Chemical Engineering Exam > Chemical Engineering Videos > Exponential form to find complex roots
Exponential form to find complex roots Video Lecture - Chemical Engineering
FAQs on Exponential form to find complex roots Video Lecture - Chemical Engineering
| 1. What is the exponential form used to find complex roots in Chemical Engineering? |  |
Ans. The exponential form used to find complex roots in Chemical Engineering is given by the equation e^(iθ) = cos(θ) + i sin(θ), where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary unit, and θ is the angle in radians.
| 2. How can the exponential form be useful in Chemical Engineering? | |
Ans. The exponential form is useful in Chemical Engineering for solving problems involving complex numbers, such as finding the roots of complex polynomials or analyzing the behavior of dynamic systems. It allows complex numbers to be represented in a simplified form, making calculations and analysis more manageable.
| 3. Can the exponential form be used to solve real-world problems in Chemical Engineering? | |
Ans. Yes, the exponential form can be used to solve real-world problems in Chemical Engineering. For example, it can be used in the analysis of reaction kinetics, where complex numbers may arise due to the presence of imaginary reaction rates. By using the exponential form, these complex numbers can be manipulated and analyzed to gain insights into the behavior of chemical reactions.
| 4. Are there any limitations or challenges in using the exponential form in Chemical Engineering? | |
Ans. While the exponential form is a powerful tool in Chemical Engineering, it does have some limitations. One challenge is that it may involve complex calculations and require a good understanding of complex numbers and their properties. Additionally, the exponential form may not always provide an intuitive physical interpretation, especially when dealing with complex systems or phenomena.
| 5. Can you provide an example of how the exponential form is applied in Chemical Engineering calculations? | |
Ans. Certainly! One example is the analysis of dynamic systems, such as the response of a chemical reactor to a disturbance. By expressing the system's transfer function in terms of the exponential form, it becomes easier to determine the system's stability, transient response, and frequency response. This allows Chemical Engineers to design and optimize control systems for improved performance and safety.
Text Transcript from Video
In this video, we're going
to hopefully understand
why the exponential
form of a complex number
is actually useful.
So let's say we want
to solve the equation x
to the third power
is equal to 1.
So we want to find all of
the real and/or complex roots
of this equation
right over here.
This is the same thing
as x to the third minus 1
is equal to 0.
So we're looking for all the
real and complex roots of this.
And there are ways to do
this without exponential form
of a complex number.
But the technique we're
going to see in this video
could be applied if this
was x to the fifth minus 1,
or x to the 13th minus 1.
And it's also going to
show us the patterns that
emerge when you start looking
at things on an Argand diagram.
So to do this, let's think about
the exponential representation
of 1.
So let's just say
z is equal to 1.
1 is a complex number.
It's a real number.
All real numbers are
also complex numbers.
They're a subset.
They're in the complex plane.
They just don't have
an imaginary part.
So let's draw this
on an Argand diagram.
So that's my real axis.
This is my imaginary axis.
And so this is the real.
This is the imaginary.
And if I wanted to
represent z equals 1,
it only has a real part.
So let me just
draw 1 all around.
Negative 1.
Negative 1.
z looks like this.
z would look like
that, a position
vector that just goes to 1, 0.
One way to view it-- this is
the same thing as equal to 1
plus 0i.
Now, let's put this
in exponential form.
Well, its magnitude is
pretty straightforward.
The magnitude of z is just
the length of this vector,
or it's the absolute value of 1.
That's just going to be 1.
Now, what's the argument of z?
What's the angle
that this vector
makes with the
positive real axis?
Well, it's on the
positive real axis.
It's a real number.
So it has no angle.
So the arg of z is 0.
So that might not be
too interesting so far.
We just figured out that 1 is
equal to 1 times e to the 0i.
And this is kind of obvious.
e to the 0-- this is
just going to be 0.
0 times i is 0.
e to the 0 is going to be
1, times 1 is equal to 1.
Not a big deal there.
But what is neat is that this
argument-- you could view it
as 0 radians, or you could
go all the way around
and add 2 pi to it and
get to the same point.
So the argument of our complex
number-- or of the number 1,
really-- could also be an angle
of 2 pi, or an angle of 4 pi,
or an angle of 6 pi,
or an angle of 8 pi.
So we can write 1
as 1 times e-- I
won't write the 1
anymore-- 1 times
e to the 2 pi i, or 1
times e to the 4 pi i.
And the reason why
this is interesting
is then this equation
right here can
be written in multiple ways.
It can be written as x to
the third is equal to 1.
It could be written
as x to the third
is equal to e to the 2 pi i.
Or it could be written
as x to the third
is equal to e to the 4 pi i.
And this is
interesting, and we're
going to see this in a second.
Let's take both sides
of all these equations
to the one-third
power to solve for x.
