Important Questions Test: Pollution Of Air And Water - UPSC MCQ

Reasons why the Taj Mahal is affected by air pollution:
- Industrialization: The rapid growth of industries in and around Agra has led to increased air pollution. Emissions from factories and power plants release harmful pollutants into the air, which can have a detrimental effect on the Taj Mahal.
- Vehicle emissions: The high volume of vehicles, including cars, buses, and trucks, in the vicinity of the Taj Mahal contributes to air pollution. Exhaust fumes from these vehicles release pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which can corrode the marble surfaces of the monument.
- Burning of fossil fuels: The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, for energy generation and transportation purposes, also contributes to air pollution. The release of sulfur dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere can accelerate the deterioration of the Taj Mahal's white marble.
- Agricultural practices: The burning of crop residues and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in nearby agricultural fields can release harmful pollutants into the air. These pollutants can settle on the Taj Mahal's surfaces and contribute to its degradation.
Impact of air pollution on the Taj Mahal:
- Discoloration: Air pollutants can deposit on the white marble surface of the Taj Mahal, causing discoloration and yellowing over time. This diminishes the monument's aesthetic value and beauty.
- Corrosion: Acidic pollutants in the air, such as sulfur dioxide, can react with the marble surfaces of the Taj Mahal, leading to corrosion. This can result in the erosion of intricate carvings and details on the monument.
- Surface alterations: The deposition of particulate matter and other pollutants can lead to the formation of a layer of grime on the Taj Mahal's surfaces. This layer can alter the original texture and appearance of the marble.
- Weakening of structure: Prolonged exposure to air pollution can weaken the structural integrity of the Taj Mahal. The pollutants can seep into the porous marble and cause it to become brittle and susceptible to damage.
Preventive measures:
- Control industrial emissions: Implementing stricter regulations and enforcing emission control measures for industries in the vicinity of the Taj Mahal can help reduce air pollution.
- Promote sustainable transportation: Encouraging the use of electric vehicles, improving public transport systems, and implementing traffic management strategies can help reduce vehicle emissions near the monument.
- Implement agricultural practices: Promoting sustainable agricultural practices, such as the use of organic fertilizers and alternatives to crop residue burning, can minimize air pollution from agricultural sources.
- Strengthen monitoring systems: Enhancing air quality monitoring systems in and around the Taj Mahal can help identify pollution hotspots and take timely actions to mitigate the impact.
- Public awareness and participation: Educating the public about the importance of preserving the Taj Mahal and encouraging their participation in reducing air pollution can create a sense of responsibility towards protecting the monument.
Overall, addressing air pollution is crucial to safeguard the Taj Mahal's architectural and cultural significance for future generations. Efforts must be made at both the individual and governmental levels to combat this issue effectively.

The highest percentage of air consists of nitrogen, not oxygen, carbon dioxide, or argon. Here is a detailed explanation:
Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere:
- The Earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of several gases, including nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and argon (Ar).
- These gases exist in different percentages in the atmosphere.
Percentage of Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere:
- Nitrogen (N2) makes up the majority of the Earth's atmosphere, accounting for approximately 78% of the total volume.
- Oxygen (O2) is the second most abundant gas, making up around 21% of the atmosphere.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a trace gas, with a concentration of approximately 0.04%.
- Argon (Ar) is also a trace gas, with a concentration of about 0.93%.
- Other gases such as water vapor, neon, helium, methane, and ozone make up the remaining small percentages.
Reasons for Nitrogen being the Highest:
- Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere because it is a relatively inert gas, meaning it does not easily react with other elements or compounds.
- Nitrogen is also released into the atmosphere through various natural processes, such as volcanic activity, bacterial processes, and human activities like the combustion of fossil fuels.
- The high percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere is essential for supporting life as it plays a crucial role in many biological processes.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Nitrogen.

