Sociology CUET PG Mock Test- 4 - CUET PG MCQ

The correct answer is Personality.Explanation

• Deviant behavior is defined as actions that violate social norms, which may include both informal social rules or more formal societal expectations and laws.
• There are likely many factors that play a role in deviant behavior. These include genetics, personality, upbringing, environment, and societal influences.
• It is also important to note that what is considered deviant can vary from one culture to the next.
• Other factors—including sex and socioeconomic status—also influence the informal and unwritten social rules and expectations that people are expected to conform to.

Other Related Points

• Status is our relative social position within a group, while a role is a part our society expects us to play in a given status. For example, a man may have the status of father in his family.
• There are three types of a person's social status: Master, Achieved, and Ascribed.
• Social norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups. Social norms can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of society, as well as be codified into rules and laws.
• Hierarchy refers to the ranking of members in social groups based on the power, influence, or dominance they exhibit, whereby some members are superior or subordinate to others

Thus, Personality influences deviance.

The correct answer is 'All events are explained in this on the basis of abstract elements and conjecture.'

Explanation

• Metaphysical Stage of Knowledge:
  • According to Auguste Comte, the Metaphysical Stage is the second stage in the evolution of human thought. It follows the Theological Stage and precedes the Positive Stage.
  • In this stage, explanations for phenomena are based on abstract concepts and speculative reasoning rather than concrete evidence or scientific inquiry.
  • Knowledge is obtained through abstract elements and conjecture, meaning that it relies on logical reasoning and theoretical constructs rather than empirical observation.
  • This stage represents a transitional phase where supernatural explanations are gradually replaced by more rational, albeit still unscientific, explanations.

Other Related Points

• Other Options:
  • Under this method knowledge of real causal relations is obtained:
    • This statement is more reflective of the Positive Stage, where knowledge is derived from scientific methods and empirical evidence to establish causal relationships.
  • It believes that the entire world is bound by invariable natural laws:
    • This characteristic also aligns with the Positive Stage, where natural laws are discovered through scientific inquiry and are seen as consistent and unchanging.
  • All events are explained in terms of supernatural powers:
    • This statement pertains to the Theological Stage, where supernatural or divine forces are used to explain natural phenomena.

The correct answer is Anomic suicide. Key Points

• According to Durkheim, there were four different types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic.
• When a person completes suicide due to a lack of regulation, it is called anomic suicide.
• Anomic suicide is common in situations where society is undergoing major changes or the individual is experiencing a highly stressful situation, which leads to feelings of confusion and disappointment.
• According to Durkheim (1897), periods of economic, social, or political change result in a state of anomie or normlessness.
• Anomic periods lead to the deregulation of desires and suffering. Durkheim hypothesized that, as an expression of suffering, societies, and groups experience an increase in suicide rates.

Other Related Points

• Egoistic suicide is seen as stemming from the absence of social integration. It is committed by individuals who are social outcasts and see themselves as being alone or an outsider. These individuals are unable to find their own place in society and have problems adjusting to groups.
• Altruistic suicide occurs when an individual is deeply integrated into society and chooses to sacrifice his own life to benefit other people in society. Society may view it as heroism or martyrdom as it may bring some material benefits to them.
• Fatalistic suicide occurs when a person decides to take their own life because they or cannot handle the rules and regulations. For instance, a prisoner may choose to take his life because of unbearable rules in prison

Thus, A rising suicide rate associated with normlessness and a lack of social regulation can be described as Anomic suicide.

The correct answer is the Law and State.Explanation

• Social control refers to societal and political mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior in an attempt to gain conformity
• Formal means of social control are the means of social control exercised by the government and other organizations that use law enforcement mechanisms and sanctions such as fines and imprisonment to enact social control.
• Formal means of social control typically involve the state. External sanctions are enforced by the government to prevent chaos, violence, or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.
• The government uses laws and courts to exercise social control. The government tries to protect those following the rules and capture and punish those who do not.

Other Related Points

• Informal social control, or the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws, includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.
• Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval, which can cause an individual to conform to the social norms of society.
• Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body.
• The judiciary is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.

Thus, The key agencies and mechanisms of formal social regulation are the Law and State.

