Hybridization concept - Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure Video Lecture - Class 11

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bonding part 21 is brought to you by
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no Murphy from exam before watching the
video please make sure that you have
watched part 1 to part 20 this draw the
shape of methane ammonia in water with
whatever knowledge we have tell not so
let's take this carbon molecule na
carbon we know that it has atomic number
of six 1s2 2s2 2p2
correct
so my this may be my once orbital and
lab two electron two ways orbit in lab
two electrons and 2p orbitals will have
two electrons let me put one each here
on this p orbital on every correct
now i am saying that in the excited
state it will be something like this it
will be 1s2 2s1
UV 3 right so I'll remove an electron
from here and I will put somewhere here
excited state one electron schönbrunn
came here this is my excited state of
carbon carbon now I'm adding 3 CH 4 so I
have to add 4 hydrogen molecules so what
I can do is I can add one hydrogen here
one hydrogen here one here and one in
this right so this will be my SP overlap
this will be SP overlap this will be SP
overlap and this will be SS overlap
right because both our s orbital so this
will be shape of my hydrogen molecule
that means these angle will be negative
correct but experimentally we have seen
that carbon shape is something like this
1 0 9 degree so we when we are doing
something wrong right because we
you a carbon shape is like this carbon
shame is like this then we added as
hydrogen or hydrogen it should be 90
degree because all these orbitals are 90
degree apart the shape is not like this
similarly for let's drop our industry
for ls3 you know that by torsion is
seven atomic number so one is two ways
to two degree so let's let's put two
electrons here two electron somewhere
here three electrons in three organism
right I have to add three hydrogen's so
let me add three hydrogen's here because
I told that the unpaired orbitals will
overlap so this is one paid in Sun pay
into Sun paints overlap they should get
ammonia each angle should be 90 degree
because these orbitals are 90 degree
apart but experimentally we saw that NS
three angles are 1 0 17 also if you see
water also water
I have oxygen oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p4 so I
have in 1s 2 2 molecules you molecules
here and 2p for one one man I will put
in all three one more I put somewhere
here only so I have how many unpaired
orbitals to here so my hydrogen let's
suppose will come here will join here
and here because hydrogen is having an
quite electron agent it will pay
according to the current theory we have
orbital overlap Theory so Tiger should
be 90 degree because these are
diagonally apart
orbitals P orbitals but the accumulative
RL is 1 0 4 D there is something they'll
missing because the current knowledge
behalf of the orbital approach
orbital overlap and the current
knowledge we have of the structure of
atoms which we learned in the last class
right carbon will be something like this
it will have 4 lone four unpaired
orbitals in the excited state so we add
one
hydrogen each in all these four orbitals
unpaired electron orbitals we get
something shaped like this which should
be online in degree but the experiment
value is different in ammonia also we
have three unpaired orbitals then we add
three hydrogen's to this key unpaid
orbitals it should be something like
this all 90-degree right it should be
something like this
because all these orbitals P orbitals
are 90 degree with each other but
exterminate valence something else is a
quarter also when we applied this
current knowledge we have we found that
the angles would negatively for hydrogen
and this it should be this fellow but
experimentally we formed this value that
means something we are doing wrong right
so the current overlap concept is not
able to explain the structure of the
molecules so what should we do here
comes hybridization hybridization in
order to explain the shapes of these
molecules Pauling introduced the concept
of hybridization right according to him
accordingly Pauling the atomic orbitals
read combine to form new set of
equivalent orbitals that means the
oxygen here or the carbon here or the my
Trojan here these molecules these atoms
their orbitals will recombine to form
new set of orbitals and they are called
hybrid orbitals that means the orbitals
of central atom geli this hybridization
happen 30% plan comes read combine to
form hybrid organism and this is what
hybridization sees because the shape of
all these molecules you could not
explain without hybridization so he
introduced a new concept for hydrogen is
saying that the pole the Pauling see is
that is the central atoms there are
