Technology Quiz - 1, General Knowledge - Railways MCQ

The American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) was a United States-based organization of electrical engineers that existed from 1884 through 1962. On January 1, 1963, it merged with the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Explanation:
A database is a collection of organized data that is stored and accessed electronically. It is composed of various components, including tables, fields, records, and files.
- A field is the smallest unit of data in a database. It represents a specific piece of information, such as a name, age, or address.
- Each field in a database is assigned a specific data type, which determines the kind of data that can be stored in the field (e.g., text, number, date).
- A field holds only one type of information, such as a person's name or an item's price.
- Fields are used to define the structure of a database table, and each record in the table contains values for each field.
- For example, in a database of customer information, a field could be "Name" and each record would contain a different name value.
In summary, a field is a component of a database that holds only one type of information and is used to define the structure of a database table.

On December 12, 1901, a radio transmission received by Guglielmo Marconi resulted in the first transmission of a transatlantic wireless signal (Morse Code) from Poldhu, Cornwall, to St. John's, Newfoundland.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Operating System.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition:
- The computer abbreviation 'OS' stands for Operating System.
- An operating system is a software that manages the computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
Functions of an Operating System:
- An operating system performs various functions, including:
- Process management: It manages the execution of programs and processes.
- Memory management: It allocates and manages the computer's memory resources.
- File system management: It organizes and manages files and directories on storage devices.
- Device management: It controls and manages input and output devices.
- User interface: It provides a user-friendly interface for users to interact with the computer.
- Security: It ensures the security and protection of computer resources and data.
Example:
- Some popular operating systems include:
- Microsoft Windows
- macOS (formerly known as Mac OS X)
- Linux
- Android
- iOS (for iPhones and iPads)

Conclusion:
- The abbreviation 'OS' in the context of computers refers to Operating System, which is a crucial software that manages and controls the computer's resources and provides a user-friendly interface for users to interact with the computer.

Answer:

Mov extension refers usually to what kind of file?

The correct answer is B: Animation/movie file.

Explanation:

Mov is a file extension that is commonly used for animation and movie files. It is a multimedia container format developed by Apple and is compatible with both Mac and Windows operating systems. Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is B:

1. MOV File Format:

• The MOV file format is primarily used for storing video and audio data.


• It supports a wide range of codecs and is capable of containing multiple tracks, such as video, audio, and text tracks.

2. Animation/Movie Files:

• The MOV file format is commonly associated with animation and movie files.


• Movies, short films, and animated videos are often saved with the .mov extension.

3. Compatibility:

• Mov files can be played on various media players, video editing software, and multimedia devices.


• Popular media players like VLC, QuickTime, and Windows Media Player can handle MOV files.

4. Other File Extensions:

• While MOV files are primarily used for animation and movies, it's important to note that other file extensions can also be used for similar purposes.


• For example, MP4 is another commonly used file format for video and audio files.

Therefore, the correct answer is B: Animation/movie file.

SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) was introduced in May 1972 by the University of Berkeley, California.

Some authorities are recommending TV's, VCR's and Stereo's be connected to power strips with switches and turned off when not in use to save energy. Your remote will not work until power is switched back on.

It's commonly used for MP3 players, computer BIOS code and "thumb" drives. Originally developed in Japan by Toshiba, it has become quite popular for products requiring non-volatile erasable memory. Flash devices have a limited number of erase cycles (typically 10,000 to 1,000,000 cycles) so they're not as good a choice for applications in which the data changes constantly. However, since it has no moving parts (unlike a hard disk) it is an excellent choice for storing the operating code for small personal electronics like PDAs, cell phones, digital cameras, and the data in items like MP3 players.

Purpose of choke in tube light

• Explanation: The choke in a tube light serves a specific purpose in the functioning of the light.


• Choke: A choke is an inductor that is used in the circuit of a fluorescent tube light.


• Electromagnetic Induction: The choke utilizes the principle of electromagnetic induction to regulate the flow of current in the tube light circuit.


• Starting the Tube Light: When the tube light is switched on, the choke plays a crucial role in starting and stabilizing the light.


• Limiting the Current: The choke limits the current flowing through the tube light circuit, preventing excessive current from damaging the tube and other components.


• Increasing the Voltage: The choke also helps in increasing the voltage momentarily to strike the gas inside the tube light, which is necessary for the light to start emitting.


• Inducing High Voltage: By momentarily increasing the voltage, the choke helps to create an electric field that ionizes the gas inside the tube, allowing it to conduct.


• Stabilizing the Current: Once the gas inside the tube is ionized, the choke stabilizes the current, ensuring a steady flow through the tube light.


• Preventing Flickering: The choke's function in regulating the current and stabilizing the voltage helps to prevent flickering and ensures a consistent and continuous light emission from the tube light.

In summary, the purpose of the choke in a tube light is to limit the current, increase the voltage momentarily to start the light, stabilize the current flow, and prevent flickering.

Explanation:

The '.MPG' extension usually refers to an animation/movie file. Here is a detailed explanation:

• Extension: An extension is a suffix added to the end of a filename to indicate the file type or format.


