CBSE Class 10 > Class 10 Videos > Social Studies (SST) > The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - I
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - I Video Lecture | Social Studies (SST) Class 10
FAQs on The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - I
| 1. What is nationalism and how did it rise in Europe? |  |
Ans. Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation or group of people. In Europe, nationalism began to rise in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, mainly as a response to the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. These events sparked a sense of unity and shared identity among people of different regions, leading to the formation of nation-states.
| 2. What were the main factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism in Europe? | |
Ans. Several factors contributed to the rise of nationalism in Europe. One of the key factors was the spread of Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized the importance of individual rights and liberty. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars also played a significant role in promoting nationalism by challenging the existing political and social order. Additionally, the rise of industrialization, improved communication and transportation, and the growth of print media facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas.
| 3. How did nationalism in Europe impact the political landscape of the continent? | |
Ans. Nationalism in Europe had a profound impact on the political landscape. It led to the overthrow of monarchies and the establishment of nation-states based on shared ethnic, linguistic, or cultural identities. The unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century are notable examples of nationalist movements reshaping political boundaries. Nationalism also contributed to the emergence of imperialism as powerful nations sought to expand their influence and control over other regions.
| 4. Did nationalism in Europe have any negative consequences? | |
Ans. While nationalism had positive outcomes for some groups, it also had negative consequences. The rise of nationalism often led to conflicts and wars, as different nationalist groups sought to establish their dominance. Examples include the Balkan Wars and the First World War, which were fueled by nationalist tensions. Nationalism also contributed to the rise of fascist and extremist ideologies, as seen in the case of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany.
| 5. How does the rise of nationalism in Europe relate to current global political trends? | |
Ans. The rise of nationalism in Europe continues to have an impact on current global political trends. Nationalist movements and sentiments are still present in many European countries, with some advocating for stricter immigration policies and a reassertion of national sovereignty. This trend can also be seen in other parts of the world, such as the United States with the "America First" movement. However, globalization and interconnectedness have also created challenges for nationalism, as countries increasingly rely on international cooperation and face transnational issues such as climate change and terrorism.
Text Transcript from Video
0:0:0: do you want to know how was life in
0:0:2: Europe in the 19th century
0:0:5: let me paint a picture for you imagine
0:0:8: being part of a vast Empire where you
0:0:11: couldn't even speak what you're thinking
0:0:12: you couldn't practice your own Customs
0:0:15: or religion and you're denied every
0:0:17: basic right that you have today
0:0:20: it's hard to imagine living in a place
0:0:22: where you have no say in the decisions
0:0:24: that affect your daily life
0:0:27: but this was the reality for many people
0:0:29: in Europe during the 19th century
0:0:32: however amidst all the unfairness and
0:0:35: oppression a powerful force emerged
0:0:37: nationalism
0:0:39: it was like a bright spark that lit a
0:0:42: fire in the hearts of the people who had
0:0:44: been oppressed for so long
0:0:47: it gave them a sense of pride in their
0:0:49: culture and Heritage and a feeling of
0:0:51: belonging that they had been missing
0:0:54: you would have heard this term multiple
0:0:56: times but do you know what is
0:0:58: nationalism
0:1:0: let me ask you a question to help you
0:1:2: understand the term nationalism how do
0:1:5: you feel when you see your country's
0:1:7: flag waving in the Wind