The correct answer is - Clifford Geertz

Explanation

• Clifford Geertz
  • Clifford Geertz was an influential American anthropologist known for his work on symbolic anthropology.
  • His book "The Religion of Java" is a seminal work that explores the complex religious landscape of Java, Indonesia.
  • The book provides an in-depth analysis of the syncretic nature of Javanese religion, which combines elements of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and indigenous beliefs.
  • Geertz's work is considered groundbreaking for its detailed ethnographic approach and his use of the "thick description" method to capture the nuances of cultural practices.

Other Related Points

• Erving Goffman
  • Erving Goffman was a Canadian sociologist known for his work on symbolic interactionism and dramaturgical analysis.
  • His notable works include "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" and "Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity."
  • Goffman focused on the ways individuals present themselves in social interactions.
• Manuel Castells
  • Manuel Castells is a Spanish sociologist known for his research on the information society, communication, and globalization.
  • He authored the influential trilogy "The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture."
  • Castells's work primarily revolves around the impact of information technology on society.
• Claude Levi-Strauss
  • Claude Levi-Strauss was a French anthropologist and ethnologist, and a key figure in the development of structural anthropology.
  • His notable works include "Tristes Tropiques" and "The Savage Mind."
  • Levi-Strauss is best known for his theories on the structures of myths and kinship systems.

The correct answer is cosmopolitanism.Explanation

• Ethnocentrism is a term applied to the cultural or ethnic bias—whether conscious or unconscious—in which an individual views the world from the perspective of his or her own group, establishing the in-group as archetypal and rating all other groups with reference to this ideal
• Ethnocentrism is the opposite of cosmopolitanism, which values other cultures for their difference. A cosmopolitan outlook does not seek to evaluate the values and beliefs of other people according to one's own.
• Cosmopolitanism is generally associated with the concept that all of humanity could (and should) belong to a single community. Someone who adheres to such cosmopolitan principles or exhibits cosmopolitan characteristics (however they are defined) is referred to as a 'cosmopolite' or 'cosmopolitan'.

Other Related Points

• Culture is constructed by and exists and operates at the levels of the individual and the group and changes over time (Nagel, 1994). Individuals who ascribe to a particular culture share an identity and a framework for understanding the world. Too often, culture is erroneously assumed to be synonymous with ethnicity.
• Laws are the formal rules that society makes for itself. They are made for various reasons: to settle arguments, to maintain a peaceful social order, and to promote justice (fairness) for every citizen. Some laws are made by governments. Others are set down by custom or religion.
• A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Thus, Ethnocentrism is the opposite of cosmopolitanism.

The correct answer is C, E, and B only. Explanation

• A major reason that contributed to the growth of Sociology in the post-independence period can also be attributed to the policy of administration followed by the Indian state declared the practice of untouchability in any form an offense, and the introduction of reservation for Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SCs and ST.
• Moreover, the planning commission and five-year plan led to the growth of economic sociology.
• Similarly, the different section of society and their diversity too was keenly studied post-independence, leading to the growth of cultural sociology.

Other Related Points

• Sociologists would generally state that sociology is primarily focused on three theoretical orientations. These three theoretical orientations are Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, and Conflict Perspective.
• Structural functionalism, in sociology and other social sciences, is a school of thought according to which each of the institutions, relationships, roles, and norms that together constitute a society serves a purpose, and each is indispensable for the continued existence of the others and of society as a whole.
• Social conflict theorists suggest that crime in any society is caused by class conflict and that those in power create laws to protect their rights and interests. All criminal acts have political undertones, and Quinney has called this concept the "social reality of crime."

Thus, After independence, till 1970, sociological and social anthropological studies have shown a deep concern for cultural, Economic, and Social subjects.

The correct answer is female foeticide.

Explanation

• The reason for the sudden decline in sex ratio are as follows-
  • ​Female Foeticide: Amartya Sen refers to the rapid spread and usage of ultrasonography as well as amniocentesis for sex determination as "high-tech sexism" in female foetus-induced abortions.
  • Female Infanticide: In India there is still preference for male child and in some areas of the country the female infanticide is still common.
  • Education – Due to illiteracy, people are unaware about the power and role of women in today's era.
  • Poverty – Poverty is one of the factors which is responsible for the declining sex ratio.
  • Social status of women – In most parts of India, women are merely considered as an object. People are worried about the dowry issue with the birth of a girl child.
  • Lack of empowerment of women - There is a lack of empowerment of women especially in the rural areas.
  • Male dominance - The patriarchal system is prevalent throughout India. Males are regarded the sole breadwinners.
  • Infant and Maternal Mortality - The number of babies that die before reaching the age of one is known as the infant mortality rate.

