Petrochemical Industry Video Lecture | Chemical Technology - Chemical Engineering

the petrochemical industry what our
petrochemicals in the basic sense
petrochemicals are chemical products
derived from petroleum some chemical
compounds can also be made from other
fossil fuels such as natural gas coal
and renewable resources like that of
corn and sugarcane
the largest petrochemical industries are
here in the United States and then
Western European countries however there
has been a major growth in the
production in the Middle East and Asia
the two common classes of petrochemicals
that we will be examining our olefins
and aromatics the first class of
petrochemicals we will look at are
olefins olefins are unsaturated
hydrocarbons meaning that they only
contain hydrogen and carbon atoms and
have at least one double or triple bond
in their structure they are used in the
basis for polymer is creating plastics
resins fibers lubricants and gels the
annual production of olefins are upwards
of 100 million tonnes the two forms of
olefins include ethylene and propylene
ethylene is a colorless gas which has a
faint pleasant sweet smell it is very
reactive and flammable it is the
simplest form of alkene with its
hydrocarbon structure of two carbon
atoms and four hydrogen atoms it does
not dissolve in water but often mixes
well with most organic solvents and is
known as a volatile organic compound it
is naturally released by plants and
living organisms while it is also
present in exhaust fumes and pollution
ethylene is commonly mixed with other
compounds to create a variety of useful
purposes the first mention of this gas
was made by Johan Beecher in a late
1600s publication ethylene being the
simplest form of olefin is often
transformed into its common subgroups
polyethylene created through
polymerization ethanol created through
hydration and ethylene oxide through
oxidation ethylene is produced worldwide
with over 100 million tons annually that
is higher than any other organic
compound it is produced in chemical
plants through steam cracking processes
the major reactions ethylene interacts
include polymerization oxidation
halogenation hydration and more majority
of ethylene production goes into
creating polyethylene it is the main
ingredient of many types of widely used
plastics and synthetic rubbers including
paints and other coatings it is also
used to make other products such as
antifreeze and detergents when it has
undergone oxidation the best-known
effect of ethylene is the stimulation of
fruit ripening well it also increases
respiration yellowing and spotting
reduction in nutrient content taste and
aroma changes and loss of leaves and
flowers the effects of ethylene on
plants can be slowed down when kept at
lower temperatures the gas is able to
penetrate most substances including the
shipping boxes and wooden crates that
the produce is normally distributed in
overexposure can be harmful to the
produce as it causes premature decay
however it is not harmful to humans
propylene as the other form of olefin it
is an organic compound that is a vital
basic chemical and the petrochemical
industry alkenes interchangeable with
olefins is a class of unsaturated
hydrocarbons that contain at least one
carbon to carbon double bond in its pure
natural state propylene is a colorless
gas with a week but pungent smell it has
a melting point of 185 degrees Celsius
and boiling point of negative forty
seven point seven degrees Celsius it is
also highly flammable and relatively
stable however propylene reacts like
typical alkenes by opening up its double
bond the polymerization of propylene
yields the polymer polypropylene a
plastic used in the petrochemical
industry widely as packaging labeling
textiles and various other applications
propylene also oxidizes to produce
acrolein in the presence of excess or
insufficient oxygen propylene combusts
to form water and carbon dioxide
finally the
of halogens result in a halogenation
reaction as well the primary source of
propylene is from cracking naphtha and
other liquids such as gas oil condensing
to produce both ethylene and propylene
the cracking of liquid feedstocks is
carried out predominantly in Europe and
Asia but less so in the Middle East and
North America a growing source of
propylene particularly in the u.s. is
from refineries where splitters
recovered from the off gases produced by
fluid catalytic cracking
however refinery propylene needs to be
purified for both chemical and polymer
use with propylene demand growing faster
than ethylene on purpose technologies
are being employed increasingly to make
more the main on-purpose process used is
propane dehydrogenation or pdh in which
propane is converted to propylene at 500
to 700 degrees Celsius in a reactor
containing a noble metal catalyst in a
market study nearly 85 million tons were
processed in 2013 for the majority being
in China the United States and Western
Europe which has been consistently
producing over 14,000 kilotons a year as
shown by the production chart propylene
has virtually no use as is but instead
is an important raw material used in the
production of other organic chemicals
such as propylene oxide cumene acrylic
acid and glycerin polypropylene is
applied to a variety of fields for its
relatively low cost and excellent
rigidity heat resistance and gloss and
therefore is produced in high volumes
and actually accounts for about two
thirds of propylene demand the polymers
main applications are in the production
of films packaging electrical appliances
wire and is the plastic utilized in one
third of automobiles in industry and
workshops propylene is used as
alternative field to welding and cutting
brazing and heating of metal for the
purpose of bending there has also been
interest in using propylene as a main
component and rocket engine fuel
aromatics are the second main class of
petrochemicals they are typically range
