Lesson 8.1: Introduction to files in MATLAB Video Lecture | Introduction to Programming with MATLAB - IT & Software

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Hi, and welcome to lesson eight,
file input/output.
This week, we'll be talking about how to
read data from and write data to files.
So what is a file?
Well, a file is an area in permanent
storage, typically a disk drive,
that stores information.
Files are managed by the operating
system of your computer.
They can be copied, moved,
renamed, deleted, et cetera, and
they can be accessed by programs
running on your computer.
A very important use of
files is to exchange data
between different programs and
different computers.
In that case,
a file is input to one program, and
is output from a different program.
We abbreviate the interchange of
information between programs and
files as file I/O for
file input and output.
For example, you might want to write
a document with a word processor and
generate a PDF.
And you can give that PDF file to someone
else who can open it with Adobe Acrobat on
another computer and print it.
And files can be used to exchange data
between the physical world and computers.
For example, an EKG machine,
which measures your heart activity,
will save the data into a file.
And your doctor can open that file on
a computer and evaluate your health.
The most common use of files
is to save your work so
you can continue with it later.
Examples of that include,
documents that you write on word
processors or spreadsheets.
And extends to the files we've been seeing
MATLAB save when he needed to save data or
functions like MATLAB files and M-files.
But you can handle much more than
Mat-files and M-files with MATLAB.
As we'll soon see, with MATLAB,
you can read and write text files,
binary files, and
even Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
At the beginning of our journey,
we saw how to use the user interface of
the MATLAB desktop to change folders,
and how MATLAB shows the contents of the
current folder in this window over here.
Sometimes however,
we may need to have our MATLAB program
itself change the current folder, or get
a list of the names of the files in there.
Fortunately, MATLAB provides
commands to do just that.
To get the fully qualified
name of the current folder,
we can use the PWD command.
PWD stands for print working directory.
It originates from
the UNIX operating system,
where folders are called directories.
And the command returns a string,
containing the complete path of
the current folder, complete path or
fully qualified name.
It's exactly the same path as that
shown up here in the address line.
We haven't talked about the address
line since lesson two, so
you may not have thought
about it since then.
But it shows the current folder,
which is called Lesson 8,
and shows that it's contained
in the folder, Tutorials,
which is contained in the folder, Computer
Programming with MATLAB, et cetera.
More commonly, we say that
Lesson Eight is a child of Tutorials,
which is a child of Computer Programming
with MATLAB, and so forth.
Or to put it the other way,
computer programming
with MATLAB is the parent of Tutorials,
which is the parent of Lesson 08.
In operating systems,
they're all single parent families.
The only difference between here and
here, is that these little arrows
in the address line are represented
by slashes in the output from PWD.
We're doing this on a Mac, but
if you're using Windows, the output
from PWD will be slightly different.
These slashes turn into backslashes,
and there'll be a letter and
a colon at the front
representing the hard drive.
So if we're using Windows,
the output would look like this.
To make this Windows like string here,
I've used the built-in function strrep,
which means string replace.
It replaces every slash
that's in the output from pwd
here with the backslash.
You can see how the Syntax and
semantics of this command work, but
you should look it up in the help.
It's a handy function.
To get a list of the files and
subfolders in the current folder,
you can use the command LS,
which stands for list.
Use an output argument.
LS produces an array of chars.
Let's do that.
You can see here that it's
a 1 by 198 string of chars.
To change folders,
MATLAB provides the CD command.
This cd doesn't mean compact disc or
certificate of deposit.
It stands for change directory.
You have to give it a string as
an argument to tell it the directory you
want to go to.
Suppose your program's organization is
such that it starts working in the current
folder, where ever that folder may be,
then it needs to move to the parent.
Like here, for example,
if it started in lesson 08,
it would want to move to the parent,
Tutorials.
You're always going to start
to program in lesson eight, or
some other child of tutorials,
like lesson seven.
Then you could just store the complete
path name of tutorials in a string in
a program like this.
And then, when it was time to change
to the parent, you could do this.
Before I hit return, let's look up
here and watch as I hit return.
So, here comes return.
And you see,
that we're now up in tutorials.
Let's go back to lesson 08.
There, we're back in lesson 08.
But suppose your program was
run from another directory.
Then the parent that it needs to
move to will be different, and
so using this complete path
name idea just won't work.
This is a very common situation.
And for this situation, our program can
use a so-called relative path name.
What that means is that, instead of
specifying the complete path name,
we can specify the target folder
relative to the current folder.