0:1:9: the feeling of patriotism runs high it's
0:1:13: a mixture of Pride patriotism and
0:1:16: excitement that fills your heart
0:1:18: it doesn't matter which part of the
0:1:21: country you live in when you see that
0:1:23: flag you know that you're part of this
0:1:25: country you belong to this and this
0:1:27: belongs to you
0:1:29: you're a part of something bigger than
0:1:31: yourself
0:1:33: that's the magic of our national flag
0:1:35: our country is made up of people from
0:1:38: different backgrounds religions and
0:1:41: cultures
0:1:42: but always remember that we may be
0:1:45: different but the one thing that binds
0:1:47: us all together is our shared sense of
0:1:49: nationalism
0:1:51: it's what drives us to work together
0:1:53: stand up for what's right and to strive
0:1:56: for a better future for ourselves and
0:1:58: for our fellow citizens
0:2:1: so nationalism is a political and social
0:2:4: ideology that emphasizes the importance
0:2:6: of a shared national identity culture
0:2:9: history and often language and promotes
0:2:12: the interests and aspirations of a
0:2:15: particular Nation or group of people
0:2:16: above those of others
0:2:19: so students in this video we will
0:2:22: explore first the vision of a world of
0:2:24: democratic and Social Republics or a
0:2:27: painting by Frederick sorio
0:2:30: second the French Revolution and the
0:2:32: idea of a Nation or the birth of
0:2:35: nationalism
0:2:36: third the making of nationalism in
0:2:39: Europe or the process of spread of
0:2:41: nationalism
0:2:43: before we dive into the very important
0:2:45: topic of nationalism and its impact on
0:2:48: Europe let us first understand the
0:2:51: vision of a world of Democratic or
0:2:53: Social Republics
0:2:55: let's take a closer look at the painting
0:2:58: that is given in the ncert book by
0:3:0: Frederick sorry you who was a French
0:3:2: artist to get a glimpse of the world he
0:3:5: envisioned a world of democratic and
0:3:7: Social Republics which refers to a
0:3:10: vision of a world where all nations are
0:3:12: democratic
0:3:13: this means that their governments are
0:3:16: chosen by and accountable to the people
0:3:18: and a society that prioritizes the
0:3:20: welfare of all citizens
0:3:23: he created a series of prints that
0:3:25: showed his vision of just that
0:3:28: and let me tell you it's pretty
0:3:30: impressive the first print in soryu
0:3:33: series shows people from Europe and
0:3:35: America Marching In A procession and
0:3:37: paying honor to the Statue of Liberty
0:3:40: but this isn't just any old statue this
0:3:43: is the Statue of Liberty holding the
0:3:46: torch of Enlightenment in one hand and
0:3:48: the charter of the rights of man in the
0:3:50: other
0:3:51: the torch of Enlightenment represents
0:3:53: the ideas of progress and knowledge the
0:3:56: charter of the rights of man is a
0:3:58: document created during the French
0:4:1: Revolution that symbolizes the belief
0:4:3: that everyone should have basic rights
0:4:6: and freedoms regardless of race gender
0:4:8: or social class
0:4:10: in the foreground of the image you can
0:4:13: see the shattered remains of absolutist
0:4:15: symbols
0:4:17: absolutist symbols are things that
0:4:19: rulers like kings or dictators use to
0:4:22: show they have complete control and
0:4:24: power over the people they rule
0:4:26: it's a powerful statement about the
0:4:29: changes that were taking place in Europe
0:4:31: during the 19th century
0:4:33: and speaking of the powerful the nations
0:4:36: in the procession are identified by
0:4:38: their flags and traditional attire
0:4:41: the United States and Switzerland led
0:4:44: the weight followed by France and
0:4:46: Germany
0:4:47: but that's not all other nations in the
0:4:50: procession include Austria the kingdom
0:4:53: of the two sicilies Lombardi Poland
0:4:56: England Ireland Hungary and Russia
0:5:0: but wait there's more in the sky above
0:5:4: Christ Saints and Angels symbolize
0:5:6: support among the nations of the world
0:5:8: and people from different cultures
0:5:11: they have been used by the artist to
0:5:14: symbolize Brotherhood among the nations
0:5:16: of the world
0:5:17: to summarize the painting soryu's use of
0:5:20: symbolism highlights the power of unity
0:5:23: and Brotherhood among nations fighting
0:5:25: against the strong Powers which have
0:5:27: oppressed them for years and his vision