Option 3 is correct.

• Neolocal Family is associated with Residence.
• Joint family is associated with Size.
• Patrilineal Family is associated with Lineage.
• Family of orientation is associated with Birth.

Important Points

• Neolocal residence is a type of post-marital residence in which a newly married couple resides separately from both the husband's natal household and the wife's natal household.
• Joint families are multigenerational families with two or more married children.
• Patrilineal Family is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage.
• The family of orientation refers to the family in which a person is raised.

The correct matching is (A) - 2, (B) - 1, (C) - 4, (D) - 3.Key Points

• Militant and Industrial Society
  • ​Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist who lived from 1820 to 1903.
  • In his work "The Man Versus the State," Spencer developed his ideas on the differences between militant and industrial societies.
  • According to Spencer, a militant society is one that is based on war, conquest, and aggression.
  • It is characterized by a strong central government, a powerful military, and a hierarchical social structure.
  • In a militant society, the individual is subservient to the state, and personal freedom is limited.
  • In contrast, an industrial society is one that is based on commerce, trade, and voluntary cooperation.
  • It is characterized by a decentralized government, a free market economy, and a relatively flat social structure.
  • In an industrial society, the individual is free to pursue their own interests and is not beholden to the state.
  • Spencer believed that the shift from a militant to an industrial society was a natural evolution of human civilization.
  • As societies became more complex and advanced, they became less reliant on warfare and more reliant on trade and cooperation.
  • He argued that industrial societies were superior to militant societies because they allowed for greater personal freedom, creativity, and innovation.
• ​Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
  • ​Mechanical and organic solidarity are concepts developed by Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist, in his book "The Division of Labor in Society" published in 1893.
  • These concepts describe the different types of social cohesion found in societies.
  • Mechanical solidarity refers to social cohesion that is based on shared values, beliefs, and customs.
  • In a society with mechanical solidarity, individuals have a strong sense of common identity and are deeply interconnected.
• Folk-Urban Continuum
  • ​The Folk-Urban Continuum is a concept developed by Robert Redfield, an American anthropologist, in the mid-twentieth century.
  • It describes the gradual cultural shift from rural or "folk" societies to urban or "urbanized" societies.
  • According to Redfield, the Folk-Urban Continuum is a spectrum rather than a strict dichotomy.
  • At one end of the continuum are "folk" societies, which are characterized by traditional values, customs, and ways of life.
  • These societies are often rural and agricultural, with close-knit communities that emphasize collective interests and group solidarity.
  • Redfield believed that the transition from folk to urbanized societies was not abrupt but rather a gradual process.
  • He also recognized that many societies exist in a state of transition between the two extremes.
  • He argued that the Folk-Urban Continuum was an important concept for understanding the ways in which societies change and adapt over time.
• ​Gemeinschaft and Geselischaft
  • ​Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are concepts developed by Ferdinand Tönnies, a German sociologist, in his book "Community and Society" published in 1887.
  • These concepts describe the different types of social relationships and communities found in societies.
  • Gemeinschaft refers to a community that is based on a sense of belonging and shared traditions, values, and beliefs.
  • In Gemeinschaft, individuals have close personal relationships, and the social order is maintained through informal social controls such as shame, guilt, and social pressure.
  • Examples of Gemeinschaft include families, small rural communities, and tight-knit neighbourhoods.
  • Gemeinschaft refers to a community that is based on a sense of belonging and shared traditions, values, and beliefs.
  • In Gemeinschaft, individuals have close personal relationships, and the social order is maintained through informal social controls such as shame, guilt, and social pressure.
  • Examples of Gemeinschaft include families, small rural communities, and tight-knit neighbourhoods.