So to the one-third.
We're going to take
that to the one-third.
We're going to do that
same thing over here.
We're just taking everything
to the one-third power
to solve for the x's in
each of these equations.
To the one-third power.
So this first equation over
here becomes x is equal to 1
to the one-third power,
which is just equal to 1.
Now, what's the second
equation become?
This second equation-- x is
equal to e to the-- well,
this is going to be the
2 pi over 3, i power.
And then this
equation over here is
going to be-- so x is going
to be equal to-- obviously,
the 3 to the one-third, that
just becomes x to the 1.
Let me do that same blue.
x over here is going to be equal
to e to the 4 pi over 3, i.
So let's think about
this for a little bit.
What is this?
So immediately, what's
the argument here?
So these are three
different roots.
Let me call this x1, x2, and x3.
So these are three
different numbers.
One of the roots is 1.
That's pretty clear over here.
1 is one of the cube
roots of itself.
But these are other numbers.
And these are going
to be complex numbers.
So let's visualize these
numbers a little bit.
So what is the argument?
The magnitude of x2
is still clearly 1.
It's the coefficient
out in front of the e.
It's clearly 1.
Let me do that same color.
The magnitude of x3 is
also clearly going to be 1.
But what is the argument of x2?
What is phi?
What is the argument?
Well, it's 2 pi over 3.
So how would we draw x2?
So the angle is 2 pi over 3.
It's easier for me to
visualize in degrees.
So 2 pi is 360 degrees.
360 degrees divided
by 3 is 120 degrees.
So this is going
to be-- 120 degrees
is 60 short of-- so it's
going to look like this.
So this angle right
here, its argument
is going to be
120 degrees, which
is the same thing
as 2 pi over 3.
And it's going to have
the exact same length.
So let me do it
in the same color.
So this is x1.
So that is this green
color right over here.
x2 is this magenta
one right over here.
And they all have
the same magnitude.
So we really just rotate it.
We rotate it 120 degrees.
And what about x3?
What's its argument?
What's x3's argument?
Its argument is 4 pi over 3.
That's the same thing
as 720 degrees over 3,
if we were to put
it into degrees.
And so 3 goes into
720-- what is it?
240?
720.
240.
Right.
I should have known that.
So 240 degrees-- we're
going to go 180 degrees,
and then go another 60 degrees.
So it's going to
be right over here.
So let me draw it like this.
It's going to be
right over here.
That angle right
over there is 4 pi
over 3 radians, which
is equal to 240 degrees.
And once again, it has
the same magnitude.
So what we just saw is
when I take the cube
roots of this real
number, I'm essentially
taking the entire--
I guess we could
call it the entire
circle or the entire 360
degrees or the
entire 2 pi radians--
and I'm dividing it
into three, essentially.
This is one third.
Then we have
another 120 degrees.
And then we have
another 120 degrees.
And so you see the pattern of
where all of the roots are.
And in case you're
still not satisfied,
you're just like, well, you said
you would find complex roots.
Yeah, I'm not used
to this or this
as actually being
complex numbers.
I actually want it to be in the
form a plus bi-- we can easily
figure it out from
this right over here.
So x2-- it's going to be equal
to the cosine of 2 pi over 3
plus i times the
sine of 2 pi over 3.
And if you look
at this over here,
we can figure out what those
things are going to be.
This is the angle
right over here.
If this angle right over
here is 60 degrees-- which
it is, because
this up here is 30
degrees-- the hypotenuse,
or the length, is 1, then
this over here is
square root of 3 over 2.
And then this distance right
over here is negative 1/2.
So x2 is going to be equal
to-- cosine of 2 pi over 3
is-- negative 1/2.
Did I do that right?
Yep, negative 1/2, plus i
times sine of 2 pi over 3.
That's this height
over here, which
is square root of 3 over 2, i.
So that's x2.
And we could do the
exact same thing with x3.
x3 is going to be
equal to its x value.
Or I should say
its real value is
going to be the
exact same thing.
It's going to be negative 1/2.
And then, its imaginary
value, so this angle right
over here-- this just from
the negative real axis down
to the vector-- is going
to be negative 60 degrees.
So this height
right over here is
going to be negative
square root of 3 over 2.
So it's negative 1/2 minus the
square root of 3 over 2, i.
So using this technique,
we were able to find
the three complex roots of 1.
This is one of them.
This is another one.
And of course, 1 is
one of them as well.
Where did we do that?
1 is one of them as well.
And you could use this
exact same technique
if we were finding
the fourth roots.
We would take the 2 pi
radians, or the 360 degrees,
and divide it into 4.
And so it would
actually be this.
It would be i.
It would be negative 1.
And it would be negative i.
And we know if you take i
to the fourth, you get 1.