0:5:30: continues to inspire people today
0:5:33: it's incredible to think that this
0:5:35: artwork was created over a century ago
0:5:37: yet its message is still relevant in
0:5:40: today's world
0:5:42: now let's move on to our second topic
0:5:44: that is the French Revolution or the
0:5:47: idea of a Nation
0:5:49: the French revolutionaries set the stage
0:5:52: for the birth of nation-states in Europe
0:5:55: they played a significant role in
0:5:57: creating a shared sense of identity and
0:6:0: Foster a sense of unity and pride among
0:6:3: the French people by introducing ideas
0:6:5: such as La patri that is the Fatherland
0:6:8: and
0:6:9: which is the citizen
0:6:12: the revolutionaries didn't stop there
0:6:15: they also made significant changes to
0:6:18: the political system the Estates General
0:6:21: was renamed the National Assembly and
0:6:23: elected by active citizens while a
0:6:26: centralized administrative system
0:6:27: formulated uniform laws for all citizens
0:6:30: within the nation's borders
0:6:33: these changes helped to solidify the
0:6:36: idea of a French nation-state
0:6:38: but the revolutionaries didn't just want
0:6:41: to create a strong French nation-state
0:6:43: they believed that it was the destiny of
0:6:46: the French Nation to free the people of
0:6:48: Europe from despotism or dictatorship
0:6:51: they spread the idea of nationalism
0:6:54: through their armies during the
0:6:56: Revolutionary Wars bringing significant
0:6:58: changes to other European nations
0:7:1: the rise of Napoleon and the
0:7:3: introduction of the Napoleonic Code in
0:7:6: 1804 brought even more changes to Europe
0:7:9: in the Dutch Republic Switzerland Italy
0:7:12: and Germany Napoleon simplified
0:7:15: administrative divisions abolished the
0:7:18: feudal system and freed peasants from
0:7:20: serfdom and minorial dues which is the
0:7:23: fees that peasants or serves a farmer
0:7:25: owed to the Nobles who were their
0:7:27: landlord
0:7:28: trade restrictions were removed in towns
0:7:31: while transport and communication
0:7:33: systems were improved
0:7:35: this newfound Freedom benefited peasants
0:7:38: Artisans workers and new businessmen
0:7:42: so students the emergence of nation
0:7:45: states in Europe was a complex process
0:7:47: with many different factors at Play
0:7:50: the French revolutionaries and Napoleon
0:7:53: played a significant role in shaping the
0:7:55: modern European nation state and their
0:7:58: legacy can still be felt today now that
0:8:1: you have understood the topic you must
0:8:3: practice short and long answer questions
0:8:5: on edurev
0:8:7: this will help you understand the
0:8:9: variety of questions that will be asked
0:8:11: in the exam
0:8:13: with the second topic covered it's time
0:8:15: to move on to the third one which is the
0:8:18: making of nationalism in Europe
0:8:21: just like the French Revolution there
0:8:24: were different movements going around in
0:8:26: different parts of Europe
0:8:28: also this topic is very interesting and
0:8:31: complex because the countries in Europe
0:8:33: consist of lots of variety in terms of
0:8:36: culture language religion or others
0:8:39: it's a story of Kingdoms duchies cantons
0:8:43: and Empire where people spoke different
0:8:46: languages belonged to different ethnic
0:8:48: groups and had their own autonomous
0:8:51: rulers
0:8:52: so in this topic we will study first
0:8:55: different nation states in Europe
0:8:59: second the aristocracy and the new
0:9:1: middle class
0:9:3: third the ideology of liberalism fourth
0:9:7: conservatives
0:9:8: fifth the revolutionaries and how each
0:9:12: of them contributed to the making of
0:9:14: nationalism in Europe
0:9:16: starting with the different nation
0:9:18: states in Europe in Germany Italy and
0:9:22: Switzerland there were many divisions
0:9:24: among the people
0:9:26: each group had its own identity and
0:9:28: culture often speaking different
0:9:30: languages
0:9:32: the same was true for the Habsburg
0:9:34: Empire which ruled over Austria-Hungary
0:9:38: it encompassed many regions including
0:9:41: the tyrol Austria the sudeton land
0:9:44: Bohemia Lombardi and Venetia
0:9:47: the aristocracy in Bohemia was mainly
0:9:50: German speaking while the
0:9:52: italian-speaking provinces were mainly
0:9:54: ruled by the austrians
0:9:57: in Hungary the population was divided
0:10:0: into two halves with one speaking magya
0:10:3: and the other various dialects
