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Doha Development Agenda of the World Trade Organisation - Has the WTO failed poor countries ? Video Lecture | Indian Economy for Government Exams (Hindi) - Bank Exams
FAQs on Doha Development Agenda of the World Trade Organisation - Has the WTO failed poor countries ? Video Lecture - Indian Economy for Government Exams (Hindi) - Bank Exams
| 1. Has the WTO failed poor countries? |  |
Ans. The question of whether the WTO has failed poor countries is a complex one. While the WTO's Doha Development Agenda aimed to address the concerns of developing countries, many argue that it has not delivered on its promises. Poor countries often face challenges in participating effectively in negotiations and implementing WTO agreements, which can put them at a disadvantage. Additionally, some argue that the rules and policies set by the WTO disproportionately benefit wealthier nations. However, others believe that the WTO has provided opportunities for poorer countries to integrate into the global trading system and benefit from international trade.
| 2. What is the Doha Development Agenda of the World Trade Organisation? | |
Ans. The Doha Development Agenda (DDA) is a set of negotiations and agreements within the World Trade Organisation (WTO) that aimed to address the trade concerns of developing countries. It was launched in 2001 with the goal of promoting development, reducing trade barriers, and addressing the needs of poorer nations. The DDA covered various areas such as agriculture, services, intellectual property, and market access. However, the negotiations have faced numerous challenges and have not been concluded as originally planned.
| 3. What are the main challenges faced by poor countries in the WTO negotiations? | |
Ans. Poor countries often face several challenges in the WTO negotiations. Firstly, they may lack the resources and capacity to effectively participate in the negotiations and understand complex trade issues. This can lead to unequal power dynamics and limited influence in decision-making processes. Secondly, implementing WTO agreements can be a challenge for poorer nations due to limited infrastructure, technical expertise, and financial constraints. Lastly, some argue that the rules and policies set by the WTO do not adequately address the specific needs and concerns of developing countries, which can put them at a disadvantage.
| 4. How do some argue that the WTO rules and policies disproportionately benefit wealthier nations? | |
Ans. Critics argue that the rules and policies set by the WTO disproportionately benefit wealthier nations in several ways. Firstly, some argue that the rules favor countries with greater economic power and influence, allowing them to protect their domestic industries while imposing barriers on imports from developing countries. This can hinder the ability of poorer nations to compete on a level playing field. Secondly, the intellectual property rights provisions of the WTO, such as patents and copyrights, can restrict access to affordable medicines and technology for developing countries. Lastly, some argue that the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO is biased towards more powerful nations, making it difficult for poorer countries to challenge unfair trade practices.
| 5. What opportunities has the WTO provided for poorer countries to benefit from international trade? | |
Ans. The WTO has provided opportunities for poorer countries to benefit from international trade in various ways. Firstly, it promotes the principle of non-discrimination, which means that countries should not discriminate against imports from other WTO members. This allows developing countries to access markets and export their goods and services without facing unfair barriers. Secondly, the WTO provides a platform for negotiations and resolving trade disputes, which can help protect the interests of poorer nations. Additionally, the WTO encourages technical assistance and capacity-building programs to help developing countries enhance their trade-related infrastructure, knowledge, and skills. These initiatives aim to support economic development and integration into the global trading system.