Or to press the family
metaphor a little further,
we specify relative of the current folder.
In this case, the relative is the parent,
and there's a special syntax for
specifying the parent.
We want to go to the parent of the current
folder, we can do it like this.
Two dots.
Now we're back at the tutorials again.
The two dots means parent folder.
Now let's use LS to see
what's here in tutorials.
Of course, we can see it but,
the program couldn't.
And if your program needs to see what's
inside of one of the children of
tutorials, it can give its name as an
argument to LS, without the complete path,
like this.
Not much in there.
By the way,
this is how the function would do it,
it would give the string containing
the target directory in parentheses.
But if we want to do that
ourselves in the command window,
as in fact we just did,
there's a second way to do it.
Like this, does the same thing.
When function takes a string as an
argument, the parentheses can be omitted.
When there are no spaces in the name,
the quotes can be omitted too, and
this is whether you write the function or
it's a built in function.
That's how commands like help work.
The command help square root, for
example, is different in form.
In other words,
different in syntax from this command.
But both have the same meaning in,
in other words,
they both have the same semantics.
Now let's use cd to go back to
lesson eight, using relative naming.
By the way, the dot dot, which means
parent, which we saw a little earlier,
can be used multiple
times within the path.
Before we show you that,
you may have noticed that I slipped a
subfolder into Lesson 8 a few minutes ago.
It's called Additional Examples.
Let's go there.
I cheated and just clicked.
That's just one file in there
called knothole, it's an M-file
with a function in it that checks to see
if its argument is not a whole number.
Anyway, now that we're way down here,
in additional examples,
we can leap back up to tutorials,
which is the grandparent like this.
There.
Back to tutorials.
Here's some other commands that allow
you to do things with folders and files.
This one makes a new directory.
It just showed up over here.
And this one removes the directory.
It just disappeared over here.
But it removes only empty directories.
It'll do nothing,
except give an error if you try to
remove a folder with anything in it.
Let's go into eight, and try to remove
my additional examples folder,
which you just saw has a file in it.
I'd hate to lose that.
Oops.
Then as you can see, it's still there.
And there are three commands for
doing things to files, and
the names of the files tell what they do.
They're called move file,
copy file and delete.
Each of these commands is
relatively simple to use.
As you can see by reading their
descriptions with the help command, but
I'll give you a warning about delete.
Delete gives you no warning.
When you tell it to delete a file,
no pop-up will show up saying,
are you sure and that sort of thing.
But all is not lost.
There's a setting in preferences up here,
that will cause the file
to be sent to trash.
It's probably a good idea to set that.
Okay, I've started working
on another project,
since I did all that stuff
with folders and files.
I want to show you all the variables
I've got in the workspace now.
There, isn't that nice?
In week one, we mentioned briefly how
you can save your current workspace with
the save command, like this.
And now if you look over
here in the current folder,
you will see this file appear matlab.mat.
It's got everything that we had
in our workspace saved in it.
Then you can safely quit MATLAB and later
when you are ready to continue your work,
you can start MATLAB and
load the workspace back with
this load command here.
And when you check your workspace,
it's all the same.
Course I didn't actually quit MATLAB
just now, so you might not be convinced.
Maybe this will convince you.
There, everything's gone.
And everything's back.
The only thing you have
to be careful about,
is that if you have an existing variable
in the workspace with the same name as
the one you're loading, the load operation
will overwrite the existing value.
Usually that isn't a problem though,
if the last thing you do is save
when you quit and the first thing
you do is load when you start again.
By the way, you should look up the
function startup, which is executed when
MATLAB starts, and finish,
which is executed when MATLAB quits.
You can put a load command in startup,
and a save command in finish.
Sometimes that's all you need
to preserve your variables.
MATLAB provides even more flexibility
in loading and saving variables.
You don't have to save
the entire workspace.
Instead you can list the variables you
want to save, and similarly you can load
only a subset of the variables
from a file, using their names.
Finally, you don't have to use the default
file name matlab.mat, like right here.
You can supply your own
favorite file name.
Check this out.
Here I've specified that I
want to save variables into
a file called my_data_file.mat.
You can see it's showed
up right over here.
And then I specify the data
I want to save into it.
Data s and a.
Now let's clear.
Run whos.
There's nothing there.
And now let's just load my data file.
It's back.
What if I just wanted to load,
say, S and A?
Let's try that.
All I get is S and A.
These load and save commands supply a
flexible means to provide data persistence
for your MATLAB programs,
from one running of MATLAB to the next.
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