Introduction to Titration - Mole Concept Video Lecture | Physical Chemistry

Titration is a procedure for determining
the concentration of a solution.
And so let's say we're starting
with an acidic solution.
So in here let's say we
have some hydrochloric acid.
So we have come HCl.
And we know the volume of HCL,
let's say we're starting
with 20.0 milliliters of HCl.
But we don't know the concentration right?
So question mark here for
the concentration of HCl.
We can find out that concentration
by doing a titration.
Next we need to add a few drops
of an acid base indicator.
So to this flask we're also going to add
a few drops of an acid base indicator.
We're gonna use phenolphthalein.
And phenolphthalein is colorless in acid
but turns pink in the presence of base.
And since we have our
phenolphthalein in acid
right now we have a clear solution.
There's no color to it.
Up here we're gonna have
our standard solution right?
We're gonna have a known
concentration of sodium hydroxide.
So let's say we have a
solution of sodium hydroxide
and the concentration is zero
point one zero zero molar.
And we're ready to start our titration.
So we allow the sodium hydroxide to drip
into our flask containing
our HCl and our indicator.
And the acid in the
base will react, right?
So we get an acid base
neutralization reaction.
HCl plus NaOH right?
If we think about the products,
this would be OH minus,
this would be H plus,
H plus and OH minus give us H2O.
And our other product we would
have Na plus and Cl minus,
which give us NaCl, or sodium chloride.
So let's say we add a
certain volume of base right?
So now this would be higher,
and we see our solution turn light pink.
Alright so let's say we see
our solution turn light pink
and it stays light pink.
That means that all of the acid
has been neutralized by the base.
And we have a tiny amount
of excess base present,
and that's causing the acid
base indicator to remain pink.
So a tiny excess of base
means we've neutralized
all of the acid present.
And where the indicator changes color,
this is called the end point
of a titration, alright?
So when our solution changes color,
that's the end point of our titration.
And here we stop and we
check and see the volume
of base that we used in our titration.
So if we started right here,
if we started with that much base,
let's say we ended down here, alright?
So we still have a
little bit of base left.
And this would be the volume
of base that we used in the titration.
Alright so we have a
change in volume here,
and let's say that it's 48.6 milliliters.
So it took 48.6 milliliters of our base
to completely neutralize the
acid that we had present.
And so we can now calculate
the concentration of the HCl.
Alright so let's go ahead and do that,
and let's start with the
concentration of sodium hydroxide.
Alright we know that we started with
point one zero zero molar
solution of sodium hydroxide.
So point one zero zero molar.
And molarity is equal to mols over liters.
Alright so this is equal
to mols over liters.
And our goal is to figure
out how many mols of base
that we used to neutralize
the acid that was present.
Alright so we can take our
volume here, 48.6 mililiters
and we can convert that into liters.
Alright so just move your decimal place
three places to the left.
So one, two, three.
So that's point zero
four eight six liters.
So this is equal to mols over
zero point zero four eight six liters.
And so let's get some more space.
Alright let me just rewrite
this really quickly.
Zero point one zero zero is equal to
X over zero point zero four eight six.
So we're just solving
for X, and X represents
the mols of sodium hydroxide
that were necessary
to neutralize the acid
that we had present.
Alright so when you solve for X,
you get zero point zero
zero four eight six mols
of sodium hydroxide used in our titration.
Next you look at the balanced
equation for what happened .
So if I look at my balanced equation
alright there's a one here
and there's a one here.
So we have a one to one mol ratio.
And the equivalence point is where
just enough of your standard
solution has been added
to completely react with the
solution that's being titrated.
And at the equivalence point,
all of the acid has been neutralized.
Right? So it's completely reacted.
And since we have a one to one mol ratio,
if I used this many mols
of sodium hydroxide,
that must be how many mols
of HCl that we had present
in our original solution.
So therefore, I can go ahead
and write that I must have had
zero point zero zero four eight six mols
of HCl present in the flask
before we started our titration.
Right and I knew that because
of the one to one mol ratio.
Remember our goal was to find
the concentration of HCl.
The original concentration.
And concentration,
molarity is equal to mols over liters.
So now I know how many mols of HCl I had,
and my original volume of HCl
was 20 milliliters right?
So right up here we had 20 milliliters.
So I need to convert that into liters.
So I move my decimal place one two three.
So I get point zero two liters.
So now our final step here to calculate
the concentration of HCl,
right so the concentration
of HCl is equal to
how many mols of HCl we have,
which is zero point zero
zero four eight six mols,
over liters of solution.
And we had 20 milliliters
which is equal to
zero point zero two zero zero liters.
Alright so now we can
take out our calculator
and do this calculation to find
the concentration of HCl
that we started with.
Point zero zero four eight six,
all right and we're gonna divide that by
point zero two zero zero.
And we get zero point two
four three for our answer.
So the concentration of HCl is equal to
zero point two four three molar.
So we've solved for the
original concentration of HCl.
There's a shortcut way to do this problem,
and the shortcut way would
be to do the molarity
times the volume of the acid
is equal to the molarity times
the volume of the base used.
So MV is equal to MV.
So let's say we have the
acid over here on the left,
and the base over here on the right.
So the molarity of the acid
is what we're trying to find.
So I'll just make that X.
The volume of the acid
that we started with,
you can just leave this in
milliliters if you want,
20 point zero milliliters is
how much of the acid we started with.
And for the base, we
knew the concentration
of the base that we used
in our titration right?
It was zero point one zero zero molar.
And we also knew the volume of base
that we used to completely
neutralize the acid.
We used 48.6 milliliters.
And notice how the mLs
would cancel out here.
Right and we can just
go ahead and do the math
and solve for X.
So we get out the calculator,
and we need to multiply
48.6 times point one zero zero.
Alright and so we get four
point eight six obviously.
And then if we divide by 20
we will get our answer of
zero point two four three.
So X is equal to zero
point two four three molar.
And this shortcut way works pretty well
when you're dealing with a
strong acid and a strong base
and a one to one molar relationship.
Alright in the next video
we'll do a problem where
the mol ratio is no longer one to one.