0:10:6: in Galicia the aristocracy spoke polish
0:10:9: and there were other subject peasant
0:10:11: peoples living within the boundaries of
0:10:13: the Empire including Bohemians slovaks
0:10:16: slovenes croats and romaines
0:10:20: despite their differences these diverse
0:10:23: groups shared a common loyalty to the
0:10:25: emperor
0:10:26: but this Bond did not Foster a sense of
0:10:29: political Unity it was difficult for
0:10:32: these groups to come together and form a
0:10:35: cohesive nation state because of their
0:10:37: varied identities and cultures
0:10:40: so the story of Europe in the 19th
0:10:43: century is one of diversity and
0:10:45: complexity
0:10:47: but how did nationalism and the idea of
0:10:49: nation-states emerge so let us now study
0:10:53: about the aristocracy and the new middle
0:10:55: class
0:10:57: politically and socially a small group
0:11:0: of people held a dominant position on
0:11:2: the continent
0:11:4: we are talking about the aristocracy the
0:11:7: landowning elite who spoke French and
0:11:9: controlled the society
0:11:11: meanwhile the vast majority of the
0:11:14: population consisted of the peasantry
0:11:16: who worked the land and lived in poverty
0:11:19: but all of that was about to change
0:11:22: thanks to the onset of the Industrial
0:11:24: Revolution in England
0:11:26: suddenly new social groups emerged
0:11:29: including the working class who toiled
0:11:31: in factories and the middle class made
0:11:34: up of industrialists businessmen and
0:11:36: professionals
0:11:38: these groups were educated and
0:11:40: liberal-minded and they started to
0:11:42: challenge the status quo
0:11:44: as aristocratic privileges were
0:11:47: abolished concepts of national Unity
0:11:49: began to gain traction
0:11:52: moving on students have you ever heard
0:11:55: of the term liberalism and its
0:11:57: connection to nationalism in early 19th
0:12:0: century Europe
0:12:1: liberalism derived from the Latin word
0:12:4: Liber meaning free was a revolutionary
0:12:7: concept for the new middle classes
0:12:10: it emphasized individual freedom and
0:12:13: equality before the law but
0:12:15: unfortunately only property owning men
0:12:17: had the right to vote and get elected
0:12:19: while women and men without property
0:12:22: were excluded from political rights
0:12:25: this inequality led to the formation of
0:12:27: opposition movements that demanded equal
0:12:30: political rights and economic liberalism
0:12:33: advocated for free markets and the
0:12:35: elimination of state-imposed barriers on
0:12:37: the movement of goods and capital
0:12:40: in 1834 a customs Union called the
0:12:43: zolvare was created at prussia's
0:12:46: initiative and most German states joined
0:12:49: which eliminated tariff barriers and
0:12:51: reduced the number of currencies from
0:12:53: over 30 to 2.
0:12:55: the establishment of a railway Network
0:12:57: further encouraged mobility and
0:13:0: connected economic interests to National
0:13:2: unification
0:13:4: all these developments created a surge
0:13:7: of economic nationalism reinforcing the
0:13:10: broader nationalist sentiments that were
0:13:12: emerging at that time
0:13:14: the ideas of liberalism and nationalism
0:13:16: were closely intertwined and had a
0:13:19: significant impact on shaping the
0:13:21: political and economic landscape of
0:13:23: Europe in the 19th century
0:13:25: so what drove European governments after
0:13:28: the defeat of Napoleon in 1815
0:13:32: as Europe emerged from the aftermath of
0:13:35: the French Revolution a new political
0:13:37: order in 1815 emerged with the ideology
0:13:40: of conservatism at its core
0:13:43: but what is conservatism well it
0:13:46: prioritized the preservation of monarchy
0:13:49: the church social hierarchies and
0:13:52: property
0:13:53: it emphasized the importance of family
0:13:55: and recognized the potential of
0:13:57: modernization to strengthen traditional
0:14:0: institutions like the monarchy
0:14:3: but conservatives did not seek to revert
0:14:5: to pre-revolutionary society instead
0:14:9: they believed that a modern Army
0:14:11: efficient bureaucracy a dynamic economy
0:14:14: and the abolition of feudalism and
0:14:16: serfdom could enhance the power of
0:14:18: autocratic monarchies
0:14:21: at the Congress of Vienna in 1815
0:14:24: representatives from Britain Russia
0:14:26: Russia and Austria met to conceive a
0:14:29: settlement for Europe