Most Polluted River in the World: Ganga
The Ganga River, also known as the Ganges, is considered the most polluted river in the world. Here are the reasons why it holds this unfortunate title:
Pollution Sources:
- Industrial Waste: Industries located along the riverbanks release untreated toxic chemicals and heavy metals into the river.
- Sewage Discharge: Municipalities and towns dispose of untreated sewage directly into the river, leading to high levels of bacterial contamination.
- Religious Practices: Rituals involving offerings and immersion of idols result in the dumping of large amounts of non-biodegradable materials and pollutants into the river.
- Agricultural Runoff: Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture leads to the contamination of the river through runoff.
Effects of Pollution:
- Water Contamination: The river water becomes highly polluted with toxins, heavy metals, and disease-causing pathogens, making it unsafe for human consumption and aquatic life.
- Health Hazards: The contaminated water poses significant health risks to the population living along the riverbanks, causing various waterborne diseases and illnesses.
- Biodiversity Loss: The pollution affects the river's ecosystem, leading to the decline of various aquatic species and disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
- Economic Impact: The pollution of the Ganga River has a negative impact on the economy, especially on fishing and agriculture, which depend on the river for livelihood.
Efforts to Clean the Ganga:
- Government Initiatives: The Indian government has launched various programs like the Ganga Action Plan and Namami Gange to clean and rejuvenate the river.
- Sewage Treatment Plants: Construction of sewage treatment plants along the riverbanks to treat and minimize the discharge of untreated sewage.
- Awareness Campaigns: Creating awareness among the public about the importance of keeping the river clean and encouraging responsible waste disposal practices.
- Riverfront Development: Development of riverfronts with proper waste management facilities and promoting eco-friendly practices.
Despite these efforts, the pollution levels in the Ganga River remain high. Continuous and sustained efforts are required from various stakeholders to restore the river's health and ensure its long-term sustainability.

Pollution is known to cause and exacerbate a number of chronic respiratory diseases. The World Health Organisation has placed air pollution as the world’s largest environmental health risk factor. There has been recent publicity about the role for diet and anti-oxidants in mitigating the effects of pollution, and this review assesses the evidence for alterations in diet, including vitamin supplementation in abrogating the effects of pollution on asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases. 

A greenhouse gas is a gas that produces heat in the atmosphere as it increases. It also gets stuck in the environment and can not leave the internal layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases introduce pollution because they contaminate the environment.

Examples for greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxides, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbon, sulfur dioxide.

Whereas oxygen, nitrogen, and argon are not examples of greenhouse gases.

The percentage of nitrogen in air is 78%.
Here is the detailed explanation:
1. Air is a mixture of various gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases.
2. Nitrogen gas (N2) is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere.
3. The percentage of nitrogen in air is determined by its volume fraction.
4. According to scientific measurements, nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere by volume.
5. This means that out of every 100 molecules of gases in the air, about 78 molecules are nitrogen molecules.
6. The remaining percentage is made up of oxygen (approximately 21%), carbon dioxide, and other trace gases.
7. It is important to note that the percentages may vary slightly depending on the location and altitude, but on average, nitrogen accounts for about 78% of the air.
In conclusion, the correct answer is B: 78%.

Ganga Action Plan
The Ganga Action Plan was launched to reduce pollution levels in the river Ganga. Here are the key details about this initiative:
1. Background: The Ganga, also known as the Ganges, is one of the most important rivers in India. It holds immense religious, cultural, and ecological significance. However, over the years, the river has become highly polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage, industrial waste, and other pollutants.
2. Objective: The primary objective of the Ganga Action Plan is to improve the water quality of the river Ganga and restore its ecological balance. The plan aims to reduce pollution levels and make the river clean and rejuvenated for future generations.
3. Implementation: The Ganga Action Plan was first launched in 1985 by the Government of India. It was implemented in two phases. The first phase focused on the major towns along the river and aimed to set up sewage treatment plants and other pollution control measures. The second phase expanded the scope to cover more towns and introduced additional measures for pollution control.
4. Measures Taken: Under the Ganga Action Plan, several measures have been taken to reduce pollution in the river. These include:
- Construction of sewage treatment plants to treat and dispose of domestic and industrial wastewater.
- Improvement of sanitation infrastructure in towns and cities along the river.
- Promotion of public awareness and participation in the clean-up efforts.
- Implementation of strict regulations for industries to control pollution.
- Setting up effluent treatment plants to treat industrial waste before discharge.
- Monitoring and surveillance of water quality at various locations along the river.
5. Progress and Challenges: The Ganga Action Plan has seen both successes and challenges in its implementation. While significant progress has been made in setting up sewage treatment plants and improving sanitation infrastructure, challenges remain in ensuring the proper operation and maintenance of these facilities. Additionally, controlling pollution from industries and changing public behavior towards waste disposal continue to be ongoing challenges.
6. Recent Developments: In recent years, the Government of India has launched the Namami Gange program, which is an integrated approach to rejuvenate the river Ganga. This program focuses on comprehensive river basin management, pollution abatement, and conservation of the Ganga's biodiversity.
Overall, the Ganga Action Plan has played a crucial role in addressing the pollution levels in the river Ganga. However, sustained efforts and continued public participation are essential to achieve the long-term goal of restoring the river's health and preserving its ecological integrity.

