Understanding Marginalisation, Civics, Class 8 -Test - Class 8 MCQ

Answer:

The term "tribals" is a general term used to refer to various indigenous communities across different regions. These communities are also known by different names in different contexts. One common term used to refer to tribals is "Adivasis", which means "original inhabitants" in Sanskrit. Here is a breakdown of the different options provided:

A. Adivasis:

• Adivasis is the correct term used to refer to tribals.


• This term is commonly used in India to refer to the indigenous communities.


• Adivasis are recognized as Scheduled Tribes in the Indian Constitution.

B. Muslims:

• Muslims are followers of the Islamic faith and can belong to any ethnic or cultural background.


• While there may be tribal communities that practice Islam, it is not accurate to refer to all tribals as Muslims.

C. Dalits:

• Dalits, also known as "Scheduled Castes," are a different social group in India.


• Dalits refer to individuals who were historically considered "untouchables" and faced social discrimination.


• While there may be overlap between Dalits and tribals in some cases, they are distinct groups with different identities and experiences.

D. Untouchables:

• Untouchables, as mentioned earlier, are individuals historically considered to be at the lowest rung of the Hindu caste system in India.


• This term is not specifically used to refer to tribals but to a specific group within the caste system.


• Not all tribals are considered untouchables.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option A: Adivasis, as this term is commonly used to refer to tribals in India and is a recognized term in the Indian Constitution.

Answer:
States where Adivasis are found:
- Orissa
- Gujarat
- Madhya Pradesh
State where Adivasis are not found:
- Kerala
Explanation:
- Adivasis are indigenous tribal communities in India who are primarily found in various states across the country.
- Orissa, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh are known to have significant populations of Adivasis.
- However, Kerala, a state in southern India, does not have a significant Adivasi population compared to other states.
- Kerala's population is primarily composed of people from non-tribal communities.
Conclusion:
Adivasis are not found in the state of Kerala.

The Adivasi language which has the largest number of speakers is Santhali.
Explanation:
- Santhali is an Adivasi language that is predominantly spoken by the Santhal community, one of the largest tribal communities in India.
- It is primarily spoken in the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, and Assam.
- Santhali has the largest number of speakers among the Adivasi languages, with an estimated 6.4 million speakers as of 2021.
- It is recognized as one of the official languages in the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.
- Santhali is also included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, which lists the official languages of India.
- The language has its own script called the Ol Chiki script, which was developed in the early 20th century by Pandit Raghunath Murmu, a Santhali scholar.
- Santhali is a rich and vibrant language, with a rich oral tradition of folk music, dance, and storytelling.
- Efforts are being made to promote and preserve the Santhali language and culture, including through the establishment of educational institutions and cultural organizations.
In conclusion, Santhali is the Adivasi language with the largest number of speakers and holds significant cultural and linguistic importance among the indigenous communities in India.

Niyamgiri Hill and the Inhabitant Adivasi Community
The Adivasi community living in Niyamgiri Hill in the Kalahandi district of Orissa is the Dongarria Konds.
Explanation:
The Dongarria Konds are an indigenous Adivasi community that resides in the Niyamgiri Hill region of the Kalahandi district in Orissa. They have been living in this area for generations and have a strong connection to the land and their traditional way of life.
The Dongarria Konds have a distinct culture, language, and customs. They are known for their close-knit communities and sustainable agricultural practices. They rely on the natural resources of the Niyamgiri Hill for their livelihood, including farming, hunting, gathering forest produce, and herding livestock.
The Niyamgiri Hill is not just a physical location for the Dongarria Konds but also holds immense cultural and spiritual significance for them. It is considered a sacred place and is associated with their religious beliefs and rituals.
The Dongarria Konds have faced various challenges and struggles, including threats to their land and resources due to industrial development projects in the region. They have been actively involved in movements and protests to protect their land rights and maintain their way of life.
In conclusion, the Dongarria Konds are the Adivasi community inhabiting the Niyamgiri Hill in the Kalahandi district of Orissa. They have a deep connection to the land and have been living in harmony with nature for generations.