shaped molecules which makes them
unusually stable the term aromaticity is
used to describe these structures they
typically have alternating single and
double bonds in the ring this also makes
them difficult to break apart or react
with other substances because they are
quite happy with their structures
aromatic compounds also play a key role
in the biochemistry of living organisms
in this presentation we will talk about
three of the main subgroups of aromatics
in the petrochemical industry aromatics
can also be referred to by the acronym
BTX
which stands for the main subgroups in
the petroleum industry they are
typically produced from the catalytic
reforming of naphtha benzene has the
molecular formula c6h6
and a molecular weight of 78 point 11
grams per mole this organic chemical
compound is glass as a hydrocarbon and
is a natural constitute of crude oil it
has very distinctive properties and is
used as a precursor in the manufacturing
of more complex chemicals it was first
isolated and identified by Michael
Faraday in 1825 from the oily residue
derived from the from the production of
illuminating gas although its molecular
formula was known many scientists were
initially confused on how the structure
of benzene was organized its rank
formula was then discovered by August
kekulé a who realized the structure
after daydreaming of a snake chasing its
own tail
benzene had many early uses before its
toxicity was well known including being
used in school laboratories which is
suppose students to the chemical this
practice is almost now eliminated
benzene is a highly in demand product it
is primarily produced in Asia Western
Europe and America it is found in
petroleum and coal but is also a
byproduct of income
combustion there are four specific
processes tipped benzene production
catalytic reforming is a petroleum
refinery process in which low arts and
products of catalytic cracking are
reformed into higher octane ones such as
gasoline under high pressure and
temperature and in the presence of
catalysts toluene hydrodealkylation
converts toluene to benzene toluene is
mixed with hydrogen and then passed over
chromium or platinum outside catalysts
sometimes higher temperatures are used
instead of a catalyst and toluene
disproportionation to toluene molecules
are reacted and the methyl groups
rearrange from one timing molecule to
the other this heald's one benzene
molecule and one xylene molecule steam
cracking can produce a benzene rich
liquid by-product called pyrolysis
gasoline pyrolysis gasoline can be
blended with other hydrocarbons as a
gasoline additive or routed through an
extraction process to recover BTX
aromatics in present-day benzene is
typically used as an intermediate to
make other chemicals more than 50% goes
to produce ethyl benzene 20% to
manufacture cumin and 10% goes to
produce cyclohexane benzene is also used
as an additive in rubbers lubricants
dyes detergents drugs explosives and
pesticides as the u.s. is facing out
leaded gasoline benzene is making a
comeback as a gasoline additives it
increases the octane rating and reduces
knocking which is an explosion of the
airs and gasoline mixture benzene is
however limited to less than 1% by the
Environmental Protection Agency due to
its toxicity and the fear of it entering
our groundwater systems
julene occurs naturally at low levels
from crude oil and is usually produced
in the processes of gasoline via a
catalytic reformer and an ethylene
cracker or making coke from coal it is
widely used in industry often as a
substitute for benzene chemical formula
C 7h 8 containing 7 carbon atoms
eight hydrogen atoms in a molecular
weight of 92 point one four it's a
petrochemical classified under aromatics
along with benzene and xylene isomers
tulane is classified under the SIA
category because the physical
characteristics of the compound are as
follows colorless liquid with a sweet
pungent benzene like odor it is
considered very aromatic to me has 15
singing barns all benzene only has 12
Sigma bonds the difference between the
two comes from the fact that a single
bond between a carbon atom and the
hydrogen atom has been replaced by a
sigma bond between two carbons 2 lean is
a methyl derivative of benzene all
carbon atoms of benzene are sp2
hybridized while the carbon atom of
methyl group is sp3 hybridized bonded
with three hydrogen atoms in one
aromatic carbon atom the carbon-carbon
bond length is almost similar like in
benzene and it's an intermediate value
of a single and double bond and carbon
hydrogen bond lengths to mean exists in
all physical States gas vapor liquid in
wet solid it has a flash point of 40
degrees Fahrenheit a boiling point of
232 degrees Fahrenheit and a melting
point of 139 degrees Fahrenheit
it is less dense than water weighing 7.2
pounds per gallon and is insoluble in
water alternative names for this
compound consist of methyl benzene
innocent and phenyl methane Toulon has
numerous commercial and industrial
applications for instance as a solvent
in plants lacquers thinners glues
correction fluids nail polish remover
and is used in the printing in leather
tanning processes terrain can be used in
as an octane booster into gasoline fuels
used in internal combustion engines
absolute to Loon can even be used as a
fuel for both two-stroke and four-stroke
engines
aside from toolings and many helpful
uses to link can be extremely toxic to
humans it targets the central nervous
system the side effects can be fatal and
very harmful it may cause irritation of
the eyes
respiratory tract and skin repeated or
prolonged contact with the liquid may
cause removal of natural
from the skin was looking dry they
should dermatitis low level chronic
exposure as well as acute exposure to
Tulane Arizona central nervous system
depression and decreased memory other
minor symptoms include headaches
dizziness fatigue muscular weakness and
drowsiness the rate of polluted gases in