If you take negative i
to the fourth, you get 1.
And if you take negative 1
to the fourth, you get 1.
And if you take 1 to
the fourth, you get 1.
And so you can find
the eighth roots of 1
using this technique.
Now, the other question that
might be popping in your brain
is, why did I stop
at e to the 4 pi i?
Why didn't I go
on and say, well,
this is equal to e to the 6 pi
i and look for another root?
And so if I did that, if I
said x to the third-- let's say
I wanted to find a
fourth root here, maybe.
x to the third is equal
to e to the 6 pi i.
And I take both sides
of this equation
to the one-third power.
Taking this to the one third,
I would get e to the 2 pi i.
Well, what's e to the
2 pi i? e to the 2 pi
i would just get us back to 1.
So when I added 2 pi again, it
just gets us back to this root
again.
If I took e to the 6 pi,
if I took e to the 8 pi,
I would get this root again.
So you're going to get
only three roots if you're
finding the third
roots of something.
Anything beyond that, it
just becomes redundant.
to hopefully understand
why the exponential
form of a complex number
is actually useful.
So let's say we want
to solve the equation x
to the third power
is equal to 1.
So we want to find all of
the real and/or complex roots
of this equation
right over here.
This is the same thing
as x to the third minus 1
is equal to 0.
So we're looking for all the
real and complex roots of this.
And there are ways to do
this without exponential form
of a complex number.
But the technique we're
going to see in this video
could be applied if this
was x to the fifth minus 1,
or x to the 13th minus 1.
And it's also going to
show us the patterns that
emerge when you start looking
at things on an Argand diagram.
So to do this, let's think about
the exponential representation
of 1.
So let's just say
z is equal to 1.
1 is a complex number.
It's a real number.
All real numbers are
also complex numbers.
They're a subset.
They're in the complex plane.
They just don't have
an imaginary part.
So let's draw this
on an Argand diagram.
So that's my real axis.
This is my imaginary axis.
And so this is the real.
This is the imaginary.
And if I wanted to
represent z equals 1,
it only has a real part.
So let me just
draw 1 all around.
Negative 1.
Negative 1.
z looks like this.
z would look like
that, a position
vector that just goes to 1, 0.
One way to view it-- this is
the same thing as equal to 1
plus 0i.
Now, let's put this
in exponential form.
Well, its magnitude is
pretty straightforward.
The magnitude of z is just
the length of this vector,
or it's the absolute value of 1.
That's just going to be 1.
Now, what's the argument of z?
What's the angle
that this vector
makes with the
positive real axis?
Well, it's on the
positive real axis.
It's a real number.
So it has no angle.
So the arg of z is 0.
So that might not be
too interesting so far.
We just figured out that 1 is
equal to 1 times e to the 0i.
And this is kind of obvious.
e to the 0-- this is
just going to be 0.
0 times i is 0.
e to the 0 is going to be
1, times 1 is equal to 1.
Not a big deal there.
But what is neat is that this
argument-- you could view it
as 0 radians, or you could
go all the way around
and add 2 pi to it and
get to the same point.
So the argument of our complex
number-- or of the number 1,
really-- could also be an angle
of 2 pi, or an angle of 4 pi,
or an angle of 6 pi,
or an angle of 8 pi.
So we can write 1
as 1 times e-- I
won't write the 1
anymore-- 1 times
e to the 2 pi i, or 1
times e to the 4 pi i.
And the reason why
this is interesting
is then this equation
right here can
be written in multiple ways.
It can be written as x to
the third is equal to 1.
It could be written
as x to the third
is equal to e to the 2 pi i.
Or it could be written
as x to the third
is equal to e to the 4 pi i.
And this is
interesting, and we're
going to see this in a second.
Let's take both sides
of all these equations
to the one-third
power to solve for x.
So to the one-third.
We're going to take
that to the one-third.
We're going to do that
same thing over here.
We're just taking everything
to the one-third power
to solve for the x's in
each of these equations.
To the one-third power.
So this first equation over
here becomes x is equal to 1
to the one-third power,
which is just equal to 1.
Now, what's the second
equation become?
This second equation-- x is
equal to e to the-- well,
this is going to be the
2 pi over 3, i power.
And then this
equation over here is
going to be-- so x is going
to be equal to-- obviously,
the 3 to the one-third, that
just becomes x to the 1.
Let me do that same blue.
x over here is going to be equal
to e to the 4 pi over 3, i.
So let's think about
this for a little bit.
What is this?
So immediately, what's
the argument here?
So these are three
different roots.
Let me call this x1, x2, and x3.
So these are three
different numbers.
One of the roots is 1.
That's pretty clear over here.
1 is one of the cube
roots of itself.
But these are other numbers.
And these are going
to be complex numbers.
So let's visualize these
numbers a little bit.
