World Organisations - Year 5 MCQ

Explanation:
The United Nations Organization (UNO) is an international organization that was established on October 24, 1945, to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. It consists of various specialized agencies, programs, and entities that work towards achieving its goals.
The options provided are:
A: ILO (International Labour Organization) - The ILO is a specialized agency of the UN that focuses on promoting social justice and rights at work. It is associated with the UNO.
B: WHO (World Health Organization) - The WHO is a specialized agency of the UN that is responsible for international public health. It is associated with the UNO.
C: ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - ASEAN is a regional intergovernmental organization that promotes economic, political, and security cooperation among its member states. It is not associated with the UNO.
D: All of the above - This option is incorrect as both ILO and WHO are associated with the UNO.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: ASEAN, as it is not associated with the UNO.

Chairmanship/Presidency of the UN Security Council:
- The chairmanship/presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the Council Members.
- This rotation system ensures fairness and equal representation among the member states.
- The purpose of the rotating presidency is to prevent any one country from exerting excessive influence over the council's agenda.
Duration of the Chairmanship/Presidency:
- The chairmanship/presidency of the UN Security Council changes on a monthly basis.
- This means that each member state has the opportunity to hold the presidency for one month during their term on the council.
- The rotation system ensures that each member state has an equal chance to lead the council and shape its agenda.
Reason for Monthly Rotation:
- The monthly rotation allows for frequent changes in leadership and perspectives.
- It ensures that different member states have the opportunity to bring their priorities and perspectives to the council.
- The fast-paced rotation also reflects the need for timely decision-making and response to global security issues.
Benefits of Monthly Rotation:
- Ensures equal representation and participation among member states.
- Prevents any one country from dominating the council's agenda.
- Allows for diverse perspectives and priorities to be considered.
- Enables timely decision-making and response to global security challenges.
Conclusion:
The chairmanship/presidency of the UN Security Council rotates on a monthly basis. This ensures equal representation and prevents any one country from dominating the council's agenda. The monthly rotation allows for diverse perspectives and priorities to be considered, enabling timely decision-making and response to global security challenges.

Which of the following is not a chief organ of the United Nations Organisations?
The correct answer is A: International Labour Organisation. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is not a chief organ of the United Nations (UN) and therefore does not fall under the direct purview of the UN.
Explanation:
The United Nations is an international organization that plays a crucial role in promoting peace, security, and cooperation among member nations. It consists of various organs, each with specific responsibilities and functions.
The chief organs of the United Nations include:
1. Security Council: The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has the authority to impose sanctions, authorize peacekeeping missions, and make decisions concerning international conflicts.
2. International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It settles legal disputes between member states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs.
3. General Assembly: The General Assembly is the main deliberative and policy-making organ of the United Nations. It provides a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on international issues, including peace and security, development, and human rights.
However, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, not a chief organ. It focuses on promoting decent work and social justice by setting international labor standards, promoting employment, and protecting workers' rights.
In conclusion, while the International Labour Organisation (ILO) is an important organization within the United Nations system, it is not a chief organ of the UN. The chief organs of the United Nations are the Security Council, International Court of Justice, and General Assembly.

Permanent Secretariat to coordinate the implementation of SAARC programme is located at Kathmandu.
The Permanent Secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the central administrative body for the organization. It is responsible for coordinating and implementing the various programs and initiatives of SAARC. The Permanent Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Here are some key points to understand why Kathmandu is the correct answer:
1. SAARC: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization consisting of eight member countries in South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
2. Purpose: SAARC aims to promote regional cooperation and integration among member countries in various areas such as economics, trade, agriculture, culture, and social development.
3. Permanent Secretariat: The Permanent Secretariat serves as the administrative headquarters of SAARC. It is responsible for facilitating cooperation among member countries, organizing meetings, implementing agreed-upon programs, and maintaining communication channels.
4. Location: The Permanent Secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal. This decision was made during the 18th SAARC Summit held in Kathmandu in 2014. Nepal has been hosting the SAARC Secretariat since its establishment in 1985.
5. Importance of Location: Kathmandu, being the capital city of Nepal, provides a central and accessible location for member countries to engage in regional cooperation. It serves as a hub for diplomatic activities and facilitates efficient coordination among member states.
In conclusion, the Permanent Secretariat to coordinate the implementation of SAARC programs is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