orbitals we combine two forms
right and we should not use clear
orbitals we should use high hybrid
orbitals for bond omission and with this
if we do that then I can explain the
shape problem and the formal definition
of hydration is is nothing but process
of intermixing of orbitals of slightly
different energies please note slightly
different energies so as to redistribute
their energy resulting in formation of
new set of orbitals of equivalent
energies for example if I orbitals of
energies 4 3 & 5 right so they will
march 4 plus 3 is 7 plus 5 12 12 by 3 is
4 so they'll form 3 orbitals with energy
for that means if they are orbitals of
slightly different energy they'll
recombine the linter mix and then
redistribute their energy and they'll
form set of new set of orbitals of
equivalent energies
please note here this critical point
here if they are orbitals of slightly
different energies they will recombine
to redistribute energy for new set of
orbitals for equivalent energy C and she
shape a la spezia
the example is 2 s 1 2 s and 3 PP all
are having equal in state do a CB an
almost similar energy they'll re combine
to form SP three hybrid orbitals correct
it is not a common orders form SP 3
comment and form sometimes SP sometimes
SP dreams and make this vary depending
on the condition but the factor the
orbitals of equivalent almost similar
energy can combine to form equivalent
energy orbitals like example I told
their energy is 40 + 5 3 orbitals they
will combine to form again 3 orbitals
as I pants again for again five orbiters
make a mind to form again three orbitals
or with same energy for four same energy
and same shape this is called
hibernation
the features of hybridizes are the first
is the law of conservation of confidence
that means the number of hybrid orbitals
the output is always equal to the number
of input the number of our atomic
orbitals categorise law of conservation
of example I told there are four or five
events three different energies similar
energy similar not equal they have arise
to form three different orbitals all
will have same energy so if three
orbitals are you said you will get three
or meters before is usually force that
is law conservation of the hybridized
orbitals have same shape and energies
they told they'll have same shape and
energy same shape is also same and the
hybrid orbitals are more effective in
stable bonds see the whole story is all
about stability right decreasing energy
decreasing your stress so it is saying
that the hybrid orbitals are more
effective in forming more stable bond
and that's right emulation comes in the
picture and as I told lag saying this
guys have stay in shape and structure
and if you see in the Vesper also we
have neck suppose three bells it will
have whole Bible it will have this
structure you put two balloon will have
this structure linear structure right if
you have three volumes it will have
trigonal planar structure so since all
the balloons we have same shape and
energy hello so all these orbitals of
Steamship energy right all these
orbitals as I told have same shape
energy so that's why they will try to
what you call get a particular shape
such that they have minimum repulsion
and that's why that's how they indicate
the gematria off monocle so it's almost
similar to whisper theory actually there
also it talks about different balloons
rate of seen shape and energy so when
you put three bundles of same shape
energy it will be in the triode trailer
form similarly in this case all they're
talking about hybrid orbitals of same
shape and energy right and they they are
they try to be in the space in such a
way that they give minimum repulsion
between the electron pairs and those
they have stable arrangement and thus if
you see the hybridization indicated
before we go further let's understand
the conditions for hybridization the
first condition is the orbitals present
in the valance cells fully take part in
hibernation the second condition is that
the orbitals that are undergoing hybrid
ation should have equal or muscularly
the example I told four five four five
four three two by two and yeah see they
hybridize they'll form three hybrid
orbitals of same energy and same shape
but these are almost equal ins right the
promotion of electron is not mandatory
pride or habitation and it is not
necessary that only half filled orbitals
take part in habitation in some case
even the full filled orbital also take
part in hibernation carbon oxygen and
nitrogen tends to hybridize maximum
carbon hydrogen oxygen please remember
these three they tend to hybridize
maximum terminal atoms just hydrogen and
chlorine fluorine
they don't hybridize that much but
carbon nitrogen oxygen they tend to
hybridize a lot thank you
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