined pumping and gravity flow is adopted
• At the time of the fire, water can be diverted to the affected area by closing the cut-off valves of other areas.
• Since the pipelines get water from different directions, design is a bit difficult, the size of the pipes is larger, and more sluice valves are required.
• The system is most suited for a planned city where roads and streets are provided in planned rectangular and square grid patterns.
• The system is also known as an interlaced system.

• This system requires more length of pipelines and a large number of sluice valves (i.e. cut-off valves).
• The design is difficult and costlier.

• The system is also known as a circular system.
• The system consists of a main pipe all around the area.
• In this system, a closed ring, either circular or rectangular of the main pipes, is formed around the area to be served; The distribution area is divided into rectangular or circular blocks, and the main water pipes are laid on the periphery of the blocks.
• This system is very suitable for towns and cities having well-planned roads; It is economical and pressure at the ends is reasonably equal.

As per IS soil classification:
Fine-grained soil is classified on the basis of a plastic chart. Clay is found to exist above A-line whereas silt & organic soil are found to exist below A-line.

The equation for A-line is,
IP = 0.73 (WL - 20)

Additional Information

Suffix and prefix used in soil classification:

Concept

Dry unit weight is given by

where,

η_a is percentage air voids, G is Specific gravity

w is water content, γ_w is unit weight of water

γ_d is dry unit weight

Concept:

The torsion equation for a circular member is

where τ = Torsional stress induced at the outer surface of the shaft (Maximum Shear stress), r = Radius of the shaft, T = Twisting Moment or Torque

J = Polar moment of inertia, G = Modulus of rigidity for the shaft material, l = Length of the shaft, θ = Angle of twist in radians on a length “l”

From the torsion equation,

= z = polar section modulus of section

if T and τ of two shafts are the same then their polar modulus of the section will also be the same.

The relation between Young’s modulus (E), rigidity modulus (G) and poison’s ratio (μ) is given by
E = 2G (1 + μ)

Some other important relations are as follows:
E = 3K (1 – 2μ)​​,
and ​

Important Points

Young's modulus:

• The mechanical property of a material to withstand the compression or the elongation with respect to its length of linear elastic solids like rods, wires etc is called Young's modulus.
• It is also referred to as the Elastic Modulus or Tensile Modulus
• It gives us information about the tensile elasticity of a material (ability to deform along an axis).

where E is Young’s modulus in Pa, ? is the uniaxial stress in Pa,ε is the Normal strain or proportional deformation.

Modulus of rigidity:

• It is also known as shear modulus.
• It is the mechanical property of a material due to which it withstand shear stress and resist torsion.
• It is the ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the elastic limit. This is denoted by G .

Bulk modulus:

• It is the mechanical property of a material due to which it resists the change in volume due to external pressure or equal stress in all directions.
• The concept of bulk modulus can be used in the case of hydrostatic loading.
• It is defined as the ratio of normal stress to the volumetric strain and denoted by 'K'

Poisson's ratio:

• When the body is loaded within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral or transverse strain and linear or longitudinal strain is constant. This constant is known as Poisson's ratio.

As per IRC 58
Cl 2.1

• The guidelines cover the design of plain jointed cement concrete pavements with and without tied concrete shoulders.
• These are applicable to roads having an average daily commercial vehicles more than 450 with laden weight exceeding 3 tonnes.
• IRC:SP:62 may be referred for design of low-volume Rural Roads.
• The current version of IRC:58 aims at rationalizing the design procedure by bringing it to par with current trends in design considering cumulative fatigue damage due to the combined effect of load and pavement temperature.
• The guidelines also include procedure for design of pavements with widened outer lane, tied concrete shoulder, pavements bonded to stabilized sub-base as well as design of longitudinal, expansion and contraction joints.

The Salient Features of the Current Guidelines are:-
i) Design of pavements considering the flexural stress under the simultaneous action of load and temperature gradient for different categories of axles.
ii) Design considering sum of cumulative fatigue damages caused by single, tandem and tridem axle load applications due to tensile flexural stresses at the top and the bottom of the pavement slab.
iii) Consideration of in-built permanent curl in the analysis of flexural stresses.
iv) Design guidelines for pavements without concrete shoulders and with tied concrete shoulders.
v) Consideration of Concrete slabs with unbounded as well as bonded cement bound sub-base.
vi Design of pavements with widened outer lanes.