The Indian delegation to the first World Conference on Human Rights was led by Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Explanation:
The first World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna, Austria in 1993. This conference aimed to address various human rights issues and establish a global framework for promoting and protecting human rights. At this conference, the Indian delegation was led by Dr. Manmohan Singh, who was then serving as the Finance Minister of India.
Dr. Manmohan Singh's leadership in the Indian delegation highlighted the country's commitment to human rights and its active participation in international discussions on the subject. As an economist and later a Prime Minister of India, Dr. Singh brought his expertise and insights to the conference, contributing to the discussions on human rights and advocating for the protection of fundamental freedoms and dignity for all individuals.
Dr. Manmohan Singh's participation in the first World Conference on Human Rights further emphasized India's standing as a democratic nation that values human rights and is committed to upholding them at both domestic and international levels.

Golden Jubilee Year of UNO in 1995
Explanation:
The Golden Jubilee year of an international organization refers to the 50th anniversary of its establishment. In this case, the year 1995 marks the Golden Jubilee year of the United Nations Organization (UNO). Here's a detailed explanation:
- UNO: The United Nations Organization, commonly known as the UN, was established on October 24, 1945, after the end of World War II. It was created with the aim of maintaining international peace and security, promoting social progress, and fostering cooperation among nations.
- Golden Jubilee: The Golden Jubilee is a significant milestone for any organization, symbolizing its long-standing presence and achievements over 50 years.
- Year 1995: In 1995, the United Nations celebrated its 50th anniversary, making it the Golden Jubilee year for the organization.
- Importance: The Golden Jubilee year was a momentous occasion for the UN, highlighting its contributions to global peacekeeping, humanitarian efforts, and sustainable development.
- Activities: During the Golden Jubilee year, the UN organized various events and initiatives to commemorate its achievements, engage member states, and raise awareness about its goals and values.
Therefore, the year 1995 is the Golden Jubilee year of the United Nations Organization (UNO).

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is located at Geneva.
Explanation:
UNCTAD is an organization of the United Nations dedicated to trade, investment, and development issues. It aims to promote economic growth, development, and integration of developing countries into the global economy.
Key Points:
- Location: UNCTAD is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva: Geneva is a city in Switzerland and serves as a global hub for diplomacy and international cooperation. It is home to numerous international organizations, including the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG).
- UNCTAD Headquarters: The UNCTAD headquarters is located at the Palais des Nations, which is a historic building in Geneva. It is the European headquarters of the United Nations and serves as a meeting place for various UN conferences and negotiations.
- Function: UNCTAD provides research, analysis, and policy advice on trade and development issues. It also organizes conferences, seminars, and technical assistance programs to support developing countries in their efforts to integrate into the global economy.
- Mandate: UNCTAD's mandate is to promote inclusive and sustainable development, particularly for the least developed countries. It focuses on issues such as trade facilitation, investment promotion, technology transfer, and debt sustainability.
- Global Reach: UNCTAD works with governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders worldwide to foster economic development and reduce inequality. It collaborates with regional and international organizations to promote cooperation and coordination on trade and development matters.
- Annual Conference: UNCTAD holds a biennial conference, known as the UNCTAD Ministerial Conference, where member states discuss and make decisions on trade and development policies. The conference provides a platform for dialogue, negotiation, and consensus-building among member countries.