The correct answer is - R. K. Merton

Explanation

• R. K. Merton
  • R. K. Merton, an influential sociologist, coined the term "serendipity" in the context of sociological research.
  • He described "serendipity" as the occurrence of unexpected, fortunate discoveries by accident while conducting research.
  • Merton's work emphasized how unanticipated findings could lead to significant scientific advancements.
  • His concept of serendipity highlighted the role of chance in scientific discoveries and the importance of being open to unexpected results.

Other Related Points

• J. Galtung
  • Johan Galtung is a Norwegian sociologist known for his contributions to peace and conflict studies.
  • He developed theories on structural violence and positive peace.
  • Galtung founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and has written extensively on issues related to conflict resolution and peacebuilding.
• Karl Popper
  • Karl Popper was a philosopher of science known for his principle of falsifiability as a criterion for scientific theories.
  • He argued that scientific theories should be testable and refutable.
  • Popper's work significantly influenced the philosophy of science, emphasizing the importance of empirical testing in scientific inquiry.
• C. Selltiz
  • Claire Selltiz was a sociologist known for her work in research methodology.
  • She co-authored the book "Research Methods in Social Relations," which is a foundational text in social science research methods.
  • Her contributions focused on the design and execution of social research studies.

Better/modern employment opportunities is not the feature of 'Jajmani System'.Explanation

• The Jajmani system is a traditional system of occupational relationships that has existed in rural India for centuries.
• It is based on the idea of caste, which is a social and occupational hierarchy that determines a person's status and role in society.
• Under the Jajmani system, each caste or social group has a specific occupation or function.
• The higher castes, known as the Jajmans or patrons, provide economic and social support to the lower castes, known as Kamins or clients.
• In exchange, the Kamins provide goods and services to the Jajmans.
• The relationship between Jajmans and Kamins is hereditary, meaning that it is passed down from one generation to the next.
• For example, a family of Jajmans will typically have a long-standing relationship with a family of Kamins who provide them with agricultural labor or other services.
• The Jajmani system is based on the principle of reciprocity, meaning that both parties benefit from the relationship.
• The Jajmans provide protection, patronage, and economic support to the Kamins, while the Kamins provide goods and services to the Jajmans.
• The exchange of goods and services between Jajmans and Kamins is typically done through barter.
• For example, a Kamin who provides agricultural labor might receive food or clothing in exchange.
• This creates a multidimensional relationship between the Jajmans and Kamins, based on mutual dependence and obligation.
• The Jajmani system has been criticized for perpetuating social inequality and caste-based discrimination.

• However, it has also been praised for providing a system of social support and economic security for people in rural areas who may not have access to other forms of support.

Hence we can conclude that better/modern employment opportunities is not the feature of 'Jajmani System'.

The correct answer is- 1, 2, and 4.

Explanation

• Social Facts:
  • Émile Durkheim introduced the concept of social facts, which are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control.
  • Examples of social facts include legal systems, moral regulations, religious faiths, and language.
  • Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Anomie:
  • Durkheim described anomie as a state of normlessness, where societal norms have broken down or are unclear, often leading to social instability and deviant behavior.
  • This concept was particularly discussed in his work on the division of labor and his study of suicide.
  • Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Social Stratification:
  • While Durkheim did discuss various forms of social stratification and their impacts on social cohesion, it was not a primary focus of his theoretical contributions.
  • Max Weber and Karl Marx have more extensively developed theories in this area.
  • Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Collective Conscience:
  • Durkheim introduced the idea of collective conscience, which refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes that operate as a unifying force within society.
  • It is a fundamental concept in his understanding of how societies and social solidarity are maintained.
  • Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Other Related Points

Émile Durkheim:

• Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French sociologist who is considered one of the founding figures of the field of sociology.
• His work laid the foundation for many sociological theories and introduced key concepts that are still relevant in sociology today.
• Durkheim's efforts were crucial in establishing sociology as a distinct and respected academic discipline.
• Important Books:
  • The Division of Labour in Society (1893): This book introduces the concept of social facts and explores the transition from mechanical to organic solidarity in societies.
  • The Rules of Sociological Method (1895): In this work, Durkheim outlines the methodology for studying social facts scientifically.
  • Suicide (1897): This seminal work analyzes the social causes of suicide, introducing the concept of anomie.
  • The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912): Durkheim examines the basic forms of religion, particularly totemism in Australian aboriginal societies, to understand the role of religion in social cohesion and collective consciousness.
• Theories:
  • Social Facts: Social structures and norms that exert control over individual behavior.
  • Anomie: A state of normlessness leading to social instability, often due to rapid social changes.
  • Collective Conscience: The set of shared beliefs and moral attitudes that unifies a society.
  • Mechanical and Organic Solidarity: Durkheim's theory on the sources of social cohesion in pre-modern and modern societies respectively.