Text Transcript from Video
[Music]
[Applause]
hello and welcome to steady IQ in the
last session we have seen what is payton
and the england baton law in this
session let us discuss about the Doha
Development Agenda but before we move on
to the Doha Development Agenda let us
see what is WTO and what is the
ministerial conference of the WTO first
let us see what is WTO WTO stands for
World Trade Organization it was
established in the year 1995 1995 the
predecessor of WTO was the gut G a TT
which stands for general agreement on
tariffs and trade so God was the
predecessor of the WTO at present there
are 164 members in the World Trade
Organization so the present number of
members are 164 in the World Trade
Organization one important thing to be
noted is the decisions in the World
Trade Organization are made by consensus
so decisions are made by consensus hope
now you have a brief idea about what
World Trade Organization is now let us
see what is a ministerial conference in
the World Trade Organization ministerial
conference the ministerial conference in
the World Trade Organization is the
highest decision-making body of the
World Trade Organization you must
remember this point it is the highest
decision-making body of the WTO the
members of this ministerial conference
are represented by the trade ministers
and senior level officers from various
countries so the members are trade
ministers and senior officials so in
case of India the kamas Minister is the
representative at the ministerial
conference of the WTO it should meet at
least once in two years so the meeting
of the ministerial conference must be
necessarily held at least once in two
years
so the first ministerial conference was
held in Singapore in the year 1996 1996
Singapore if we take the recent
ministerial conferences the 2013
Ministerial Conference
was held in Bali it was the ninth
ministerial conference the tenth
ministerial conference of the WTO was
held in Nairobi in the year 2015 and it
was the tenth ministerial conference the
11th ministerial conference of the WTO
was held in the year 2017 11th
ministerial conference of the WTO was
held in the year 2017 in bonus s the 9th
ministerial conference in 2013 in Bali
the 10th in the year 2015 in Nairobi and
11th in the year 2017 bonuses so this is
in brief about the WTO and the
ministerial conference of the WTO in
today's lecture we will be discussing
about the fourth ministerial conference
which was held in Doha in the year 2001
Doha Development Agenda in 2001 in the
fourth ministerial conference of the
World Trade Organization which was held
in Doha two main declarations were
accepted by the members the first one is
known as the Doha Development Agenda and
the second one was related to the
agreement on trip status trade related
intellectual property rights let us see
what are the main portions of this Doha
Development Agenda first let us see how
the Doha Development Agenda has
benefited the developing countries like
India so the developing countries like
India how it has benefited the first
benefit for the developing countries
like India was that a new clause was
added to the trips a new clause was
added to the trips trade related
intellectual property rights a new
clause was added and this clause was
known as trips versus public health
public health this is a very important
closed this is very very important we
will discuss this close in detail later
in this module itself the second one was
related to the agricultural subsidies
agricultural subsidies before we discuss
what where the negotiations made in this
Doha
development agenda let us first
understand what are this agricultural
subsidies by the WTO the WTO or the
World Trade Organization identifies
agricultural and agricultural product
subsidies in various boxes so we must
understand three main boxes here the one
first one is blue box second harness
green box and the sector harness amber
box
amber box the first one is a green box
in the in the green box we have the non
trade distorting subsidies our minimum
distortion is created by the subsidies
known distortion subsidies distortion or
minimum distortion subsidies what does
this mean it means that it does not
distort the trade or it has minimum
distortion on that trade this is mainly
a government-funded subsidy this is a
government-funded subsidy these type of
subsidies that is a green box subsidies
include direct income support to the
farmers for their crop loss or for some
disasters or when the market breaks down
the farmers will incur losses so these
subsidies are given in order to get a
relief from such slow sees so this
includes direct subsidies to farmers
direct income support subsidies to
farmers for crop loss for crop loss or
for market breakdown etc means when the
prices in the market comes down the sub
the farmers will incur loss and in order
to support the farmers in such a
situation subsidies are given and in
case of disasters also farmers will
incur loss and in order to minimize the
losses due to disasters also the
government would provide some subsidies
all these kinds of subsidies are
included in the non trade distortion
category that is the green box of the
WTO subsidies and land mental and
conservation programs research programs
etc training to farmers etc so in short
green box subsidies means those
subsidies which are known
trade distorting that means it has
minimum distortion or non dis no
distortion on trade and these are
provided by the government and WTO has
not set any limit for the subsidies that
means the WTO has not set up any limit
the government can give this subsidies
to its citizens
next is the amber box subsidies amber
box
amber box subsidies are international
trade distorting subsidies green box
subsidies we said they are non
distorting but amber boxes distorting
trade distorting subsidies trade
distorting subsidies they distort
international trade let us see how amber
box up cities distort international
trade for example if a particular
country is giving subsidies to its
producers or manufacturers what will
happen they can produce the product set
lesser cost that means they can supply
this course that means they can supply
this products in the international
market at cheaper cost so what will
happen when this cup when these products
reach the international market at