Amnesty International is an organisation associated with the field of protection of human rights.
Amnesty International is a global non-governmental organization that works towards promoting and protecting human rights around the world. Here are some key points about Amnesty International and its work in the field of human rights:
1. Background: Amnesty International was founded in 1961 and has since become one of the most prominent human rights organizations globally. It operates in over 150 countries and territories, with millions of members and supporters.
2. Mission: The organization's mission is to conduct research and take action to prevent and stop human rights abuses. It works to ensure that all individuals enjoy their rights as enshrined in international human rights standards.
3. Areas of focus: Amnesty International focuses on various areas of human rights, including but not limited to:
- Torture and ill-treatment: It campaigns against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.
- Freedom of expression: Amnesty International advocates for freedom of speech, press, and assembly, defending the rights of journalists, activists, and individuals to express their opinions.
- Women's rights: The organization works to address gender-based violence, discrimination, and inequality, advocating for the rights of women and girls worldwide.
- Death penalty: Amnesty International campaigns for the worldwide abolition of the death penalty and supports individuals who may be at risk of execution.
- Refugee and migrant rights: The organization advocates for the protection of the rights of refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants, calling for fair and humane treatment.
4. Advocacy and awareness: Amnesty International raises awareness about human rights violations through research, reports, and public campaigns. It also engages in advocacy efforts by lobbying governments, international bodies, and corporations to improve human rights practices.
5. Legal and policy work: The organization provides legal support to individuals and communities whose rights have been violated. It also contributes to the development of international human rights law and standards.
In conclusion, Amnesty International is an organization dedicated to protecting and promoting human rights globally. Through its advocacy, research, and campaign work, it strives to create a world where everyone can enjoy their fundamental rights and freedoms.

The Halifax summit was that of G-7 countries.
The G-7 (Group of Seven) is an organization consisting of seven major advanced economies: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Halifax summit, also known as the G-7 Halifax summit, was held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in 1995. It was the 21st G-7 summit.
Key points:
- The Halifax summit was attended by the leaders of the G-7 countries.
- The purpose of the summit was to discuss and coordinate economic policies and cooperation among the member countries.
- The G-7 countries represent some of the world's largest economies and have significant influence on global financial and political matters.
- The summit covered a wide range of topics including trade, finance, security, and environmental issues.
- The leaders discussed strategies to promote economic growth, address global challenges, and strengthen international cooperation.
- The Halifax summit was significant as it took place during a crucial period of economic and political developments, including the establishment of the World Trade Organization and the European Union.
- The discussions and agreements made at the summit helped shape global policies and initiatives in the following years.
In conclusion, the Halifax summit was a meeting of the G-7 countries where leaders discussed various economic and political issues of global significance.

The office of the UN General Assembly is located in New York. Here is a detailed explanation:
Location of the UN General Assembly:
- The UN General Assembly is headquartered in New York City, United States.
- It is situated in the United Nations Headquarters complex, which is located in Manhattan.
- The complex spans an area of 18 acres along the East River in New York City.
Importance of the UN General Assembly:
- The UN General Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations.
- It is composed of representatives from all member states of the UN, making it a unique platform for global decision-making and diplomacy.
- The General Assembly discusses and addresses various international issues, including peace and security, development, human rights, and international law.
Functions of the UN General Assembly:
- The General Assembly holds annual sessions where member states gather to discuss and make decisions on global issues.
- It elects the non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other subsidiary bodies.
- It approves the UN budget and allocates funds for various programs and initiatives.
- It provides a forum for member states to express their views and concerns, fostering dialogue and cooperation among nations.
Conclusion:
The office of the UN General Assembly is located in New York, United States. Being the primary deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the United Nations, the General Assembly plays a crucial role in addressing global challenges and promoting international cooperation.

The Trusteeship Council:
- The Trusteeship Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations.
- Its main objective was to supervise the administration of Trust Territories and ensure their progression towards self-government or independence.
- The Council was established in 1945 under the UN Charter and had initially 11 members.
- As Trust Territories achieved self-government or independence, the Council's role diminished.
- By the 1990s, all Trust Territories had either become independent or entered into a different status, resulting in the Council becoming inactive.
- In 1994, the General Assembly decided to place the Council into a dormant state, meaning it would meet only if required.
- However, the Council has never been formally abolished and remains in existence.
- Its accomplishments can be seen in the successful transition of Trust Territories to self-government or independence.
- The Trusteeship Council has largely accomplished its object of overseeing and assisting former Trust Territories in their path towards independence or self-government.