• .MPG: The file extension '.MPG' is commonly associated with the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) format, which is used for compressing and encoding video data.


• MPEG: MPEG is a widely-used video compression standard developed by the MPEG working group. It is used for creating high-quality video files with relatively smaller file sizes.


• Animation/Movie file: The '.MPG' extension is commonly used for storing video files that contain animation, movies, or recorded video footage.


• Compatibility: MPEG files can be played on various media players and devices, including computers, TVs, DVD players, and gaming consoles.


• Other file types: While the '.MPG' extension is primarily associated with animation/movie files, it is important to note that file extensions can have different meanings in specific contexts. For example, '.MPG' can also be used for MPEG audio files, but the most common use is for video files.

Therefore, when you come across a file with the '.MPG' extension, you can generally assume that it is an animation/movie file encoded in the MPEG format.

Alan Turing is largely responsible for breaking the German Enigma codes and creating a test that provided a foundation for artificial intelligence. Here is a detailed explanation:
Breaking the German Enigma Codes:
- During World War II, the German military used the Enigma machine to encrypt their communications.
- Alan Turing, a British mathematician and computer scientist, played a crucial role in breaking these codes.
- He led a team of codebreakers at Bletchley Park in the UK, where they developed the Bombe machine to help decipher the Enigma codes.
- Turing's work on breaking the Enigma codes significantly contributed to the Allied victory, as it allowed them to intercept and understand German military communications.
Creating a Test for Artificial Intelligence:
- Turing also made significant contributions to the field of artificial intelligence.
- In 1950, he proposed the Turing Test, which is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human.
- The test involves a human evaluator engaging in natural language conversations with both a human and a machine, without knowing which is which.
- If the evaluator cannot consistently identify the machine, it is considered to have passed the Turing Test and is said to possess artificial intelligence.
- The Turing Test has been influential in the development of AI, serving as a benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of intelligent machines.
In Conclusion:
Alan Turing's work in breaking the German Enigma codes and his contributions to the development of artificial intelligence have had a lasting impact on both cryptography and computer science. His achievements have cemented his place as one of the most influential figures in the history of computing.

Who developed Yahoo?
Answer: David Filo & Jerry Yang
Explanation:

• Yahoo's Founders: David Filo and Jerry Yang are the co-founders of Yahoo.


• Background: David Filo and Jerry Yang were graduate students at Stanford University when they created Yahoo in 1994.


• Development of Yahoo: Yahoo started as a hobby for Filo and Yang, who were collecting and categorizing their favorite websites on the internet. They initially named it "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web."


• Evolution of Yahoo: As the popularity of their website grew, Filo and Yang transformed it into a directory of websites and eventually into a full-fledged search engine. They also expanded Yahoo's services to include email, news, finance, and more.


• Yahoo's Success: Under the leadership of Filo and Yang, Yahoo became one of the most popular and dominant internet companies of the late 1990s and early 2000s.


• Later Years: Filo and Yang served as the CEOs of Yahoo at different times and played significant roles in the company's growth and development.

Therefore, David Filo and Jerry Yang are the developers and co-founders of Yahoo.

So named because it resists (or inhibits) the flow of current.

JVC (Japan Victor Corporation) and Matsushita (Panasonic) developed the VHS format to compete with Sony which developed the Beta format as the first home video cassette recorder. VHS originally stood for Vertical Helical Scan, but now means Video Home System.

It is a method of controlling the speed of an AC induction motor, whereby speed, current and torque can all be accurately controlled.

The HF band is based on frequencies 3 to 30 Mhz. AM radio stations are in the HF band but normally are stated in kilohertz.

A collection of atoms or molecules that can be excited to a higher energy state is called an active medium. Before lasing can occur, the active media is "pumped". The process of raising the atoms in the active media from a lower energy state to a higher state is like pumping water up from a well.

Relationship between resistivity (r) and conductivity (s)
Definition of resistivity and conductivity:
- Resistivity (r) is a measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current.
- Conductivity (s) is the reciprocal of resistivity and measures a material's ability to conduct electric current.
Mathematical relationship:
- The relationship between resistivity (r) and conductivity (s) is given by the equation:
- R = 1/s (where R is resistance)
- This equation shows that resistivity and conductivity are inversely proportional to each other.
Explanation:
- Resistivity (r) and conductivity (s) are fundamental properties of materials that describe their electrical behavior.
- Resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current, while conductivity measures how easily a material allows the flow of electric current.
- The higher the resistivity of a material, the more difficult it is for electric current to pass through it, and vice versa.
- Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity, meaning that as resistivity increases, conductivity decreases, and vice versa.
- The equation R = 1/s shows that resistivity and conductivity have an inverse relationship. If one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.
- This relationship is important in various applications, such as in the design and analysis of electrical circuits and the selection of materials for specific purposes.
- In practical terms, materials with high conductivity are often used in electrical conductors, while materials with high resistivity are used in insulators.
Summary:
- Resistivity (r) and conductivity (s) are related by the equation R = 1/s, where R is resistance.
- Resistivity measures a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity measures its ability to conduct electric current.
- Resistivity and conductivity have an inverse relationship, meaning that as one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.
- This relationship is important in various applications involving the behavior of electric current in materials.