0:14:31: they established a conservative order in
0:14:34: Europe and restored the bourbon Dynasty
0:14:36: in France
0:14:38: French territories were given up and
0:14:41: several states were established on
0:14:43: France's borders to prevent future
0:14:45: French expansion
0:14:47: the primary objective was to restore
0:14:49: monarchies that Napoleon had overthrown
0:14:52: however liberals were inspired by the
0:14:55: memory of the French Revolution and
0:14:57: demanded freedom of the press
0:15:0: liberal nationalists criticized the new
0:15:3: conservative order and called for equal
0:15:5: political rights
0:15:7: so conservatism was not the only
0:15:10: ideology present in Europe during the
0:15:12: early 19th century
0:15:14: there were voices of dissent demanding
0:15:17: equal political rights and freedom of
0:15:19: the press
0:15:21: lastly do you know what secret societies
0:15:24: were established in Europe in the early
0:15:26: 19th century
0:15:28: and what their goal was well let's dive
0:15:32: into this topic together in 1815 after
0:15:36: the Congress of Vienna several secret
0:15:38: societies were formed in different
0:15:40: European countries to train
0:15:42: revolutionaries and spread their ideas
0:15:45: they aim to oppose monarchical forms of
0:15:48: government and fight for liberty and
0:15:50: freedom
0:15:51: and guess what creating nation-states
0:15:55: was also considered an essential aspect
0:15:57: of this struggle for freedom
0:15:59: one of the most prominent
0:16:1: revolutionaries was Giuseppe matsini who
0:16:4: founded two underground societies young
0:16:7: Italy in Marseille and young Europe in
0:16:10: Burn
0:16:11: young Europe's members were like-minded
0:16:14: young men from France Italy Poland and
0:16:17: the German states
0:16:19: following matsini's model secret
0:16:21: societies were also established in
0:16:24: Germany France Switzerland and Poland
0:16:27: however these secret societies were seen
0:16:30: as a threat to conservative regimes and
0:16:33: were harshly criticized by conservative
0:16:35: leaders like matinich who referred to
0:16:38: matsini as the most dangerous enemy of
0:16:41: our social order
0:16:42: so students as we come to the end of our
0:16:45: journey through 19th century Europe we
0:16:48: can see that the emergence of nation
0:16:50: states was a complex process shaped by a
0:16:53: range of political social and economic
0:16:56: factors
0:16:57: from the French Revolution to the
0:16:59: Industrial Revolution and from the rise
0:17:2: of nationalism to the diversity of
0:17:4: European cultures and identities the
0:17:7: story of Europe in the 19th century is
0:17:9: one of transformation and change
0:17:12: as we continue to study we will cover
0:17:15: the remaining part of the chapter in the
0:17:17: upcoming videos
0:17:19: also make sure to study chapter notes or
0:17:22: solve McQ tests of this chapter on
0:17:25: edurev to ensure you score well in your
0:17:27: school exams
0:17:29: not just social studies you get amazing
0:17:32: courses for maths science Hindi English
0:17:35: or much more for class 10 on edurev
0:17:38: thank you
0:0:2: Europe in the 19th century
0:0:5: let me paint a picture for you imagine
0:0:8: being part of a vast Empire where you
0:0:11: couldn't even speak what you're thinking
0:0:12: you couldn't practice your own Customs
0:0:15: or religion and you're denied every
0:0:17: basic right that you have today
0:0:20: it's hard to imagine living in a place
0:0:22: where you have no say in the decisions
0:0:24: that affect your daily life
0:0:27: but this was the reality for many people
0:0:29: in Europe during the 19th century
0:0:32: however amidst all the unfairness and
0:0:35: oppression a powerful force emerged
0:0:37: nationalism
0:0:39: it was like a bright spark that lit a
0:0:42: fire in the hearts of the people who had
0:0:44: been oppressed for so long
0:0:47: it gave them a sense of pride in their
0:0:49: culture and Heritage and a feeling of
0:0:51: belonging that they had been missing
0:0:54: you would have heard this term multiple
0:0:56: times but do you know what is
0:0:58: nationalism
0:1:0: let me ask you a question to help you
0:1:2: understand the term nationalism how do
0:1:5: you feel when you see your country's
0:1:7: flag waving in the Wind
0:1:9: the feeling of patriotism runs high it's
0:1:13: a mixture of Pride patriotism and
0:1:16: excitement that fills your heart