Headquarters of UNESCO

• Answer: D. Paris

Explanation

The headquarters of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is located in Paris, France.

Here are some key points to support this answer:

• UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that aims to promote international collaboration in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication.


• Established in 1945, UNESCO has its headquarters in Paris.


• The organization's headquarters in Paris serve as the central hub for its activities and programs.


• Being headquartered in Paris allows UNESCO to maintain close proximity to various cultural institutions, universities, and international organizations based in the city.


• Paris, known for its rich history, art, and intellectual contributions, provides an ideal setting for UNESCO's mission of fostering global cooperation and understanding in the fields of education, science, and culture.

Therefore, the correct answer is D. Paris.

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)
The UNFPA is the United Nations agency responsible for addressing population issues. It focuses on promoting reproductive health, gender equality, and the empowerment of women, as well as advocating for the rights and well-being of individuals and communities.
Key Points:
1. Mandate: The UNFPA was established in 1969 with a mandate to address population issues and provide assistance to countries in their efforts to improve reproductive health, reduce maternal mortality, and support family planning services.
2. Reproductive Health: The UNFPA works to ensure access to reproductive health services, including family planning, maternal and newborn health care, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.
3. Gender Equality: The UNFPA promotes gender equality and women's empowerment, aiming to eliminate harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation. It supports programs that empower women and girls, including access to education and economic opportunities.
4. Population Data and Research: The UNFPA collects and analyzes population data to inform policies and programs. It conducts research on population trends, youth issues, and aging populations.
5. Partnerships: The UNFPA collaborates with governments, civil society organizations, and other UN agencies to implement its programs and advocate for population-related issues at the global level.
6. International Conferences: The UNFPA participates in international conferences and events related to population and development, including the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD).
7. Funding: The UNFPA relies on voluntary contributions from governments, organizations, and individuals to carry out its work.
In conclusion, the UNFPA is the UN body that deals with population issues, focusing on reproductive health, gender equality, and population data and research.

G-7 countries:
The G-7 countries, also known as the Group of Seven, is an international organization consisting of seven major advanced economies. These countries come together to discuss economic policies, global issues, and promote cooperation. The G-7 countries are:
- UK: United Kingdom
- USA: United States
- Germany: Germany
- Japan: Japan
Additional G-7 countries:
In addition to the four countries mentioned above, the G-7 also includes:
- Canada: Canada is a member of the G-7 and plays an important role in global economics and politics.
- France: France is another member of the G-7 and is known for its significant influence in international affairs.
- Italy: Italy is also a member of the G-7 and contributes to discussions on global economic issues.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Canada, France, and Italy as the additional G-7 countries.

The headquarters of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is located in Geneva, Switzerland. Here is a detailed explanation:
Location:
- The headquarters of WIPO is situated in Geneva, Switzerland.
Role of WIPO:
- WIPO is a specialized agency of the United Nations and is responsible for promoting and protecting intellectual property (IP) rights worldwide.
- It works to encourage innovation and creativity by providing a balanced and effective international IP system.
Activities of WIPO:
- WIPO administers various international treaties and conventions related to intellectual property, such as the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and the Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks.
- It offers services for the registration and protection of patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and copyrights.
- WIPO also provides assistance to developing countries in building capacity and utilizing the IP system effectively.
Importance of WIPO:
- WIPO plays a crucial role in harmonizing and establishing international standards for intellectual property protection.
- It facilitates cooperation and collaboration among its member states, promoting the exchange of knowledge and best practices in the field of IP.
- The organization also serves as a forum for addressing global IP challenges and shaping policies to support innovation and creativity.
Conclusion:
- The headquarters of WIPO is located in Geneva, Switzerland, where it carries out its vital role in promoting and protecting intellectual property rights globally.