cheaper coasts these products will have
higher demand it means that it will
affect the products of other countries
so this is how amber box up CDs are
trade distorting so the implication is
that the products from the particular
country will be cheaper in the
international market and they will have
higher demand which will negatively or
badly affect the product of other
countries distort the trade balance by
making excessive production so this will
distort the trade balance trade balance
by excessive production excessive
production examples of such kind of
subsidies are the Amber box up CDs and
subsidies on fertilizers subsidies on
electricity or the minimum support price
given by the government to the farmers
etc comes under this category an
important point to be noted here is that
WTO has set up limits for this subsidies
so WTO has set limits for these kinds of
subsidy amber BOC subsidies in case of
developed countries it is five
percentage of
agricultural production and in case of
developing countries it is ten
percentage of the agricultural
production
so in short amber Bach subsidies means
trade distorting subsidies that means it
affects the international trade so if a
country gives amber box of CDs to its
manufacturers or to the producers the
production becomes less costly and
products become cheaper in the
international market this would
negatively affect the international
trade balance by making commodities of a
particular country cheaper in the
international market and here you must
understand that WTO has set up a limit
for this subsidies next is the blue box
subsidies blue box blue box subsidies
aim at limiting the production so the
limiting production limiting production
is the purpose of blue box subsidies
usually the amber box subsidies are
placed in the blue box in order to emit
their production only a few countries in
the world has adopted this blue box
subsidy example of countries that has
adopted this kind of subsidies are
Norway Iceland etc hope green box
amber box and blue box subsidies are
clear for all of you so coming back to
our topic
that is the decisions of the Doha
Development Agenda regarding the
agricultural subsidies first we
discussed about the trips that is the
new clothes added to the trips that we
said we will discuss later the second
one was regarding the agricultural
subsidies so so the second negotiation
made in the Doha Development Agenda was
regarding the agricultural subsidies
agricultural subsidies we have already
seen what are the different types of
agricultural subsidies under the World
Trade Organization so let us now see
what was the negotiation made regarding
the agricultural subsidies usually
developed countries give more subsidies
but under this negotiation the developed
countries agreed to the developing
countries that they will reduce their
subsidies so what is the implication of
reducing sub
in the developed countries when the
developed countries reduce their
subsidies it means that the producers in
those countries will have to incur more
cost so the production will come down so
international trade will be benefited
the third negotiation was regarding the
differential preferential special
treatment third-world differential
preferential special treatment this was
agreed by the developed countries to the
developing countries there were two
closes and others the first one was that
in case of subsidies or import duties
the developed countries will reduce the
subsidies or the import duties and the
second clause was that in case of
developing countries more time period
will be given in order to comply with
this negotiations so the first one
subsidies or import duties import import
duties the developed country said that
they will reduce the import duties or
the subsidies so and the second clause
was regarding the time frame for
implementation time for implementation
the developed countries the developed
countries agreed that they will give
more time for developing countries for
their implementation the fourth
negotiation was related to the labor
issues labor issues in the fourth
ministerial conference that was the Doha
Development Agenda the member countries
decided that the labor related issues
will not be taken care by the WTO or the
World Trade Organization but instead ILO
will take care of the labor related
issues
this was another magazine in the fourth
ministerial conference so we were
discussing about the favorable
negotiations for the developing
countries in the fourth ministerial
conference they were the first one a new
clause was added in the trade related
intellectual property rights the second
one was Allah the second was related to
agricultural subsidies the third one was
related to the differential preferential
special status given for the developed
car
that given for the developing countries
by the developed countries under which
the subsidies and the import duties will
be reduced by the developed countries
and developing countries were given more
time for implementation both one was
related to the labor issues labor issues
it was decided that the labor issues
will not be taken by the World Trade
Organization instead ILO will take care
of the labor issues all this for
negotiations were highly favorable for
the developing countries like India now
let us see what are the negotiations
which favored the developed countries in
this conference developed countries the
first one was that new round of
negotiations were started new round of
negotiations were started the second one
is that the developing countries agreed
to reduce the duty on industrial goods
the third one was that the Singapore
issues were taken by the board the
fourth one was regarding the
environmental concerns and WTO will take
care of the environmental concerns
environmental concerns these were the
important negotiations under the Doha
Development Agenda the important factors
you must remember here as these
negotiations were inclusive development
oriented but later on what happened was
that the developed countries had
withdrawn from this negotiations or
agreements later on developed countries
countries withdrew from this agreements
for example some countries are
restricting Indian products on the basis
of labor issues so this these are all
violation of this agreements
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
