Polity 1: Evolution & Salient Features of our Constitution Video Lecture | General Knowledge (GK) for LIC AAO Exam (English) - Banking Exams

hello I'm Gaurav Sharma from Apple's I
dot-com and welcome to this lecture in
which we shall cover the evolution and
the salient features of fermion
Constitution first of all why did we
need a constitution why did we even need
a Gaussian assembly we shall lecture we
shall study what are the different
constituents of it and even if we needed
one constituent assembly what were the
goals that it want to achieve
so let's first begin with the historical
background the demand for a consequent
assembly first time was originally
originated in 1934 this remand was done
by mr. M and Roy he was the president of
representative of Communist Party of
India at the time and he also took part
in the comment ins worldcom interns at
the time and later on in 1935 Congress
also officially demanded although their
demand was accepted by the British in
principle but as such it wasn't
manifested in their actions so in August
offer of 1949 but that is 8 August they
did wanted to accept it but at the same
time they they awarded a Dominion status
to India which was not not acceptable to
us and finally in 1946 the cabinet
mission cabinet mission led to the
formation of a constituent assembly fire
elections in the cabinet mission there
are three members Ava Alexander Stafford
Cripps
and Pythagoras these three members were
responsible for creation of a
constituent assembly now a Constituent
Assembly the elections to a constituent
assembly took place in which the total
strength was 389 in which 296 were to be
elected through the provinces that is we
shall control under the sovereign under
these control of the British and the 93
were nominated by the princely state and
of course nine these were never selected
never nominated because the princely
states did not want to take part in the
formation of a constituent assembly so
they were indirectly
by the provincial assemblies the
president of our Constituent Assembly
was dr. Hutchins through Pasha vice
president was Shree that say Mukherjee
and the drafting committee was headed by
dr. BR Ambedkar now this day was chosen
26th January for students because
historically this date is very potent
because in 1930 26 January 1930 we had
celebrated our first Independence Day
status in the previous year in 1989 the
Congress had passed a resolution
declaring rudeness Swaraj our acid
school and that it shall celebrate this
day tradition January as its tip as
India's independence so this is date was
historically chosen and that is the
reason we commenced our Constitution on
this table and now this tastes
celebrated as Republic Day now initially
the Indian Constitution contain 395
articles and eight schedules and also
the national flag of India was adopted
on 22nd July 1947 whereas the national
anthem and the national song national
anthem jangan man by shri robinson
nautical and national song
Vande Mataram by sri bankim chandra
Chatterjee this both were adopted on
24th January 1950 now let's go through
some of the salient features of Indian
Constitution yes our Indian Constitution
is the lengthiest
Constitution and of course it has a very
unique blend of rigidity and flexibility
we shall study this point later on and
under the article three six five that'ss
command the amendment to the
Constitution of India and of course we
have a parliamentary form of government
now
parliamentary form of government means
not deep there is a parliament which are
responsible for running the government
of India we had taken some of the power
these provisions from the British
constitution or the British form of
government no Indian
government structure is a quasi federal
structure and nature what do we
understand by quasi fertile see
federalism is in which they did this
separation of powers between the center
or the Union and these state governments
but but in India we do have federalism
but there is a very very strong center
now that means that we have a quasi
fertile structure that is the state is
independent but it is not so independent
that it can infringe on the unity and
integrity of India the separation of
powers there are different organs of a
government there is judiciary there is
executive and there is legislature now
the Constitution defines the power of
all these three organs so as to not
create a balance or imbalance between
the governance and so that there is
transit bill transparency and
accountability in the government and
also there is integrated judiciary now
with respect to legislature or executive
these both are divided as you knee at
the Union level or a union government
and at state levels but on the in the
case of integrated judiciary there is an
apex code that is called Supreme Court
of India and there are subordinate
courts like Supreme Court then High
Court then session codes or district
words so there is an integrated form of
Indian judiciary in which the head is
Supreme Court and then there are other
supporting it codes front of it and then
there are certain important provisions
like fundamental rights fundamental
duties and directive principles of state
policy we shall cover all this in a
separate lecture the reason by Indian
government is so bulky or so large is
because we try to inculcate all the best
things that were available at the time
similarly like they were different
sources from which we had taken the best
of all and the nine Government of India
act of 1935
forms the bulk of fundin Constitution
there is administrative details there
are emergency provisions which were
taken at our port from there
there was a federal scheme the office of
governor were also adopted from there
and the judiciary also now from the
British constitution we adopted the
parliamentary form of government now in
India the parliament composes of viraja
Sabha Lok Sabha and the President of
India now in the British constitution
the head of the state is the Queen
whereas in India we have the President
may also we have two houses that is Lok
Sabha and not a Sabha now this feature
is called as by capitalism now in with