the atmosphere comprises of dissolved
organic compounds which affects the
environment apparently one of the best
methods to reduce harmful gases in the
environment that's bioreactors the bio
reactors are abundantly used to degrade
those substances depending upon various
parameters and suitable materials like
packing material and microbes
one such dissolved organic compound
which is highly toxic payment beings and
also present in the gaseous state is
Tulane a bioreactor is in vessel in
which a chemical process is carried out
this process can be conducted either
aerobically or anaerobically these bio
reactors are commonly cylindrical
capacity ranging in size from leaders to
cubic meters and are made from stainless
steels material such as air compressors
and oxygen tanks when a spill or leak of
Thun occurs there are several treatments
the industry uses to fix the problem
treatments used are physicochemical
treatment methods bio filtration bio
degradation thermal oxidation and
catalytic oxidation all these biological
treatment methods can convert to wean
into carbon dioxide water salt or
biomass having a safe clean up silane is
a subset of aroma tics and like many
other rheumatics
xylene is a colorless liquid with a
strong sweet odor however most of the
time xylene is known as three main
isomers ortho xylene medicine lien and
para xylene some background information
for xylene is that it was first isolated
and discovered by August Coors in 1850
after it was discovered as a component
of wood tar
an alternate name for exiling is known
as dimethyl benzene due to the change in
chemical structure of various methyl
group on the benzene ring
xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon and is
known to be a flammable liquid that can
be moderately soluble in water it ranks
as one of the top 30 major petrochemical
when considering volume distribution
some interesting facts about xylene is
that it's the second highest aroma tic
product ranking behind benzene and ahead
of tooling majority of the time products
are composed of a mix styling a blend of
the three isomers and the other products
like ethyl benzene the most abundant of
the xylene isomers would have to be meta
xylene but because of its abundance the
value of this particular isomer makes it
thus valuable over the recent years para
xylene has been a popular isomer used
but mix silenced seal remains as that
widely used I mean out there especially
in Asian countries the Asian market with
its large population growing demand for
polyester fiber and polyester resins and
corresponding growth in the polyester
industry is solidifying its position as
the center of influence with a mix
Thailand market although the biggest
producers dialing to this day has to be
Exxon Mobil Chemical do it to its
worldwide locations and productions of
petroleum products using xylene xylene
has many uses as a solvent it can be
used industrially by chemical and patrol
man manufacturer polyester manufacture
manufacturer of paint dyes and lacquers
or it could be used in domestic products
such as aerosol paint architectural
coatings automobile and machinery paints
and primers insecticides and fungicides
for yard and garden paints varnish and
paint varnish removers and thinners
pesticides shoe polish and primers
sealant and wood office furniture
however the difference in the isomers
play a role in the uses because medicine
lien and para xylene are natural
occurrences in petroleum while ortho
xylene is found in coal tar petroleum
forests and bush fires and plant
emissions most of these sources of
xylenes
ends up releasing the chemical into the
air contaminating and exposing this
hazardous chemical to many people a high
level exposure of xylene to a person can
cause dizziness passing out ends up
there are few ways Las Island can be
exposed to the person the main exposure
of xylene to many people is from patrol
automotive exhaust or just using
everyday domestic products that contain
eggs Eileen when using a room with
little ventilation it is easy to succumb
to the symptoms silence can cause
however since it is used in many
consumer products shorts from X
is considered safe workers that are
continuously exposed to selling can
damage their neuropsychiatric
permanently when exposed to xylene the
skin eyes and respiratory charts can
become irritated due to it most likely
being inhaled symptoms of xylene poison
can range from CNS affects ventricular
arrhythmias acute pulmonary edema
respiratory depression nausea vomiting
and reversible him hepatic impairment
overall expansion of the population and
an increase an individual purchasing
power have resulted in an increase in
demand for finished goods and greater
consumption of energy in China India and
Latin America as both energy in chemical
markets compete frydrych carbon molecule
demand fluctuations and energy demand
can controversy affect petrochemical
market fatality lower crude oil prices
and lower energy consumption will lead
to higher petrochemical demand and
vice-versa
as stated before chemicals derived from
petroleum or natural gas are
petrochemicals which are essential to
today's industry petro chemistry is a
fairly young industry that only started
growing in the 1940s during world war ii
the demand for synthetic materials
caused the petrochemical industry to
develop into a major necessity in
today's economy in society
petrochemicals do not reach the final
consumer they're sold into other
industries so that they can undergo
transformations to create the products
that seemingly bear no relation
whatsoever into the initial raw material
the environmental movement's bought in
the 1960s and 70s led Americans to be
wary of industries that blew the
industry slowed but was not stopped in
the 1980s and 1990s it was largely
restructured in the major petrochemical
companies such as shell and Mobil
created company mergers to strengthen
their marketplace