The percentage of Muslim children attending Madarsas is 4%.
To calculate the percentage of Muslim children attending Madarsas, we need to know the total number of Muslim children and the number of Muslim children attending Madarsas. Let's assume that there are 100 Muslim children in total.
Calculation:
- Total number of Muslim children = 100
- Number of Muslim children attending Madarsas = 4 (given in option A)
To calculate the percentage, we can use the formula:
Percentage = (Number of Muslim children attending Madarsas / Total number of Muslim children) * 100
Substituting the values into the formula:
Percentage = (4 / 100) * 100 = 4%
Answer:
The percentage of Muslim children attending Madarsas is 4%.

Do Muslims have equal access to basic amenities like water, electricity, etc.?

Answer: True

Explanation:

It is important to note that the statement provided is a generalization and may not apply universally to all Muslim individuals or communities. However, in many cases, Muslims do face challenges in accessing basic amenities due to various factors such as socioeconomic disparities, political instability, and discrimination. Here are some points to consider:

• Socioeconomic Disparities: Muslims, like any other religious or ethnic group, can face socioeconomic disparities that may limit their access to basic amenities. Factors such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of education can contribute to these disparities.


• Political Instability: In regions with political instability, conflicts or wars, basic infrastructure like water and electricity may be disrupted, affecting everyone, including Muslims.


• Discrimination: Discrimination based on religion can also be a barrier to equal access to basic amenities. In some cases, Muslims may face prejudice or unequal treatment, which can hinder their access to essential services.

While it is essential to acknowledge the challenges that some Muslims may face in accessing basic amenities, it is also crucial to recognize that this is not true for all Muslims globally. Access to basic amenities can vary significantly depending on factors such as geographical location, socioeconomic status, and government policies. Therefore, it is important to address these issues on a case-by-case basis and work towards promoting equality and inclusiveness for all individuals, regardless of their religious background.

Introduction:
Adivasi children are a marginalized indigenous community in India. Malnutrition is a significant issue among Adivasi children, contributing to their poor health and development.
Reasons for malnutrition among Adivasi children:
1. Poverty: Adivasi communities often live in poverty, which limits their access to nutritious food and healthcare.
2. Limited resources: Adivasi communities have limited access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and healthcare services, which further exacerbates malnutrition.
3. Cultural practices: Traditional dietary practices may not provide adequate nutrition for growing children, leading to malnutrition.
4. Lack of awareness: Adivasi communities may have limited knowledge about proper nutrition and the importance of a balanced diet.
5. Food insecurity: Adivasi communities often face food insecurity due to factors such as climate change, inadequate agricultural practices, and limited access to markets.
Consequences of malnutrition:
1. Impaired growth and development: Malnutrition can lead to stunted growth, delayed cognitive development, and poor academic performance.
2. Weak immune system: Malnourished children are more susceptible to infections and diseases, leading to increased mortality rates.
3. Health issues: Malnutrition can result in various health problems such as anemia, vitamin deficiencies, and impaired organ function.
4. Inter-generational impact: Malnourished Adivasi children are likely to become malnourished adults, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and malnutrition in the community.
Efforts to address malnutrition among Adivasi children:
1. Government initiatives: The Indian government has implemented various schemes like Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to address malnutrition among Adivasi children.
2. Nutritional interventions: Programs providing supplementary nutrition, fortified food, and micronutrient supplementation have been implemented to improve the nutritional status of Adivasi children.
3. Education and awareness: Efforts are being made to educate Adivasi communities about proper nutrition, hygiene practices, and the importance of breastfeeding.
4. Community participation: Engaging Adivasi communities in decision-making processes and empowering them to take ownership of their health and nutrition can lead to more sustainable solutions.
Conclusion:
Adivasi children are indeed mostly malnourished due to a combination of socio-economic factors, limited resources, and cultural practices. Addressing malnutrition among Adivasi children requires a multi-faceted approach involving government initiatives, nutritional interventions, education, and community participation. By addressing these issues comprehensively, we can work towards improving the health and well-being of Adivasi children and breaking the cycle of malnutrition in their communities.

