Petroleum Exploration & Refining Process Video Lecture | Chemical Technology - Chemical Engineering

crude oil or petroleum is a flammable
liquid consisting of a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons of various molecular
weights that is found in geological
formations beneath the surface of the
earth essentially petroleum is the
compressed superheated remains of
animals that died millions of years ago
yet this fossil fuel is essential to
sustaining our society and our industry
without it mankind would fall back into
pre-industrial revolution times
petroleum is all around us
90% of all chemicals used in our
industry are made from petroleum and
more than half of the world's primary
energy needs a few fiant and this fossil
fuel has quite a journey from the time
it is pulled up out of the ground to the
Sun it is sold as a product documentary
we will take you on that journey we will
take you on a tour of the petroleum
industry
[Music]
[Applause]
this is the earth it's really really big
it has a total circumference of 40,000
kilometers at the equator at a surface
area of 510 million kilometers squared
and the vast majority of petroleum is
found underground so how on earth do we
find it in order to extract it
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geologists can use a variety of
different methods to locate oil even
when it resides deep beneath the earth's
surface the most common method of
locating oil is via seismic survey
essentially geologists use a variety of
different tools to emit sound waves
which then delve into the Earth's crust
some of which bounce back to the surface
a computer can then interpret these
sound waves and create a detailed
three-dimensional image of the various
geological formations beneath the
surface thus providing the approximate
location and amount of oil in any given
oil reservoir if the oil is worth
extracting we then go on to the next
stage of the petroleum industry drilling
before the oil can be extracted from the
reservoir a well must firstly drill this
well is created during the second stage
of the petroleum industry drilling in
order to carry out drilling operations a
temporary drilling rig is constructed
the large derrick allows for a pulley
system that can support a long real pipe
attached to the drill bit a turntable
tends to carry which
no time to allow the drill bit drill as
the drill bit plunges deep underground
drilling fluid is pumped down through
the drill pipe to wash the rock panning
out the resulting mud returns to the
surface and passes through a shale
shaker which removes any unwanted solids
from the mud the mud is then poured into
a tank word is then used as drilling
fluid to remove further rock cuttings
once the well has been drilled to
sufficient depth the walls are
reinforced with concrete and steel
casing and then the drilling rig is
deconstructed
[Music]
the next stage of the petroleum industry
is production in this stage the oil is
extracted from the reservoir this is
done with an oil rig the rig size and
shape depend on where the oil reservoir
is located in this case a pump jack is
used a motor turns to crank rods ended
by counterweights which are attached to
a pitman arm which is in turn attached
to one end of what is known as the
walking beam the beam is centred on a
pivotal point and the circular momentum
of the crank rods force it to rotate
back and forth as it is pulled upon by
the pitman arm attached to the opposite
end of the beam is the horse's head and
attached to that is the bridle as the
head travels up and down with the
movement of the walking beam it pulls on
the bridle which is attached to a
polished rod the rod is attached to
another rod known as the sukkah rod
which extends all the way down into the
oil reservoir at the end of the Sakurada
two valves the traveling valve and the
standing valve these valves pump the oil
up out of the ground as they move up and
down with the momentum of the sucker rod
once the oil is drawn to the surface it
then travels along small pipe line to a
collection plant this is the end of the
third stage of the petroleum industry
from the collection plant the oil must
be transported to a refinery
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the fourth stage of the petroleum
industry is transportation in this stage
the petroleum is transported from the
production site this can be done in
several ways by road rail sea or
pipeline pipelines can be thousands of
metres long and are typically made from
steel with an average diameter of
anywhere between 10 to 120 centimeters
the oil is kept in a constant motion by
regular pump stations along the pipeline
and flows on average at speeds of up to
six meters a second
the oils final destination is the
refinery where the last stage of the
petroleum industry takes place
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the last stage of the petroleum industry
is refining petroleum essentially is
useless in its natural state what's
valuable and useful are the various
components that make it up these
components all have different molecular
weights and therefore have different
boiling points petroleum companies take
advantage of these different boiling
points and use them in order to separate
the different components in order to do
this the petroleum is first heated to
temperatures as high as 600 degrees
Celsius by pumping it through a furnace
the resulting petroleum gas is then
piped into what is known as a fracturing
talent or distillation column as the gas
rises up through the tower different
components condense at different heights
a series of bubble caps then prevent the
oil from falling down once it condenses
the petroleum is then pumped out through
pipes for further refining such as the
removal of sulphur in desulphurization
units sometimes the heavier elements of
petroleum are broken down into lighter
more useful components using a CO CO or
hydro cracker the major products
resulting from petroleum refining and
liquid petroleum gas gasoline naphtha
kerosene diesel fuels fuel oils
lubricating oils paraffin wax bitumen
and petroleum coke these products are
then used in our everyday lives such as
powering our cars
[Applause]
[Music]
petroleum is a non-renewable resource
and so it will not last forever it is
estimated that the Earth's oil supplies
will finally run dry towards the end of
the century when that time comes mankind
will be forced to resort to a new source
of energy such as solar or geothermal
but for now at least petroleum is
essentially what makes the human world
go round
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