Civil Society is not basic in Giddens's definition of modernity.Important Points

• Anthony Giddens defined Modernity, "developed due to the interactions of many institutions and each level specified by classical theorists.
• Modernity has four institutional dimensions

1. Capitalism
2. Industrialism
3. Surveillance
4. Military power

Other Related Points

• Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.
• Civil society is used in the sense of the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

The correct answer is - Westermarck

Explanation

• Westermarck
  • He was an influential sociologist and anthropologist.
  • Westermarck is known for his work on the study of marriage and family structures.
  • He argued that **marriage is rooted in the family rather than family in marriage**, emphasizing the foundational role of the family unit in society.

Other Related Points

• Advin
  • There is no significant record of Advin making any notable contributions to the study of marriage and family.
• Moris
  • Moris is not known for any major work in the sociology or anthropology of marriage and family.
• Jack
  • Jack is also not recognized for any contributions to the understanding of marriage and family structures.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Explanation

A truly global economy implies a boundaryless world where there is:

• Free flow of goods and services across nations;
• Free flow of capital across nations;
• Free flow of information and technology;
• Free movement of people across borders;
• A common acceptable mechanism for the settlement of disputes;
• A global governance perspective.

The correct answer is social inequality. Explanation

• Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. Some social inequality reflects innate differences between individuals, for example, their varying abilities and efforts.
• However, by and large, social inequality is not the outcome of innate or ‘natural’ differences between people but is produced by the society in which they live. Sociologists use the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy.
• Social inequality is the condition of unequal access to the benefits of belonging to any society.
• Social stratification is a society-wide system that unequally distributes social resources among categories of people.

Other Related Points

• Cultural inequality is generally intertwined with social, political, and economic issues that defy inequality in income, wealth, gender, information, principles, arts, regulations, standards, values, and other abilities, as well as customs that are required to be part of society.
• Political inequality is the difference brought about by the ability to access governmental resources which therefore have no civic equality. In treatment and responsibility differences, most people can benefit more and access privileges than others. This occurs in a system where dominance is present.
• Social equality is a state of affairs in which all individuals within a specific society have equal rights, liberties, and status, possibly including civil rights, freedom of expression, autonomy, and equal access to certain public goods and social services

Thus, Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. Some social inequality reflects innate differences between individuals. For example, their varying abilities and efforts.

The correct answer is a caste not of a very low rank in the caste hierarchy and enjoying a modicum of land resources and numerical strength. Explanation

• M.N. Srinivas, an eminent Indian sociologist, introduced the concept of "dominant caste" in his work on social stratification in rural India. He conducted extensive fieldwork in the South Indian village of Rampura in the 1950s, and his findings led to the formulation of the concept.
• According to Srinivas, a dominant caste is not at the very top of the caste hierarchy, but it is also not at the bottom. It falls somewhere in the middle, occupying a position of relative privilege compared to lower castes.
• The dominant caste is characterized by a significant numerical strength within the local population. This large population ensures that the caste has a considerable influence in the local social and political spheres.
• Members of a dominant caste typically have a reasonable share of land resources. Landownership is a crucial factor in rural societies, as it often determines economic well-being and social status. The possession of land contributes to the dominance of a particular caste within the local community.

Other Related Points

• Subaltern: The term "subaltern" refers to individuals or groups who are socially, politically, and economically marginalized. In the context of caste, subaltern groups may include those situated at the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The concept gained prominence through the work of postcolonial scholars, including Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
• Hierarchy and Inequality: The broader concepts of social hierarchy and inequality are fundamental to understanding the stratified nature of societies. In the context of caste, these concepts help analyze the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among different caste groups.
• Social Capital: Social capital refers to the networks, relationships, and social connections that individuals or groups possess. Dominant castes often have significant social capital, allowing them to exert influence and control over various aspects of social life.