hello and welcome to steady IQ in the
last session we have seen what is payton
and the england baton law in this
session let us discuss about the Doha
Development Agenda but before we move on
to the Doha Development Agenda let us
see what is WTO and what is the
ministerial conference of the WTO first
let us see what is WTO WTO stands for
World Trade Organization it was
established in the year 1995 1995 the
predecessor of WTO was the gut G a TT
which stands for general agreement on
tariffs and trade so God was the
predecessor of the WTO at present there
are 164 members in the World Trade
Organization so the present number of
members are 164 in the World Trade
Organization one important thing to be
noted is the decisions in the World
Trade Organization are made by consensus
so decisions are made by consensus hope
now you have a brief idea about what
World Trade Organization is now let us
see what is a ministerial conference in
the World Trade Organization ministerial
conference the ministerial conference in
the World Trade Organization is the
highest decision-making body of the
World Trade Organization you must
remember this point it is the highest
decision-making body of the WTO the
members of this ministerial conference
are represented by the trade ministers
and senior level officers from various
countries so the members are trade
ministers and senior officials so in
case of India the kamas Minister is the
representative at the ministerial
conference of the WTO it should meet at
least once in two years so the meeting
of the ministerial conference must be
necessarily held at least once in two
years
so the first ministerial conference was
held in Singapore in the year 1996 1996
Singapore if we take the recent
ministerial conferences the 2013
Ministerial Conference
was held in Bali it was the ninth
ministerial conference the tenth
ministerial conference of the WTO was
held in Nairobi in the year 2015 and it
was the tenth ministerial conference the
11th ministerial conference of the WTO
was held in the year 2017 11th
ministerial conference of the WTO was
held in the year 2017 in bonus s the 9th
ministerial conference in 2013 in Bali
the 10th in the year 2015 in Nairobi and
11th in the year 2017 bonuses so this is
in brief about the WTO and the
ministerial conference of the WTO in
today's lecture we will be discussing
about the fourth ministerial conference
which was held in Doha in the year 2001
Doha Development Agenda in 2001 in the
fourth ministerial conference of the
World Trade Organization which was held
in Doha two main declarations were
accepted by the members the first one is
known as the Doha Development Agenda and
the second one was related to the
agreement on trip status trade related
intellectual property rights let us see
what are the main portions of this Doha
Development Agenda first let us see how
the Doha Development Agenda has
benefited the developing countries like
India so the developing countries like
India how it has benefited the first
benefit for the developing countries
like India was that a new clause was
added to the trips a new clause was
added to the trips trade related
intellectual property rights a new
clause was added and this clause was
known as trips versus public health
public health this is a very important
closed this is very very important we
will discuss this close in detail later
in this module itself the second one was
related to the agricultural subsidies
agricultural subsidies before we discuss
what where the negotiations made in this
Doha
development agenda let us first
understand what are this agricultural
subsidies by the WTO the WTO or the
World Trade Organization identifies
agricultural and agricultural product
subsidies in various boxes so we must
understand three main boxes here the one
first one is blue box second harness
green box and the sector harness amber
box
amber box the first one is a green box
in the in the green box we have the non
trade distorting subsidies our minimum
distortion is created by the subsidies
known distortion subsidies distortion or
minimum distortion subsidies what does
this mean it means that it does not
distort the trade or it has minimum
distortion on that trade this is mainly
a government-funded subsidy this is a
government-funded subsidy these type of
subsidies that is a green box subsidies
include direct income support to the
farmers for their crop loss or for some
disasters or when the market breaks down
the farmers will incur losses so these
subsidies are given in order to get a
relief from such slow sees so this
includes direct subsidies to farmers
direct income support subsidies to
farmers for crop loss for crop loss or
for market breakdown etc means when the
prices in the market comes down the sub
the farmers will incur loss and in order
to support the farmers in such a
situation subsidies are given and in
case of disasters also farmers will
incur loss and in order to minimize the
losses due to disasters also the
government would provide some subsidies
all these kinds of subsidies are
included in the non trade distortion
category that is the green box of the
WTO subsidies and land mental and
conservation programs research programs
etc training to farmers etc so in short
green box subsidies means those
subsidies which are known
trade distorting that means it has
minimum distortion or non dis no
distortion on trade and these are
provided by the government and WTO has
not set any limit for the subsidies that
means the WTO has not set up any limit
the government can give this subsidies
to its citizens
next is the amber box subsidies amber
box
amber box subsidies are international
trade distorting subsidies green box
subsidies we said they are non
distorting but amber boxes distorting
trade distorting subsidies trade
distorting subsidies they distort
international trade let us see how amber
box up cities distort international
trade for example if a particular
country is giving subsidies to its
producers or manufacturers what will
happen they can produce the product set
lesser cost that means they can supply
this course that means they can supply
this products in the international
market at cheaper cost so what will
happen when this cup when these products
reach the international market at
cheaper coasts these products will have
higher demand it means that it will