0:1:18: it doesn't matter which part of the
0:1:21: country you live in when you see that
0:1:23: flag you know that you're part of this
0:1:25: country you belong to this and this
0:1:27: belongs to you
0:1:29: you're a part of something bigger than
0:1:31: yourself
0:1:33: that's the magic of our national flag
0:1:35: our country is made up of people from
0:1:38: different backgrounds religions and
0:1:41: cultures
0:1:42: but always remember that we may be
0:1:45: different but the one thing that binds
0:1:47: us all together is our shared sense of
0:1:49: nationalism
0:1:51: it's what drives us to work together
0:1:53: stand up for what's right and to strive
0:1:56: for a better future for ourselves and
0:1:58: for our fellow citizens
0:2:1: so nationalism is a political and social
0:2:4: ideology that emphasizes the importance
0:2:6: of a shared national identity culture
0:2:9: history and often language and promotes
0:2:12: the interests and aspirations of a
0:2:15: particular Nation or group of people
0:2:16: above those of others
0:2:19: so students in this video we will
0:2:22: explore first the vision of a world of
0:2:24: democratic and Social Republics or a
0:2:27: painting by Frederick sorio
0:2:30: second the French Revolution and the
0:2:32: idea of a Nation or the birth of
0:2:35: nationalism
0:2:36: third the making of nationalism in
0:2:39: Europe or the process of spread of
0:2:41: nationalism
0:2:43: before we dive into the very important
0:2:45: topic of nationalism and its impact on
0:2:48: Europe let us first understand the
0:2:51: vision of a world of Democratic or
0:2:53: Social Republics
0:2:55: let's take a closer look at the painting
0:2:58: that is given in the ncert book by
0:3:0: Frederick sorry you who was a French
0:3:2: artist to get a glimpse of the world he
0:3:5: envisioned a world of democratic and
0:3:7: Social Republics which refers to a
0:3:10: vision of a world where all nations are
0:3:12: democratic
0:3:13: this means that their governments are
0:3:16: chosen by and accountable to the people
0:3:18: and a society that prioritizes the
0:3:20: welfare of all citizens
0:3:23: he created a series of prints that
0:3:25: showed his vision of just that
0:3:28: and let me tell you it's pretty
0:3:30: impressive the first print in soryu
0:3:33: series shows people from Europe and
0:3:35: America Marching In A procession and
0:3:37: paying honor to the Statue of Liberty
0:3:40: but this isn't just any old statue this
0:3:43: is the Statue of Liberty holding the
0:3:46: torch of Enlightenment in one hand and
0:3:48: the charter of the rights of man in the
0:3:50: other
0:3:51: the torch of Enlightenment represents
0:3:53: the ideas of progress and knowledge the
0:3:56: charter of the rights of man is a
0:3:58: document created during the French
0:4:1: Revolution that symbolizes the belief
0:4:3: that everyone should have basic rights
0:4:6: and freedoms regardless of race gender
0:4:8: or social class
0:4:10: in the foreground of the image you can
0:4:13: see the shattered remains of absolutist
0:4:15: symbols
0:4:17: absolutist symbols are things that
0:4:19: rulers like kings or dictators use to
0:4:22: show they have complete control and
0:4:24: power over the people they rule
0:4:26: it's a powerful statement about the
0:4:29: changes that were taking place in Europe
0:4:31: during the 19th century
0:4:33: and speaking of the powerful the nations
0:4:36: in the procession are identified by
0:4:38: their flags and traditional attire
0:4:41: the United States and Switzerland led
0:4:44: the weight followed by France and
0:4:46: Germany
0:4:47: but that's not all other nations in the
0:4:50: procession include Austria the kingdom
0:4:53: of the two sicilies Lombardi Poland
0:4:56: England Ireland Hungary and Russia
0:5:0: but wait there's more in the sky above
0:5:4: Christ Saints and Angels symbolize
0:5:6: support among the nations of the world
0:5:8: and people from different cultures
0:5:11: they have been used by the artist to
0:5:14: symbolize Brotherhood among the nations
0:5:16: of the world
0:5:17: to summarize the painting soryu's use of
0:5:20: symbolism highlights the power of unity
0:5:23: and Brotherhood among nations fighting
0:5:25: against the strong Powers which have
0:5:27: oppressed them for years and his vision
0:5:30: continues to inspire people today
0:5:33: it's incredible to think that this
0:5:35: artwork was created over a century ago