Thus, According to Srinivas a dominant caste is a caste not of a very low rank in the caste hierarchy and enjoying a modicum of land resources and numerical strength.

The correct chronology is 2, 3, 1, 4. Key Points

• Karl Marx believed that human society evolved through a series of stages, each with its own characteristics and contradictions.
• The four stages of social change that he identified are as follows:
  • ​Feudalism: This stage was characterized by a hierarchical social structure, with a ruling class (nobles) and a peasant class.
  • The means of production were controlled by the ruling class, and the peasants were dependent on them for their livelihoods.
  • Primitive Communism: According to Marx, the earliest stage of human society was characterized by communal ownership of the means of production and a lack of private property.
  • This stage was seen as a precursor to the more complex societies that followed.
  • Ancient Societies: This stage was characterized by the emergence of the state, with a ruling class (often a monarchy) that controlled the means of production.
  • Private property emerged, but it was still limited.
  • Capitalism: This stage emerged in the 16th century with the rise of merchant capitalism, and it is the dominant economic system today.
  • Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the means of production, wage labour, and the accumulation of wealth by a capitalist class.
• Marx believed that each stage of social change was marked by a fundamental contradiction, which eventually led to its downfall and the emergence of a new stage.
• In the case of capitalism, Marx believed that the fundamental contradiction was between the capitalists, who owned the means of production, and the workers, who were exploited and oppressed.

• This contradiction would eventually lead to a revolution by the workers and the establishment of a socialist society.

Hence we can conclude that the correct chronology is 2, 3, 1, 4.

The correct answer is option (2). i.e. Statement III only.

• On May 5 1818, Karl Marx was born in Trier City of Modern-day Germany that time is known as the Kingdom of Prussia.
• He was a famous Philosopher, Economist and Political theorist.
• He was very vocal for the working class and he argued that the industrial society was capitalist and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
• He believed that to overthrow capitalism, workers had to construct a Socialist society where all property was commonly controlled.
• He was the founder of the theory of 'Marxism'.

The correct answer is - incalculable, unpredictable and creative aspect of the self.

Explanation

• G. H. Mead's Concept of 'I'
  • G. H. Mead, a prominent sociologist, and philosopher, introduced the concept of the 'I' and 'Me' in his theory of the self.
  • The 'I' represents the spontaneous, unpredictable, and creative aspect of the individual that reacts to the 'Me'.
  • It is the part of the self that is not entirely influenced by societal norms and expectations, allowing for personal innovation and spontaneity.
  • The 'I' provides the unique and dynamic character of an individual, fostering personal growth and creativity.

Other Related Points

• G. H. Mead's Concept of 'Me'
  • The 'Me' represents the socialized aspect of the individual, which is shaped by societal expectations and norms.
  • This aspect of the self is more predictable and conforms to the roles and behaviors expected by society.
  • The 'Me' helps maintain social order and continuity by adhering to established norms and roles.
• Distinction Between 'I' and 'Me'
  • The interaction between 'I' and 'Me' forms the complete self, allowing individuals to balance personal creativity and social conformity.
  • The 'I' initiates actions and the 'Me' evaluates them based on societal standards, creating a dynamic process of self-reflection and adaptation.

The correct answer is - Case-study Method

Explanation

• Case-study Method
  • A case-study method involves a detailed and comprehensive study of a particular community, organization, or group.
  • The primary goal is to analyze a social problem and present recommendations for its solution.
  • This method is systematic and allows for an in-depth understanding of the subject matter.
  • It is widely used in social sciences to generate practical solutions and insights.

Other Related Points

• Historical Method
  • Involves studying past events to understand the present and predict future trends.
  • It is primarily used in history and other disciplines to analyze changes over time.
• Evolutionary Method
  • Focuses on the gradual development and changes in societies, cultures, or organisms over time.
  • It is often used in biology and anthropology to study the evolution of species and human societies.
• Survey Method
  • Involves collecting data from a large number of respondents using questionnaires or interviews.
  • It is widely used in social sciences for statistical analysis and to gather quantitative data.