affect the products of other countries
so this is how amber box up CDs are
trade distorting so the implication is
that the products from the particular
country will be cheaper in the
international market and they will have
higher demand which will negatively or
badly affect the product of other
countries distort the trade balance by
making excessive production so this will
distort the trade balance trade balance
by excessive production excessive
production examples of such kind of
subsidies are the Amber box up CDs and
subsidies on fertilizers subsidies on
electricity or the minimum support price
given by the government to the farmers
etc comes under this category an
important point to be noted here is that
WTO has set up limits for this subsidies
so WTO has set limits for these kinds of
subsidy amber BOC subsidies in case of
developed countries it is five
percentage of
agricultural production and in case of
developing countries it is ten
percentage of the agricultural
production
so in short amber Bach subsidies means
trade distorting subsidies that means it
affects the international trade so if a
country gives amber box of CDs to its
manufacturers or to the producers the
production becomes less costly and
products become cheaper in the
international market this would
negatively affect the international
trade balance by making commodities of a
particular country cheaper in the
international market and here you must
understand that WTO has set up a limit
for this subsidies next is the blue box
subsidies blue box blue box subsidies
aim at limiting the production so the
limiting production limiting production
is the purpose of blue box subsidies
usually the amber box subsidies are
placed in the blue box in order to emit
their production only a few countries in
the world has adopted this blue box
subsidy example of countries that has
adopted this kind of subsidies are
Norway Iceland etc hope green box
amber box and blue box subsidies are
clear for all of you so coming back to
our topic
that is the decisions of the Doha
Development Agenda regarding the
agricultural subsidies first we
discussed about the trips that is the
new clothes added to the trips that we
said we will discuss later the second
one was regarding the agricultural
subsidies so so the second negotiation
made in the Doha Development Agenda was
regarding the agricultural subsidies
agricultural subsidies we have already
seen what are the different types of
agricultural subsidies under the World
Trade Organization so let us now see
what was the negotiation made regarding
the agricultural subsidies usually
developed countries give more subsidies
but under this negotiation the developed
countries agreed to the developing
countries that they will reduce their
subsidies so what is the implication of
reducing sub
in the developed countries when the
developed countries reduce their
subsidies it means that the producers in
those countries will have to incur more
cost so the production will come down so
international trade will be benefited
the third negotiation was regarding the
differential preferential special
treatment third-world differential
preferential special treatment this was
agreed by the developed countries to the
developing countries there were two
closes and others the first one was that
in case of subsidies or import duties
the developed countries will reduce the
subsidies or the import duties and the
second clause was that in case of
developing countries more time period
will be given in order to comply with
this negotiations so the first one
subsidies or import duties import import
duties the developed country said that
they will reduce the import duties or
the subsidies so and the second clause
was regarding the time frame for
implementation time for implementation
the developed countries the developed
countries agreed that they will give
more time for developing countries for
their implementation the fourth
negotiation was related to the labor
issues labor issues in the fourth
ministerial conference that was the Doha
Development Agenda the member countries
decided that the labor related issues
will not be taken care by the WTO or the
World Trade Organization but instead ILO
will take care of the labor related
issues
this was another magazine in the fourth
ministerial conference so we were
discussing about the favorable
negotiations for the developing
countries in the fourth ministerial
conference they were the first one a new
clause was added in the trade related
intellectual property rights the second
one was Allah the second was related to
agricultural subsidies the third one was
related to the differential preferential
special status given for the developed
car
that given for the developing countries
by the developed countries under which
the subsidies and the import duties will
be reduced by the developed countries
and developing countries were given more
time for implementation both one was
related to the labor issues labor issues
it was decided that the labor issues
will not be taken by the World Trade
Organization instead ILO will take care
of the labor issues all this for
negotiations were highly favorable for
the developing countries like India now
let us see what are the negotiations
which favored the developed countries in
this conference developed countries the
first one was that new round of
negotiations were started new round of
negotiations were started the second one
is that the developing countries agreed
to reduce the duty on industrial goods
the third one was that the Singapore
issues were taken by the board the
fourth one was regarding the
environmental concerns and WTO will take
care of the environmental concerns
environmental concerns these were the
important negotiations under the Doha
Development Agenda the important factors
you must remember here as these
negotiations were inclusive development
oriented but later on what happened was
that the developed countries had
withdrawn from this negotiations or
agreements later on developed countries
countries withdrew from this agreements
for example some countries are
restricting Indian products on the basis
of labor issues so this these are all
violation of this agreements
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
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