0:5:37: yet its message is still relevant in
0:5:40: today's world
0:5:42: now let's move on to our second topic
0:5:44: that is the French Revolution or the
0:5:47: idea of a Nation
0:5:49: the French revolutionaries set the stage
0:5:52: for the birth of nation-states in Europe
0:5:55: they played a significant role in
0:5:57: creating a shared sense of identity and
0:6:0: Foster a sense of unity and pride among
0:6:3: the French people by introducing ideas
0:6:5: such as La patri that is the Fatherland
0:6:8: and
0:6:9: which is the citizen
0:6:12: the revolutionaries didn't stop there
0:6:15: they also made significant changes to
0:6:18: the political system the Estates General
0:6:21: was renamed the National Assembly and
0:6:23: elected by active citizens while a
0:6:26: centralized administrative system
0:6:27: formulated uniform laws for all citizens
0:6:30: within the nation's borders
0:6:33: these changes helped to solidify the
0:6:36: idea of a French nation-state
0:6:38: but the revolutionaries didn't just want
0:6:41: to create a strong French nation-state
0:6:43: they believed that it was the destiny of
0:6:46: the French Nation to free the people of
0:6:48: Europe from despotism or dictatorship
0:6:51: they spread the idea of nationalism
0:6:54: through their armies during the
0:6:56: Revolutionary Wars bringing significant
0:6:58: changes to other European nations
0:7:1: the rise of Napoleon and the
0:7:3: introduction of the Napoleonic Code in
0:7:6: 1804 brought even more changes to Europe
0:7:9: in the Dutch Republic Switzerland Italy
0:7:12: and Germany Napoleon simplified
0:7:15: administrative divisions abolished the
0:7:18: feudal system and freed peasants from
0:7:20: serfdom and minorial dues which is the
0:7:23: fees that peasants or serves a farmer
0:7:25: owed to the Nobles who were their
0:7:27: landlord
0:7:28: trade restrictions were removed in towns
0:7:31: while transport and communication
0:7:33: systems were improved
0:7:35: this newfound Freedom benefited peasants
0:7:38: Artisans workers and new businessmen
0:7:42: so students the emergence of nation
0:7:45: states in Europe was a complex process
0:7:47: with many different factors at Play
0:7:50: the French revolutionaries and Napoleon
0:7:53: played a significant role in shaping the
0:7:55: modern European nation state and their
0:7:58: legacy can still be felt today now that
0:8:1: you have understood the topic you must
0:8:3: practice short and long answer questions
0:8:5: on edurev
0:8:7: this will help you understand the
0:8:9: variety of questions that will be asked
0:8:11: in the exam
0:8:13: with the second topic covered it's time
0:8:15: to move on to the third one which is the
0:8:18: making of nationalism in Europe
0:8:21: just like the French Revolution there
0:8:24: were different movements going around in
0:8:26: different parts of Europe
0:8:28: also this topic is very interesting and
0:8:31: complex because the countries in Europe
0:8:33: consist of lots of variety in terms of
0:8:36: culture language religion or others
0:8:39: it's a story of Kingdoms duchies cantons
0:8:43: and Empire where people spoke different
0:8:46: languages belonged to different ethnic
0:8:48: groups and had their own autonomous
0:8:51: rulers
0:8:52: so in this topic we will study first
0:8:55: different nation states in Europe
0:8:59: second the aristocracy and the new
0:9:1: middle class
0:9:3: third the ideology of liberalism fourth
0:9:7: conservatives
0:9:8: fifth the revolutionaries and how each
0:9:12: of them contributed to the making of
0:9:14: nationalism in Europe
0:9:16: starting with the different nation
0:9:18: states in Europe in Germany Italy and
0:9:22: Switzerland there were many divisions
0:9:24: among the people
0:9:26: each group had its own identity and
0:9:28: culture often speaking different
0:9:30: languages
0:9:32: the same was true for the Habsburg
0:9:34: Empire which ruled over Austria-Hungary
0:9:38: it encompassed many regions including
0:9:41: the tyrol Austria the sudeton land
0:9:44: Bohemia Lombardi and Venetia
0:9:47: the aristocracy in Bohemia was mainly
0:9:50: German speaking while the
0:9:52: italian-speaking provinces were mainly
0:9:54: ruled by the austrians
0:9:57: in Hungary the population was divided
0:10:0: into two halves with one speaking magya
0:10:3: and the other various dialects
0:10:6: in Galicia the aristocracy spoke polish
0:10:9: and there were other subject peasant
0:10:11: peoples living within the boundaries of