respect to the British constitution
there is a House of Lords and a House of
Commons thus we had taken from the
British constitution now similarly there
is a cabinet and the rule of law further
the US Constitution also acts as a
source of our Constitution these
fundamental rights were adopted from the
US Constitution also the process of
impeachment was of the president was
adopted from the US Constitution as well
as the post of vice-president now
vice-president in Indian case he is he
or she as the ex officio chairperson of
Raja Sahab there are said very
similarity between them and also vice
president does not do anything but he
can replace the president if there is
and we can see in the in the post of on
this chair of president similar to that
of India and the Irish Constitution we
have taken the DBS peace directive
principle state policy and the methods
of election of the president from USA
USSR of Soviet Union we have taken
adopted fundamental duties now these are
the major sources from there the the the
Indian Constitution borrows certain very
very important provisions now this
brings us to the preamble of India now
what is a preamble preamble has been
called as a kite link guiding light of
our Constitution it has also been called
as an ID card of our Indian Constitution
now preamble as such consists of the
goulds of the targets that the
situation strides to achieve now it was
a previously it was under contention
that whether preamble as a part of
Indian Constitution of Iran under the
Kiwi kitchen on the Bharti case consent
that the preamble is a part of
Constitution now there are certain
important terms which are present in the
preamble first of all that India V the
people of India
the Indian is a sovereign socialist
secular Democratic Republic that India
is a sovereign Republic it is not bound
by anything any other country and it is
free to take its own decision decide its
own paths
it's a socialist that we have a Filmfare
orientation we and we will pursue a path
in which there is an equality there is
an egalitarian egalitarian processes are
taken and important provisions are
provided in the Constitution with this
regard there shall be no state religion
that means there should be as sick India
shall be a secular state and of course
elected representatives means that it
shall be a democratic republic now
justice there is social economic and
political justice that is the
Constitution of India shall strive to
hurts creating an environment in which
there is social justice economic justice
as well as political justice and also
the Constitution and show that there is
Liberty of thought expression belief and
faith and worship that means there is
religious freedom of sorts further the
Indian constitutions has tried to create
an environment in which there is
equality equality of status and
opportunity that is every citizen of
India is in every citizen of India shall
strive towards and his given opportunity
to become somebody that as if some
someone has certain aspirations he shall
be provided and equality of opportunity
and to promote and there of course there
shall be fraternity that is a
brotherhood between the and
and unity and integrity of India so
these are the major provisions of the
preamble now initially there are 22
parts of Indian Constitution there are
12 schedules initially they were eight I
think
a four more were added and there are 395
articles but the absolute number has
increased but the total number that the
serial number rim still know is 395 and
the amendment to constitutions are 100
we shall cover this should use of hidden
Constitution in a separate lecture now
these are the three paths the first
second and third part of Indian
Constitution the first part is that
India is a union versus India as a
territory of India right
so there are it provides a process of
creation of new states renaming new
States and it creates the it also
provides for a shitty schedule one in
which all the names of states and union
territories are also provided the second
part deals with the citizenship of India
and a third part consists of fundamental
rights which we have no written in
separate lecture now one of the salient
features of Indian Constitution and is
that it is Richard as well as flexible
now there are certain feature there are
certain points in which it is flexible
and in others it is very rigid so if we
need to amend the Constitution it has
been covered in the article 368 of
Indian Constitution first of all let us
see what are the different types of
amendments that can be done first
through simple majority and special
majority and the third is through
special majority plus the ratification
of states let's first go through the
first one if the Constitution is amended
through simple majority it does not is
it is not a part of article 368
but certain other particles like article
one matters for example if Telangana had
to be made right so if a new state is
being made then the first part of
deals with that and we do not need a
constitutional amendment for that that
is we do not amend need to amend the
Constitution under article 368 okay the
admission of new states change of names
official languages abolition and
creation of legislate for conscience
these all are covered in this part okay
this can all be done through simple
majority now the second part is through
special majority what is the difference
between simple simple majority and
special majority special majority is
more than half like if there are 100
people if 51 accepted then this is
special simple majority on the other
hand special majority means absolute
majority that is 50 percent more than 15
or 50 like majority of the total
membership plus 2/3 of present that is
an absolute majority plus the majority
of 2/3 of the members present and voting
now tip fundamental rights DPS peace and
other residual powers which are not
mentioned in first or the third part are
covered through this amendment now the
third type of amendment that can be done
to Indian Constitution is through
special majority that is in Parliament
plus consent of state legislators that