SAARC is observing a decade (1991-2000) of which of the following?
The SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is observing a decade (1991-2000) focused on the following:
Option A: Girl child
- SAARC aimed to address the issues and challenges faced by the girl child during this decade.
- The objective was to promote gender equality, eliminate discrimination, and ensure the rights and well-being of girls.
Option B: Literacy
- SAARC aimed to improve literacy rates and access to education during this decade.
- The focus was on increasing literacy among both children and adults, especially in rural and marginalized communities.
Option C: Health services to rural poor
- SAARC aimed to improve access to healthcare services for the rural poor during this decade.
- The objective was to provide affordable and quality healthcare facilities to those living in remote areas.
Option D: Shelter for all
- SAARC aimed to address the issue of homelessness and provide shelter for all during this decade.
- The focus was on ensuring adequate housing and living conditions for all individuals, especially the homeless and vulnerable populations.
Answer: A. Girl child
During the decade of 1991-2000, SAARC observed and focused on addressing the challenges faced by the girl child, promoting gender equality, and ensuring the rights and well-being of girls. This initiative aimed to eliminate discrimination and create an inclusive society where girls have equal opportunities for education, healthcare, and overall development.

The headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is in Rome, Italy.
Explanation:
- The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to combat hunger and promote sustainable agriculture.
- The headquarters of FAO is located in Rome, Italy.
- Rome was chosen as the headquarters due to its historical significance and central location in Europe.
- FAO's headquarters in Rome serves as the main hub for coordinating and implementing various programs and initiatives aimed at achieving food security and sustainable agricultural development globally.
- The headquarters building in Rome is known as the FAO headquarters complex and it houses various departments, including administrative offices, technical and research divisions, conference facilities, and a library.
- The location of the FAO headquarters in Rome allows for close collaboration with other UN agencies and international organizations based in the city, as well as easy access to key stakeholders in the field of agriculture and food security.
- The FAO headquarters in Rome also hosts numerous conferences, meetings, and events related to food and agriculture, bringing together experts, policymakers, and stakeholders from around the world to discuss and address pressing issues in the sector.
- Overall, the choice of Rome as the headquarters of FAO reflects the organization's commitment to promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring global food security.

Explanation:
To determine which country is not a member of Group 15 developing countries, we need to identify the countries that are part of this group and then compare them to the given options.
Group 15 developing countries:
Group 15, also known as G15, is a group of developing countries that was established in 1989. The group aims to promote cooperation and enhance the economic and social development of its member countries. The current member countries of G15 are:
1. Algeria
2. Argentina
3. Brazil
4. Chile
5. Egypt
6. India
7. Indonesia
8. Iran
9. Jamaica
10. Kenya
11. Malaysia
12. Mexico
13. Nigeria
14. Peru
15. Senegal
16. Sri Lanka
17. Venezuela
Comparison with the given options:
Now, let's compare the given options with the list of G15 member countries:
A: Mexico - Mexico is a member of G15.
B: Malaysia - Malaysia is a member of G15.
C: Brazil - Brazil is a member of G15.
D: Bolivia - Bolivia is not listed as a member of G15. Therefore, the answer is D.
Summary:
The country that is not a member of Group 15 developing countries is Bolivia (Option D).

To determine which one of the options is not related to disarmament, let's analyze each of them:
1. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
- SALT refers to a series of negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
- It aimed to limit and reduce the number of strategic nuclear weapons possessed by both countries.
- SALT is directly related to disarmament as it focused on arms control and reduction.
2. NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons)
- NPT is an international treaty that aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote disarmament.
- It establishes non-proliferation commitments for nuclear-weapon states and obligations for non-nuclear-weapon states.
- NPT is directly related to disarmament as it seeks to reduce the number of nuclear weapons globally.
3. CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty)
- CTBT is a multilateral treaty that prohibits all nuclear explosions, whether for civilian or military purposes.
- It aims to prevent the development and testing of nuclear weapons.
- CTBT is directly related to disarmament as it contributes to the reduction of nuclear weapons capabilities.
4. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
- NATO is a political and military alliance formed by North American and European countries.
- Its primary purpose is collective defense and security cooperation among its member states.
- While NATO has a role in international security, it is not primarily focused on disarmament.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the option that is not related to disarmament is D: NATO.