The squirrel cage motor is the only one without any connection to the armature.

A given signal's second harmonic is twice the given signal's fundamental frequency. Harmonics are generated when there are non-linearities in an amplifier (there are always non-linearities). The worse the non-linearities, the more harmonics. A signal at 27.5 MHz (approximate frequency for US citizen's band) would have a second harmonic at 55.0 MHz (on US channel 2!). Can you see why there might be problems? A CB operator might do well to place a low-pass filter on his radio.

Introduction:
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol that allows electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to communicate and synchronize with each other. It revolutionized the music industry by enabling the creation, recording, and playback of digital music.
Year of Introduction:
MIDI was introduced in the year 1983.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why MIDI was introduced in 1983:
Emergence of Digital Instruments:
1. In the early 1980s, digital synthesizers and electronic musical instruments were becoming increasingly popular.
2. These instruments allowed musicians to create and manipulate sounds using digital technology.
3. However, there was no standard way for these instruments to communicate with each other or with computers.
The Need for a Universal Protocol:
1. To address this issue, a group of music industry manufacturers, including Sequential Circuits, Roland, Yamaha, and Korg, came together to develop a universal protocol for communication between musical instruments.
2. The goal was to create a standardized way for instruments to exchange musical information, such as notes, control data, and timing.
Development of MIDI:
1. In 1981, Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits and Ikutaro Kakehashi of Roland started working on a new protocol called MIDI.
2. MIDI was designed to be a simple and efficient way to transmit musical data between instruments.
3. It used a serial interface to transmit data in a standardized format.
4. The MIDI specification was completed in 1982, and the first MIDI-equipped instruments were released in 1983.
Impact and Legacy:
1. MIDI quickly gained popularity and became the industry standard for electronic music communication.
2. It allowed musicians to connect instruments, computers, and other MIDI devices together, creating a network of interconnected musical devices.
3. MIDI enabled the development of sequencers, software synthesizers, and digital audio workstations, revolutionizing music production and composition.
4. Even today, MIDI remains widely used in the music industry, facilitating the creation of electronic music and live performances.
Conclusion:
MIDI was introduced in 1983 as a universal protocol for communication between electronic musical instruments. Its impact on the music industry has been significant, enabling the creation, recording, and playback of digital music. MIDI remains a crucial tool for musicians and producers, ensuring compatibility and interoperability between various musical devices.

Used in manufacturing, engineering, and process operations.

"Noise figure" is one critical parameter for determining the "quality" of a low-noise, small-signal, amplifier, and perhaps more importantly, the sensitivity of the overall receiver system. It is especially important for VHF (very high frequency) - and higher frequency - designs where most of the undesired "noise" (noise that masks or overpowers the desired signals) is generated internal to the electronics itself. In HF (high frequency) applications, atmospheric noise plays a much larger role in determining overall useful sensitivity, so a circuit's "noise figure" is less important.

Definition of DB
- DB is a computer abbreviation that usually stands for Database.
Explanation
- DB is a common acronym used in the field of computer science and information technology.
- It is often used to refer to a Database, which is a structured collection of data stored and organized for easy access, retrieval, and management.
- Databases are widely used in various applications and systems, ranging from small-scale personal projects to large-scale enterprise solutions.
- Databases store data in a structured format, allowing efficient querying and manipulation of information.
- They are commonly used in web applications, mobile apps, business systems, and many other domains.
- Databases can be built using different technologies and systems, such as relational databases (e.g., MySQL, Oracle), NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra), and graph databases (e.g., Neo4j).
- DB can also refer to other terms in certain contexts, such as Double Byte (used to represent a character encoding scheme for languages with complex character sets) or Data Block (used in storage systems to represent a unit of data).
Conclusion
- In most cases, when someone mentions "DB" in the context of computer-related discussions, it is safe to assume that they are referring to a Database.

'INI' extension refers usually to what kind of file?

The correct answer is B: System file.

Explanation:

An INI file, which stands for "Initialization" file, is a file format used to store configuration settings for software applications. It is a plain text file that contains parameters and values in a specific format.

Key Points:

- INI files are primarily used on Windows operating systems, but they can also be found in other platforms.
- These files are commonly used to store settings and preferences for various software applications, including system settings and user preferences.
- INI files have a specific structure with sections, keys, and values.
- The sections are enclosed in square brackets, and each key-value pair is written as "key=value".
- INI files are typically human-readable and can be edited using a text editor.
- They are often used by software developers to allow users to customize the behavior of their applications without modifying the source code.
- INI files can store a wide range of settings, such as database connection details, window layout preferences, language settings, and more.
- However, with the advent of more sophisticated configuration file formats, such as XML and JSON, the use of INI files has become less common in modern software development.

Therefore, the 'INI' extension usually refers to a system file that stores configuration settings for software applications.