The correct answer is C. Levi-Strauss. Explanation

• The anthropologist C. Levi-Strauss developed a general argument for the universality of the incest taboo in human societies.
• His argument begins with the claim that the incest taboo is in effect a prohibition against endogamy, and the effect is to encourage exogamy.
• Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity.

Other Related Points

• Herbert Spencer is famous for his doctrine of social Darwinism, which asserted that the principles of evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time.
• Kathleen Gough studied the Nayars of Kerala in great depth and said that Nayars seem to have treated marriage apart from sex and economic relations between men and women. The basic household unit called the caravan is matrilineal.
• Edvard Alexander Westermarck was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist. Among other subjects, he studied exogamy and the incest taboo.

Thus, C. Levi-Strauss is of the view that the incest taboo enables relationships with wider society.

The correct answer is - It is anti-religion

Explanation

• Secularism
  • Secularism stresses the role of human autonomy, meaning it emphasizes the importance of human independence and self-governance, free from religious influence.
  • Secularism asserts that the state, laws, education, and other public institutions should be free from the dominance of religion. This means that governmental decisions and public policies should not be based on religious doctrines.
  • Secularism seeks the autonomy of reason, promoting the use of rational thought and evidence-based decision-making rather than relying on religious beliefs.
  • Secularism is not anti-religion; rather, it advocates for the separation of religion from state affairs. It allows individuals to practice their religion freely while ensuring that religious beliefs do not dictate public policies.

Other Related Points

• Human Autonomy
  • Human autonomy refers to the capacity of individuals to make their own choices and govern themselves without being controlled by external forces, including religious authorities.
• Autonomy of Reason
  • The autonomy of reason emphasizes the importance of logical thinking and evidence-based decision-making. It supports the idea that rational thought should guide actions and policies, free from religious or superstitious influences.

Gender socialization is a process that begins at birth and continues throughout an individual's life. It involves learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's sex.

• This process is influenced by various agents of socialization, which help individuals internalize societal norms and behaviors.

Explanation

• One of the primary agents of socialization is the family. From the moment a child is born, parents and other family members play a crucial role in shaping their understanding of gender roles.
• Education is another significant agent. Schools not only impart academic knowledge but also reinforce gender norms through curricula, teacher-student interactions, and peer relationships.
• Mass media, including television, movies, and the internet, is a powerful agent of socialization. It shapes perceptions by consistently portraying gender stereotypes and influencing public opinion.

Hint

• Tutoring, however, is not typically considered a major agent of socialization. While tutors can influence a student's academic performance and occasionally offer guidance, their role in shaping gender norms is minimal compared to the pervasive impact of family, education, and mass media.
• Tutors generally focus on specific subjects rather than broader social norms, making their influence on gender socialization relatively limited.

Hence, the correct answer is tutoring.

Here is the correct matching of Types of Religious Organization with their Definitions:

1. Sect → A small group that voluntarily separates from an established religion for a personal experience.
2. Church → A large religious group where members are usually born into the faith.
3. Cult → A new, exclusive group with beliefs different from established religions.
4. Denomination → A religious group that values tolerance and acceptance of other faiths.

Sample units must be dependent on each other

• Sampling principles generally emphasize the independence of sample units, not their dependence.
• The idea is that each unit in the sample should be selected independently of the others to ensure that the sample represents the population accurately without bias.
• Sampling aims to obtain information about a whole population by examining a part of it.
• To accurately infer population characteristics from a sample, each selection of a unit (e.g., a person, place, or thing) for the sample should not influence the selection of another.
• This is because dependence between sample units can introduce bias and affect the representativeness of the sample.
• For example, if selecting one person in a household increases the likelihood of selecting another from the same household, the sample might overrepresent household-specific attributes.
• Independence in sample units is essential for applying many statistical analyses correctly, as these analyses often assume independence between observations.
• Dependence among sample units can lead to erroneous conclusions because the standard errors of estimation could be underestimated, thereby overstating the significance of findings.

Other Related Points

Sample units must be clearly defined:

• Each element in the population from which samples can be drawn must be defined unambiguously to avoid confusion and to ensure that all researchers and readers of the research understand what constitutes a sample unit. This prevents variability in data collection and helps maintain the integrity and reliability of the research conclusions.