Water Pollution and its Causes
Introduction:
Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful substances or pollutants. It has detrimental effects on aquatic life, human health, and the overall ecosystem. Several human activities contribute to water pollution, and some of the major sources include:
1. Oil Refineries:
- Oil refineries are responsible for water pollution due to their activities, such as oil spills, leaks, and improper disposal of waste products.
- Harmful substances like oil, heavy metals, and chemical pollutants can contaminate water bodies and pose a threat to aquatic life.
2. Paper Factories:
- Paper factories contribute to water pollution through the release of various chemicals and waste materials into nearby water sources.
- The chemicals used in the paper-making process, such as chlorine-based compounds, can contaminate water and harm aquatic organisms.
3. Sugar Mills:
- Sugar mills produce wastewater known as molasses, which contains high levels of organic matter and other pollutants.
- The discharge of untreated or inadequately treated molasses wastewater into water bodies can lead to oxygen depletion and the growth of harmful algal blooms, negatively impacting the aquatic ecosystem.
4. All of the Above:
- All the mentioned sources (oil refineries, paper factories, and sugar mills) are responsible for water pollution.
- Each of these industries contributes to water pollution in its unique way, releasing contaminants that can harm the environment and human health.
In conclusion, water pollution is a significant environmental issue, and it is caused by various activities, including those carried out by oil refineries, paper factories, and sugar mills. These industries must adopt sustainable practices and proper waste management techniques to minimize their impact on water quality and protect the ecosystems that rely on it.

CNG is a pollution free fuel.

Explanation:

• Definition: CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is a type of fuel that is primarily composed of methane gas.


• Composition: CNG is extracted from natural gas wells or produced as a byproduct of oil extraction. It is mostly made up of methane gas, with small amounts of other hydrocarbons.


• Environmental Impact: CNG is considered a pollution-free fuel because it emits significantly lower levels of pollutants compared to other fossil fuels such as gasoline or diesel. It produces fewer greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.


• Benefits: The use of CNG as a fuel has several advantages:




• Reduces air pollution: CNG vehicles emit fewer pollutants, contributing to improved air quality and reducing the risk of respiratory problems.


• Lower carbon footprint: CNG produces lower carbon dioxide emissions, which helps in mitigating climate change.


• Cost-effective: CNG is generally cheaper than gasoline or diesel, making it a more affordable fuel option for consumers.


• Abundance: Natural gas reserves are plentiful, ensuring a stable and reliable supply of CNG.


• Vehicle performance: CNG vehicles have similar performance capabilities to gasoline or diesel vehicles.




• Applications: CNG is commonly used as a fuel for vehicles, especially in public transportation systems, taxis, and fleet vehicles. It can also be used for residential and industrial purposes, such as heating and cooking.

In conclusion, CNG is a pollution-free fuel that offers several environmental and economic benefits. Its use can contribute to reducing air pollution, lowering carbon emissions, and promoting sustainable energy practices.

D is the correct option.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants and Air conditioners.

The statement "Ganga Action Plan aims to reduce cutting of trees" is False. The Ganga Action Plan is an initiative implemented by the Government of India to clean and rejuvenate the river Ganga. It primarily focuses on reducing pollution and improving the water quality of the river. The plan includes several measures such as the treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater, construction of sewage treatment plants, and the promotion of better waste management practices.
To provide a detailed solution, let's break it down into bullet points:
- The Ganga Action Plan is an initiative by the Government of India.
- Its primary objective is to clean and rejuvenate the river Ganga.
- The plan focuses on reducing pollution and improving the water quality of the river.
- It includes measures like the treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater.
- Construction of sewage treatment plants is a key component of the plan.
- The Ganga Action Plan also promotes better waste management practices.
- However, the plan does not specifically aim to reduce cutting of trees.
In conclusion, the Ganga Action Plan is primarily focused on addressing pollution and improving the water quality of the river Ganga, rather than reducing the cutting of trees.

A is the correct option.The acids present in the acid rain react with the marble of monument and corrode it slowly. The slow corrosion (or eating up) of marble of a monument by acid rain is known as Marble cancer. ... These acids mix with rain and cause acid rain. This corrodes the marble of the monuments.