The Group of Seven Countries (G-7)
Introduction:
The Group of Seven countries, commonly known as the G-7, is an international organization comprised of seven highly industrialized nations. Established in 1975, the G-7 is a forum for discussing and coordinating economic policies and addressing global challenges. Let's explore the characteristics that correctly describe the G-7 countries:
Industrialized Countries:
The G-7 countries are characterized by their advanced industrial economies. They are considered to be highly developed nations with strong infrastructures, advanced technologies, and high standards of living. These countries have diversified economies and are major players in global trade and finance.
Member Countries:
The G-7 consists of the following countries:
1. United States
2. Canada
3. United Kingdom
4. France
5. Germany
6. Italy
7. Japan
Economic Importance:
The G-7 countries collectively account for a significant portion of the global GDP. They have a major influence on the international economic system and play a crucial role in shaping global economic policies. These countries often collaborate on issues such as trade, finance, and economic stability.
Global Leadership and Cooperation:
The G-7 countries are recognized as major global powers. They have significant political influence and often work together to address pressing global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and global health issues. The G-7 summits provide a platform for leaders to discuss and coordinate their efforts in tackling these issues.
Exclusion of Developing Countries:
Contrary to option A, the G-7 countries are not developing nations. They are already highly industrialized and have achieved a high level of economic development.
Atomic Bomb Technology:
Contrary to option C, not all G-7 countries possess atomic bomb technology. Only two G-7 members, the United States and the United Kingdom, are recognized nuclear powers.
Satellite Launch Capability:
Contrary to option D, not all G-7 countries have the capability to launch their own satellites. While some G-7 members, such as the United States and Japan, have active space agencies and satellite launching capabilities, others rely on international collaborations for their satellite needs.
In conclusion, the correct description of the G-7 countries is that they are industrialized nations. They have advanced economies, significant global influence, and play a crucial role in shaping international economic policies and addressing global challenges.

Logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
The logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a distinct and recognizable symbol that represents the organization's commitment to conservation and protection of the environment. The logo features a panda, which has become synonymous with the WWF and its conservation efforts.
Explanation:
- The WWF logo is a black and white image of a panda's face.
- The panda in the logo is depicted in a simple and stylized manner, with black patches around its eyes, ears, and shoulders.
- The use of black and white color further emphasizes the panda's features and creates a visually appealing and memorable image.
- The panda was chosen as the logo for the WWF due to its status as a globally recognized and beloved species, as well as its association with conservation efforts.
- The WWF logo is widely used on various mediums, including websites, publications, and promotional materials, to raise awareness about the organization's mission and initiatives.
- The panda logo has become an iconic symbol in the field of conservation and serves as a reminder of the importance of protecting and preserving the natural world.
Summary:
The logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) features a stylized image of a panda's face. The black and white logo has become an iconic symbol of the organization's commitment to conservation and protection of the environment.

Answer:
The country that is not a member of the G-8 group is Spain. The G-8 group, also known as the Group of Eight, is a forum of the world's major industrialized economies. It is composed of eight member countries that meet annually to discuss and coordinate economic policies and global issues.
The G-8 member countries are:
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Canada
- Japan
- Russia
- United Kingdom
- United States
Explanation:
- Germany, France, Italy, and Spain are all European countries. However, Spain is not a member of the G-8 group.
- The G-8 group was originally formed with six member countries (the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan) in 1975. Canada was added in 1976, and Russia joined in 1998, forming the G-8.
- The G-8 group represents some of the world's largest economies and plays an important role in shaping global economic policies.
- Spain, although a significant economy, is not part of the G-8 and is therefore not included in the group's discussions and decision-making processes.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, among the given options, Spain is the country that is not a member of the G-8 group. Germany, France, and Italy are all members of the G-8.