• Consistency in the units of measurement or observation across a study is crucial to ensure that the data collected are comparable. Changing units mid-study without a standardization process could lead to misinterpretation of results or inability to draw meaningful conclusions, as variations in the data could reflect changes in measurement rather than actual differences in the phenomenon being studied.

• Objectivity in selecting samples is vital to avoid selection bias, which can occur when the process for choosing sample units is influenced by subjective judgment, leading to a sample that is not representative of the population. Systematic sampling methods (e.g., random sampling) help in achieving a fair representation by giving each potential sample unit an equal chance of being chosen, ensuring that the sample reflects the broader population accurately.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Explanation

• Socialization theory: Socialization theory refers to the educational dimension of liberal feminist theory, which demands equal treatment of women and men.
  • Socialization theorists believe that by providing all children with gender-neutral education and eliminating other obstacles to female success, schools would not only ensure fairness but would increase the pool of skilled workers, thereby benefiting society as a whole. Hence, Option 1 is the correct answer.
• Gender difference theory: Gender difference theory includes the constellation of cultural, educational, and ethical arguments that describe and defend the feminine culture and the relational orientation associated with women.
  • Difference theorists reject the argument that successful schooling for girls should be modeled on what has worked for boys. Instead of embracing masculine values as universals, say difference feminists, schools need to acknowledge that the relational values associated with women are at least as important as the rationalistic values associated with men.
• Structural theory: It focuses on more or less stable power arrangements, the systematic consolidation of power and privilege in the hands of a minority.
  • According to such theories, power is something one group exercises over another; it is a kind of possession or property legitimated by-laws, standards, hegemonic practices, and institutional relations. Both gendered and other forms of inequity are organized and sustained by more or less stable (albeit flexible) power arrangements.​
• Deconstructive theory: It focuses on constantly shifting cultural practices. The deconstruction theory of gender and education focuses on the fact that women are not considered as a rational gender of society, and also they don't have excess to quality education as men do.

The correct answer is In-Group.Explanation

• An in-group is a group of people who identify with each other based on a variety of factors including gender, race, religion, or geography. Our tendency to distinguish between in-group and out-group members has moral implications
• A sense of belonging marks an ingroup. This feeling separates ‘us’ or ‘we’ from ‘them’ or ‘they’. Children belonging to a particular school may form an ‘in-group’ as against those who do not belong to the school.
• There is a feeling of sacrifice and co-operation among the members of the In-Group.
• Fraternities, sororities, sports teams, and juvenile gangs are examples of in-groups. Members of an in-group often end up competing with members of another group for various kinds of rewards. This other group is called an out-group.

Other Related Points

• An out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. The members of an out-group can face hostile reactions from the members of the in-group. Migrants are often considered as an out-group.
• A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared, used by sociologists in reference to any group that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
• Peer group refers to a group of individuals or companies that share similar characteristics with one another. These characteristics may be age, education, ethnic background, size, industry, or sector.

Thus, There is a feeling of sacrifice and cooperation among the members of the In-Group.

M. N. Srinivas developed two major concepts, "Westernization and Sanskritization" to explain some features of religious culture, and social change in India (1966).

• Sanskritization "is a process by which a 'low' Hindu caste or tribal or other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology, and way of life of a high, frequently 'twice-born' caste".
• It results in positional changes in the system and does not lead to any structural changes.
• The development of communications, the spread of education, and the weakening of certain social taboos against the low castes adopting the customs of the higher have all contributed to what is known as Sanskritization of the Hindu society.
• Westernization means radical changes in Indian society and culture brought about by British rule. Westernization results not only in the introduction of new institutions, for example, newspapers, elections, and Christian missions, but also in fundamental changes in the old institutions such as technology, ideology, and values.

Other Notable Personalities:

• T. A. Saraswathiamma was a scholar of mathematics and Sanskrit. She has done tremendous research work in the field of mathematics and Sanskrit.
• She has written and published a book of mathematics "Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India" in 2007 and also published many research papers.

• Bhadresh Das Swamy is a Sanskrit scholar and an awardee of Darshankesari, Vedant Martand (Silpakorn University), Abhinav Bhashyakar (Somnath Sanskrit University).

Hence, we conclude that the concepts of Sanskritisation and Westernisation were developed by ​M. N. Srinivas.