So what is the argument?
The magnitude of x2
is still clearly 1.
It's the coefficient
out in front of the e.
It's clearly 1.
Let me do that same color.
The magnitude of x3 is
also clearly going to be 1.
But what is the argument of x2?
What is phi?
What is the argument?
Well, it's 2 pi over 3.
So how would we draw x2?
So the angle is 2 pi over 3.
It's easier for me to
visualize in degrees.
So 2 pi is 360 degrees.
360 degrees divided
by 3 is 120 degrees.
So this is going
to be-- 120 degrees
is 60 short of-- so it's
going to look like this.
So this angle right
here, its argument
is going to be
120 degrees, which
is the same thing
as 2 pi over 3.
And it's going to have
the exact same length.
So let me do it
in the same color.
So this is x1.
So that is this green
color right over here.
x2 is this magenta
one right over here.
And they all have
the same magnitude.
So we really just rotate it.
We rotate it 120 degrees.
And what about x3?
What's its argument?
What's x3's argument?
Its argument is 4 pi over 3.
That's the same thing
as 720 degrees over 3,
if we were to put
it into degrees.
And so 3 goes into
720-- what is it?
240?
720.
240.
Right.
I should have known that.
So 240 degrees-- we're
going to go 180 degrees,
and then go another 60 degrees.
So it's going to
be right over here.
So let me draw it like this.
It's going to be
right over here.
That angle right
over there is 4 pi
over 3 radians, which
is equal to 240 degrees.
And once again, it has
the same magnitude.
So what we just saw is
when I take the cube
roots of this real
number, I'm essentially
taking the entire--
I guess we could
call it the entire
circle or the entire 360
degrees or the
entire 2 pi radians--
and I'm dividing it
into three, essentially.
This is one third.
Then we have
another 120 degrees.
And then we have
another 120 degrees.
And so you see the pattern of
where all of the roots are.
And in case you're
still not satisfied,
you're just like, well, you said
you would find complex roots.
Yeah, I'm not used
to this or this
as actually being
complex numbers.
I actually want it to be in the
form a plus bi-- we can easily
figure it out from
this right over here.
So x2-- it's going to be equal
to the cosine of 2 pi over 3
plus i times the
sine of 2 pi over 3.
And if you look
at this over here,
we can figure out what those
things are going to be.
This is the angle
right over here.
If this angle right over
here is 60 degrees-- which
it is, because
this up here is 30
degrees-- the hypotenuse,
or the length, is 1, then
this over here is
square root of 3 over 2.
And then this distance right
over here is negative 1/2.
So x2 is going to be equal
to-- cosine of 2 pi over 3
is-- negative 1/2.
Did I do that right?
Yep, negative 1/2, plus i
times sine of 2 pi over 3.
That's this height
over here, which
is square root of 3 over 2, i.
So that's x2.
And we could do the
exact same thing with x3.
x3 is going to be
equal to its x value.
Or I should say
its real value is
going to be the
exact same thing.
It's going to be negative 1/2.
And then, its imaginary
value, so this angle right
over here-- this just from
the negative real axis down
to the vector-- is going
to be negative 60 degrees.
So this height
right over here is
going to be negative
square root of 3 over 2.
So it's negative 1/2 minus the
square root of 3 over 2, i.
So using this technique,
we were able to find
the three complex roots of 1.
This is one of them.
This is another one.
And of course, 1 is
one of them as well.
Where did we do that?
1 is one of them as well.
And you could use this
exact same technique
if we were finding
the fourth roots.
We would take the 2 pi
radians, or the 360 degrees,
and divide it into 4.
And so it would
actually be this.
It would be i.
It would be negative 1.
And it would be negative i.
And we know if you take i
to the fourth, you get 1.
If you take negative i
to the fourth, you get 1.
And if you take negative 1
to the fourth, you get 1.
And if you take 1 to
the fourth, you get 1.
And so you can find
the eighth roots of 1
using this technique.
Now, the other question that
might be popping in your brain
is, why did I stop
at e to the 4 pi i?
Why didn't I go
on and say, well,
this is equal to e to the 6 pi
i and look for another root?
And so if I did that, if I
said x to the third-- let's say
I wanted to find a
fourth root here, maybe.
x to the third is equal
to e to the 6 pi i.
And I take both sides
of this equation
to the one-third power.
Taking this to the one third,
I would get e to the 2 pi i.
Well, what's e to the
2 pi i? e to the 2 pi
i would just get us back to 1.
So when I added 2 pi again, it
just gets us back to this root
again.
If I took e to the 6 pi,
if I took e to the 8 pi,
I would get this root again.
So you're going to get
only three roots if you're
finding the third
roots of something.
Anything beyond that, it
just becomes redundant.
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Jan 06, 2025
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