Pakistan's Withdrawal from the Commonwealth
Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1972. Here is a detailed explanation of the events leading up to its withdrawal:
1. Background:
- The Commonwealth is an intergovernmental organization consisting of 54 member countries, most of which were formerly part of the British Empire.
- Pakistan became a member of the Commonwealth when it gained independence from British rule in 1947.
2. Bangladeshi Independence:
- In 1971, Pakistan faced a significant political crisis with the secession of East Pakistan, which later became the independent country of Bangladesh.
- The conflict, known as the Bangladesh Liberation War, resulted in a military intervention by India in support of East Pakistan.
- The Pakistani military regime's brutal crackdown on Bengali nationalists led to a massive humanitarian crisis and international condemnation.
3. Suspension from the Commonwealth:
- Following the events of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Pakistan faced international criticism for its actions in East Pakistan.
- In response, the Commonwealth countries held a meeting in Singapore in January 1972, where they decided to suspend Pakistan's membership.
- The suspension was a result of Pakistan's failure to address human rights abuses and restore democratic governance.
4. Withdrawal from the Commonwealth:
- In response to the suspension, the Pakistani military regime led by General Yahya Khan announced Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth on January 30, 1972.
- This decision was seen as a defiance of international pressure and a reflection of the military government's isolationist stance.
- Pakistan remained outside the Commonwealth for more than two decades before rejoining in 1989.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: 1972.

SAARC Membership:
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization consisting of eight member countries in South Asia. These countries work together to promote regional cooperation and address common challenges. The countries that are members of SAARC include:
1. Nepal: Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia and a member of SAARC. It is located in the Himalayas and shares borders with China and India.
2. Bangladesh: Bangladesh is a country located in South Asia and is also a member of SAARC. It shares borders with India and Myanmar.
3. Afghanistan: Afghanistan is a landlocked country located in Central Asia but is considered part of South Asia. It is also a member of SAARC.
4. Myanmar: Myanmar, also known as Burma, is a country located in Southeast Asia. It is not a member of SAARC and is therefore the correct answer to the given question.
Conclusion:
Among the given options, Myanmar is the country that is not a member of SAARC. The other countries listed - Nepal, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan - are all members of SAARC.

The Main Aim of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
The main aim of SAARC is Regional Cooperation.
Explanation:
SAARC is a regional organization comprising eight member countries in South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The organization was established in 1985 with the aim of promoting peace, stability, and economic cooperation in the region. The main objectives and activities of SAARC are centered around regional cooperation.
Here are the key points explaining the main aim of SAARC:
1. Regional Cooperation: SAARC's primary objective is to foster cooperation and collaboration among its member countries in various areas such as trade, economy, culture, agriculture, education, and tourism. The organization aims to enhance regional integration and development through mutual cooperation.
2. Promoting Peace: SAARC aims to promote peaceful coexistence and resolve conflicts through dialogue and diplomatic means. It seeks to create an environment of peace and stability in the region.
3. Economic Development: SAARC focuses on promoting economic growth and development in the region. It aims to enhance intra-regional trade, investment, and economic cooperation among member countries. Initiatives such as the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) have been established to facilitate trade among member nations.
4. Social and Cultural Collaboration: SAARC aims to foster social and cultural collaboration among member countries. It promotes cultural exchanges, people-to-people contacts, and cooperation in areas such as education, science, technology, and sports.
5. Addressing Common Challenges: SAARC addresses common challenges faced by member countries, such as poverty, terrorism, climate change, natural disasters, and other socio-economic issues. It facilitates cooperation and coordination to find collective solutions to these challenges.
In conclusion, the main aim of SAARC is to promote regional cooperation among its member countries in various spheres, including trade, economy, culture, and social development. The organization strives to enhance peace, stability, and economic growth in the South Asian region through mutual cooperation and collaboration.

The International Human Rights Convention adopted by the United Nations in 1990 relates to children.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is an international human rights treaty that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989 and entered into force in 1990. It is specifically related to the rights of children and aims to ensure their protection, development, and well-being.
Key points about the International Human Rights Convention:
- The CRC is the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history, with almost every country in the world being a party to it.
- The Convention recognizes that children have specific rights and requires governments to ensure that these rights are protected and promoted.
- It sets out a comprehensive framework of rights for children, including civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
- The Convention emphasizes the importance of the best interests of the child as a primary consideration in all actions concerning children.
- It guarantees children the right to life, survival, and development, as well as the right to be protected from violence, abuse, and exploitation.
- The Convention also recognizes the right of children to participate in decisions that affect them and to have their views heard.
- Governments are required to take appropriate measures to implement the provisions of the Convention and to report regularly to the United Nations on their progress.
- The CRC has had a significant impact on improving the rights and well-being of children around the world, but challenges and violations still persist.
In conclusion, the International Human Rights Convention adopted by the United Nations in 1990 is specifically related to the rights and protection of children. The Convention sets out a comprehensive framework of rights for children and aims to ensure their well-being and development.