False
- Adivasis are indigenous people in India who primarily reside in rural areas and have a deep connection with nature and their traditional way of life.
- They have a strong sense of community and often live in close-knit villages.
- Adivasis generally have a preference for living in their ancestral lands, which are often located in remote and forested areas.
- They have a unique cultural identity and maintain their traditional practices, customs, and beliefs.
- Adivasis are known for their sustainable agricultural practices, craftsmanship, and rich oral traditions.
- While some Adivasis may migrate to cities for education or employment opportunities, the majority prefer to live in their rural communities.
- Living in big buildings in cities is not a characteristic commonly associated with Adivasis.

False
- The statement is false as around 8.6% of India's population is Adivasi, not 40%.
- Adivasi refers to the indigenous peoples of India who are recognized as Scheduled Tribes.
- According to the 2011 Census of India, the Adivasi population in India was around 10.45 crores, which accounted for approximately 8.6% of the total population.
- While 8.6% is a significant number, it does not represent 40% of India's population.
- It is important to note that the Adivasi population is concentrated in certain states and regions of India, such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and some parts of Northeast India.
- The Adivasi communities have a rich cultural heritage and have been historically marginalized in terms of access to resources and development opportunities.
- Efforts are being made by the government and various organizations to uplift and empower the Adivasi communities and address their socio-economic challenges.

Explanation:
The statement claims that we find a hierarchy system in Adivasi societies. Let's examine this claim in more detail:
1. Definition of Adivasi societies:
- Adivasi societies are indigenous communities in India who have a distinct culture, language, and way of life.
- They are often characterized by their close connection to nature, traditional knowledge, and strong community ties.
2. Hierarchy system:
- A hierarchy system refers to a social structure where individuals or groups are ranked or organized in a specific order of importance or power.
- In such a system, there are usually clear distinctions between different social classes or levels.
3. Adivasi societies and hierarchy:
- Adivasi societies are known for their egalitarian values and a more equal distribution of power and resources within their communities.
- They often prioritize collective decision-making and have a strong sense of community cohesion rather than hierarchical structures.
4. Role of leadership:
- While Adivasi societies may not have a strict hierarchy system, they do have leaders who play important roles within the community.
- These leaders are often chosen based on their wisdom, experience, and ability to mediate conflicts.
- However, their authority is usually based on consensus and their ability to serve the community rather than a rigid hierarchy.
5. Examples:
- Many Adivasi communities have traditional village councils or panchayats, where decisions are made collectively and leaders are chosen by the community.
- These councils often ensure participation from all members and aim to maintain harmony and equality within the community.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it is generally false to claim that we find a hierarchy system in Adivasi societies. While they may have leaders and decision-making structures, these are often based on consensus and community participation, rather than a rigid hierarchy.

Key Points:
- Muslim customs and practices are influenced by Islamic teachings and vary across different cultures and regions.
- These customs and practices may differ from what is considered mainstream in non-Muslim societies.
- Examples of distinct Muslim customs and practices include:
- Dress code: Muslim women may wear hijab or other forms of modest clothing to cover their hair and body.
- Prayer rituals: Muslims perform five daily prayers and may have specific prayer spaces or prayer rugs.
- Dietary restrictions: Muslims follow halal guidelines, which prohibit the consumption of certain foods such as pork and alcohol.
- Ramadan fasting: Muslims fast from dawn to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan.
- Mosque attendance: Muslims gather for communal prayers at mosques on Fridays and during other significant religious events.
- These customs and practices are deeply rooted in religious beliefs and serve as a way for Muslims to express their faith and maintain a connection with Allah.
- It is important to respect and understand these customs and practices when interacting with Muslims, as it promotes cultural sensitivity and inclusivity.