Global Warming as a Serious Threat for Life on Earth

Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases. The effects of global warming are extensive and pose a significant threat to life on Earth. Here's why:

1. Rising temperatures:
- Global warming leads to a gradual increase in average temperatures worldwide.
- This rise in temperatures can disrupt ecosystems, negatively impacting plant and animal species.
- It can also cause heat-related illnesses, particularly in vulnerable populations.
2. Melting ice caps and rising sea levels:
- Global warming accelerates the melting of ice caps and glaciers, leading to a rise in sea levels.
- This poses a threat to coastal communities, as higher sea levels increase the risk of flooding and coastal erosion.
3. Extreme weather events:
- Global warming intensifies the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves.
- These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and human lives.
4. Disruption of ecosystems and biodiversity:
- Global warming disrupts ecosystems by altering temperature and precipitation patterns.
- It can lead to the loss of habitats, migration of species, and extinction of vulnerable plants and animals.
5. Ocean acidification:
- Increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are absorbed by the oceans, leading to ocean acidification.
- This harms marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells, such as coral reefs and shellfish.
6. Health impacts:
- Global warming contributes to the spread of infectious diseases as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect disease vectors.
- It also worsens air quality, leading to respiratory problems and other health issues.
In conclusion, global warming is a serious threat to life on Earth due to rising temperatures, melting ice caps, extreme weather events, disruption of ecosystems, ocean acidification, and health impacts. Urgent action is needed to mitigate the effects of global warming and transition towards a sustainable future.

Answer:
Introduction:
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It is known for its toxic effects on humans and animals. However, when it comes to its role as a greenhouse gas, there is some debate.
Explanation:
Carbon monoxide is not considered a significant greenhouse gas for several reasons:
1. Negligible Absorption: Carbon monoxide has a very weak absorption capability for infrared radiation, which is the primary mechanism through which greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. This means that it does not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect.
2. Short Atmospheric Lifetime: Carbon monoxide has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of about 1-2 months. This means that it does not persist in the atmosphere for long periods and therefore does not have a long-term impact on climate change.
3. Low Concentration: The concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is typically very low, usually less than 0.1 parts per million (ppm). In comparison, carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the primary greenhouse gas, has a concentration of about 400 ppm. The low concentration of carbon monoxide further limits its impact on the greenhouse effect.
4. Indirect Effects: While carbon monoxide itself may not be a significant greenhouse gas, it can indirectly contribute to climate change. When carbon monoxide reacts with other pollutants in the atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), it can lead to the formation of ozone (O3) and other greenhouse gases.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, carbon monoxide is not considered a significant greenhouse gas due to its negligible absorption capability, short atmospheric lifetime, low concentration, and indirect effects on climate change. While it is important to address carbon monoxide emissions for human health and air quality reasons, its impact on the greenhouse effect is relatively minimal.

because potable water is safe to drink and it is transparent.

Carbon Monoxide and its effect on Blood Oxygen Carrying Capacity
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that can be produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances. When inhaled, it binds strongly to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This binding reduces the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen, leading to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Here's a detailed explanation of how carbon monoxide affects the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity:
1. Binding to Hemoglobin: Carbon monoxide has a much higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen. When carbon monoxide is present in the inhaled air, it rapidly binds to hemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This binding is reversible but more stable than the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
2. Decreased Oxygen Transport: Carboxyhemoglobin does not release oxygen as readily as normal hemoglobin. This means that when carbon monoxide is present, the oxygen molecules that would normally bind to hemoglobin are displaced, resulting in a decreased ability of the blood to transport oxygen to the tissues.
3. Tissue Hypoxia: The reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to tissue hypoxia, which is a condition characterized by inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues. Tissue hypoxia can have serious consequences and may result in organ damage or failure.
4. Symptoms and Health Effects: When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, it displaces oxygen, leading to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, confusion, and eventually loss of consciousness. Prolonged exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can be fatal.
In conclusion, carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by binding to hemoglobin and preventing the normal binding of oxygen. This can result in tissue hypoxia and a range of symptoms and health effects.

Acid rain corrodes the marble of monuments.

True

Acid rain is a type of rain that contains high levels of acidic compounds, such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When acid rain falls on marble, which is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, it can cause corrosion and damage to the surface. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Composition of acid rain:

• Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere through industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and burning fossil fuels.


• These pollutants combine with water vapor in the air, forming sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3).


• When it rains, these acidic compounds are deposited on the Earth's surface, including monuments made of marble.

2. Reaction with marble:

• Marble is mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is sensitive to acids.


• When acid rain comes into contact with marble, a chemical reaction occurs.