First Indian President of UN General Assembly: Mrs. Vijay Lakshmi Pandit
Mrs. Vijay Lakshmi Pandit, an eminent Indian diplomat and politician, was the first Indian to serve as the President of the United Nations General Assembly. She held this prestigious position during the 8th session of the General Assembly from 1953 to 1954.
Background:
- Mrs. Vijay Lakshmi Pandit was born on August 18, 1900, in Allahabad, India.
- She came from a prominent political family, with her brother Jawaharlal Nehru being the first Prime Minister of India.
Achievements:
- Mrs. Pandit served as India's ambassador to several countries, including the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom.
- She played a significant role in advocating for India's independence and promoting India's interests on the international stage.
- As the President of the UN General Assembly, she focused on issues such as disarmament, peacekeeping, and decolonization.
Legacy:
- Mrs. Vijay Lakshmi Pandit's election as the President of the UN General Assembly was a historic moment for India and a significant achievement for Indian diplomacy.
- Her leadership and contributions helped raise India's profile and influence in international affairs.
- She paved the way for future Indian diplomats and politicians to play key roles in global organizations.
In conclusion, Mrs. Vijay Lakshmi Pandit was the first Indian to be elected as the President of the UN General Assembly. Her tenure marked a significant milestone in Indian diplomacy and showcased India's growing prominence on the international stage.

The number of former republics of USSR that have become members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
- The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is an organization formed by former Soviet republics after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
- The CIS was established with the goal of maintaining economic and political ties among the member states.
- To determine the number of former Soviet republics that have become members of the CIS, we need to identify the total number of former republics and then determine which of them are part of the CIS.
- The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.
- Out of these 15 republics, the following became members of the CIS:
1. Russia
2. Ukraine
3. Belarus
4. Kazakhstan
5. Uzbekistan
6. Azerbaijan
7. Armenia
8. Georgia
9. Kyrgyzstan
10. Moldova
- Therefore, the answer is A: 11 former republics of the USSR have become members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

The five permanent members of the UN Security Council are:

1. China: China is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. It is a significant global power and holds veto power.


2. France: France is another permanent member of the UN Security Council. It is known for its diplomatic influence and plays a crucial role in global affairs.


3. USSR (Soviet Union): While the USSR no longer exists, it was one of the original permanent members of the UN Security Council. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its seat was transferred to Russia.


4. United Kingdom (UK): The UK is also a permanent member of the UN Security Council. It has a long history of international involvement and is known for its global influence.


5. United States of America (USA): The USA holds a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. It is one of the most powerful countries globally and has significant influence in international affairs.

Therefore, option D - China, France, USSR, UK, and USA - is the correct answer.

The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) was formed in 1985.
- SAARC was established on December 8, 1985, in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- The formation of SAARC was the result of a summit meeting held by the heads of state or government of seven South Asian countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
- The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first proposed by Bangladesh's President Ziaur Rahman in 1980.
- The primary goal of SAARC is to promote the welfare and improve the quality of life of the people of South Asia by fostering cooperation and mutual understanding among member countries.
- SAARC aims to enhance economic and social progress in the region through collective efforts, to provide a platform for dialogue on issues of common interest, and to promote regional integration.
- SAARC's activities cover a wide range of areas, including agriculture, trade, tourism, environment, health, education, and culture.
- Over the years, SAARC has expanded its membership to include Afghanistan, which joined as a member in 2007.
- SAARC holds annual summits where leaders of member countries meet to discuss and address regional issues and challenges.
- Despite some limitations and challenges, SAARC continues to play a significant role in promoting regional cooperation and integration in South Asia.