means which can only which can easily be
passed through a simple majority
now all the provisions which are related
to the federal structure now this is
very important no what does fado
structure means filter such a means any
provision any bill any law which the
central government strives to make or
any change that effects the relation
between the center and different states
is covered through this article for
example the election of President no the
President is elected through a collector
in college which consists also consists
of elected mla's of different states
that means there is a relationship
between states and the center therefore
if this has to be changed then only and
only through consent of these states
that is as of now there are 29 states so
if 16 state pass or 15 states pass
through it a pass the less this
amendment then this Constitution
amendment still strife to become a new
amendment to the Constitution also
Supreme Court spars and any of the lists
in schedule 7 now scheduled 7 is a list
in which there are powers between center
and the sub states so if any of the
power of the state needs to permanent it
has to be done with the consent of the
states of course representation of
states in the Parliament that will
schedule for again all the different
articles in which there is any sort of
federal relation between center of the
States or the power of the states is
taken away or diminished this amendment
procedure is followed this is all
article 368 so now through this lecture
through this amendment assess we see
that of course the amendment the
Constitution is flexible links through
st. but it can be amended through simple
majority but not the same thing if
federal provisions have to be need to be
changed it is very rigid right not there
is something called the doctrine of
basic structure which is very unique to
the Constitution of India
now one of the salient features of
Indian Constitution as the separation of
powers between different organs of our
government that is between judiciary
executive and legislature but they have
been certain overlapping parts which
create confrontation between or the
tussle between the judiciary and the
legislature the legislature passes
certain laws but which do not which are
not acceptable to the judiciary and
which are cut down the recent example is
and Jack the 99th Amendment was struck
down by the tradition
now similar in there was similar
conditions which existed before the
issue basically always remains the amend
ability of the Constitution this
initially was under the Shankar Prasad
case in which said that the fundamental
rights can amend ever but again in the
in 1967 cool North case he said that
fundamental law non amendable now
further it again encapsulated which came
in the equation in the party case in
1973 but said that is fundamental rights
and epsps
and even preamble as a part of Indian
Constitution would have the same time if
you need to amend any of this particle
any of these articles then you need to
conform to this the doctrine of basic
structure but again what is the basic
structure we shall do that so let us
study what are the ingredients of basic
structure first the supremacy of
constitutional that is whatever laws the
cause the legislature can make but it
should always conform to the
Constitution that is this Constitution
is supreme supreme and of course
separation of power between the three
organs of government unity and integrity
of the end of the indian of india and of
course the power of judicial review that
is the supreme code as empowered the
high court is also empowered to assess
the kind of legislation that the
legislature has passed so this cannot be
taken away from the traditions this is
also a basic structure of it in
concentration principle of equality free
and fair elections the secular character
of constitution these are the few some
of the major points of the major basic
structure now just touch it keeps on
evolving a certain new points get added
to this basic structure but the only
important thing that we need to remember
is that anything can be amended but it
should always and always conform to the
basic structure now the definition is
given by the Supreme Court itself
so it's a very dynamic definition which
the will which might change or evolve
with the passage of time with as the
supreme good things like the
Constitution should strive to forward
well let's this go through a few
questions not that were tossed before
the which of the following paths
provision of Indian Constitution cannot
be amended
first we preamble to the Constitution
directive principles to state policy of
state policy fundamental rights or
judicial review as we just we are just
covered with the basics assurance so yes
this three can be amended but of course
judicial review is a part of basic
structure and cannot be amended so the
answer is many key features of the
Constitution such as federal structure
of the government provincial autonomy
and a bicameral central legislature and
the principle of separation of parts are
directly taken from the narrow report of
1928 the Government of India act 1919
the Government of India act 1935 an
Indian idea now if we studied that this
forms the bulk of Indian Constitution
and this is the answer which was
described by BR Ambedkar as the heart
and soul of Indian Constitution now if
in the previous in the other lectures we
were also covered this the right to
equality right against exploitation and
the right to constitutional remedies
that is article 32 this article was
described as the heart and soul of
written constitution by the chairperson
chairman of the drafting committee love
history BR Ambedkar
now this brings us to the end of this
lecture and we in the structure we had
covered how the evolution of Indian
Constitution took place and what are the
different salient features of Indian
Constitution how is it amendable how the
Constitution is rigid as well as
flexible what are the basics truck what
composes the basic history of Indian
Constitution in other lectures we should
also cover more parts of this till then
good luck work hard and hit the bull's
eye thank you