• The acidic compounds react with the calcium carbonate, leading to the formation of soluble compounds, such as calcium sulfate and carbon dioxide.


• This reaction weakens the structure of the marble and causes it to corrode over time.

3. Effects on monuments:

• The corrosion caused by acid rain leads to the deterioration of the marble surface.


• The marble may develop pitting, etching, or discoloration.


• Over time, the architectural details and carvings on monuments can be eroded, resulting in the loss of historical and aesthetic value.


• Repeated exposure to acid rain can accelerate the deterioration process and cause irreversible damage to the monuments.

Therefore, it is true that acid rain corrodes the marble of monuments. Efforts are made to mitigate the impact of acid rain on historical structures through conservation and restoration methods.

False
Acid rain is a type of precipitation that contains high levels of sulfuric and nitric acids, which are formed when pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide react with the atmosphere. Acid rain can have negative effects on soil and plants due to its corrosive nature and the release of toxic ions. Here's a detailed explanation of how acid rain affects the soil and plants:
Affects on Soil:
- Acid rain can increase the acidity of the soil, lowering its pH level. This can make the soil more acidic than the optimal pH range for many plants.
- The increased acidity can leach important nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and potassium from the soil, making them less available to plants.
- Acid rain can also release toxic metals such as aluminum and lead from the soil, which can be harmful to plants.
Affects on Plants:
- Acid rain can directly damage plant tissues, causing leaf burn, stunted growth, and even death in severe cases.
- It can inhibit photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, leading to reduced growth and productivity.
- Acid rain can also weaken plants' defense mechanisms, making them more susceptible to diseases, pests, and extreme weather conditions.
- It can disrupt the balance of nutrients in plants, affecting their overall health and vitality.
In conclusion, acid rain does have significant negative effects on soil and plants. It is important to address the issue of acid rain through pollution control measures and environmental conservation efforts to protect the health and well-being of ecosystems.

Increasing levels of greenhouse gases like CO₂ causes global warming.

True

There is strong scientific consensus that increasing levels of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), in the Earth's atmosphere contribute to global warming. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Greenhouse Effect:
- The Earth's atmosphere contains naturally occurring greenhouse gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
- These gases act like a blanket, trapping heat from the sun and preventing it from escaping back into space. This is known as the greenhouse effect.
2. Human Activities and Greenhouse Gases:
- Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
- The main contributor to this increase is the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial processes.
3. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect:
- The increased levels of greenhouse gases result in an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to global warming.
- The excess greenhouse gases trap more heat, causing the Earth's temperature to rise.
4. Consequences of Global Warming:
- Global warming has various adverse effects on the Earth's climate system. These include rising temperatures, melting ice caps and glaciers, sea-level rise, changes in precipitation patterns, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems and biodiversity.
5. Scientific Consensus:
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which consists of thousands of scientists from around the world, has stated that human activities are the primary cause of global warming.
- Numerous scientific studies and research have provided overwhelming evidence supporting the link between increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and global warming.
In conclusion, the statement that increasing levels of greenhouse gases like CO₂ causes global warming is true. The scientific consensus and extensive research support this relationship, highlighting the need for urgent actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of global warming.

Claim: Sun's rays do not warm the earth's surface.
Explanation:
To determine the accuracy of the claim, we need to understand the process of how the sun's rays warm the earth's surface. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Solar Radiation:
- The sun emits electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and infrared (IR) radiation.
- These radiations travel through space and reach the earth's atmosphere.
2. Atmospheric Absorption and Reflection:
- Some of the solar radiation is absorbed or reflected by the earth's atmosphere.
- The ozone layer absorbs a significant amount of harmful UV radiation, protecting the earth's surface.
3. Transmission to the Surface:
- The remaining solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and reaches the earth's surface.
4. Absorption and Reflection by the Surface:
- When the solar radiation reaches the earth's surface, it interacts with various objects and surfaces.
- Different materials have different abilities to absorb or reflect solar radiation.
- Darker surfaces, such as asphalt or soil, tend to absorb more radiation and convert it into heat.
- Lighter surfaces, such as snow or ice, reflect more radiation back into the atmosphere.
5. Heating of the Surface:
- The absorbed solar radiation is converted into heat energy at the earth's surface.
- This process warms the surface and the surrounding air.
Based on this explanation, it is evident that the claim "Sun's rays do not warm the earth's surface" is False. The sun's rays play a crucial role in heating the earth's surface through the processes of absorption and conversion of solar radiation into heat energy.