0:10:13: the Empire including Bohemians slovaks
0:10:16: slovenes croats and romaines
0:10:20: despite their differences these diverse
0:10:23: groups shared a common loyalty to the
0:10:25: emperor
0:10:26: but this Bond did not Foster a sense of
0:10:29: political Unity it was difficult for
0:10:32: these groups to come together and form a
0:10:35: cohesive nation state because of their
0:10:37: varied identities and cultures
0:10:40: so the story of Europe in the 19th
0:10:43: century is one of diversity and
0:10:45: complexity
0:10:47: but how did nationalism and the idea of
0:10:49: nation-states emerge so let us now study
0:10:53: about the aristocracy and the new middle
0:10:55: class
0:10:57: politically and socially a small group
0:11:0: of people held a dominant position on
0:11:2: the continent
0:11:4: we are talking about the aristocracy the
0:11:7: landowning elite who spoke French and
0:11:9: controlled the society
0:11:11: meanwhile the vast majority of the
0:11:14: population consisted of the peasantry
0:11:16: who worked the land and lived in poverty
0:11:19: but all of that was about to change
0:11:22: thanks to the onset of the Industrial
0:11:24: Revolution in England
0:11:26: suddenly new social groups emerged
0:11:29: including the working class who toiled
0:11:31: in factories and the middle class made
0:11:34: up of industrialists businessmen and
0:11:36: professionals
0:11:38: these groups were educated and
0:11:40: liberal-minded and they started to
0:11:42: challenge the status quo
0:11:44: as aristocratic privileges were
0:11:47: abolished concepts of national Unity
0:11:49: began to gain traction
0:11:52: moving on students have you ever heard
0:11:55: of the term liberalism and its
0:11:57: connection to nationalism in early 19th
0:12:0: century Europe
0:12:1: liberalism derived from the Latin word
0:12:4: Liber meaning free was a revolutionary
0:12:7: concept for the new middle classes
0:12:10: it emphasized individual freedom and
0:12:13: equality before the law but
0:12:15: unfortunately only property owning men
0:12:17: had the right to vote and get elected
0:12:19: while women and men without property
0:12:22: were excluded from political rights
0:12:25: this inequality led to the formation of
0:12:27: opposition movements that demanded equal
0:12:30: political rights and economic liberalism
0:12:33: advocated for free markets and the
0:12:35: elimination of state-imposed barriers on
0:12:37: the movement of goods and capital
0:12:40: in 1834 a customs Union called the
0:12:43: zolvare was created at prussia's
0:12:46: initiative and most German states joined
0:12:49: which eliminated tariff barriers and
0:12:51: reduced the number of currencies from
0:12:53: over 30 to 2.
0:12:55: the establishment of a railway Network
0:12:57: further encouraged mobility and
0:13:0: connected economic interests to National
0:13:2: unification
0:13:4: all these developments created a surge
0:13:7: of economic nationalism reinforcing the
0:13:10: broader nationalist sentiments that were
0:13:12: emerging at that time
0:13:14: the ideas of liberalism and nationalism
0:13:16: were closely intertwined and had a
0:13:19: significant impact on shaping the
0:13:21: political and economic landscape of
0:13:23: Europe in the 19th century
0:13:25: so what drove European governments after
0:13:28: the defeat of Napoleon in 1815
0:13:32: as Europe emerged from the aftermath of
0:13:35: the French Revolution a new political
0:13:37: order in 1815 emerged with the ideology
0:13:40: of conservatism at its core
0:13:43: but what is conservatism well it
0:13:46: prioritized the preservation of monarchy
0:13:49: the church social hierarchies and
0:13:52: property
0:13:53: it emphasized the importance of family
0:13:55: and recognized the potential of
0:13:57: modernization to strengthen traditional
0:14:0: institutions like the monarchy
0:14:3: but conservatives did not seek to revert
0:14:5: to pre-revolutionary society instead
0:14:9: they believed that a modern Army
0:14:11: efficient bureaucracy a dynamic economy
0:14:14: and the abolition of feudalism and
0:14:16: serfdom could enhance the power of
0:14:18: autocratic monarchies
0:14:21: at the Congress of Vienna in 1815
0:14:24: representatives from Britain Russia
0:14:26: Russia and Austria met to conceive a
0:14:29: settlement for Europe
0:14:31: they established a conservative order in
0:14:34: Europe and restored the bourbon Dynasty
0:14:36: in France
0:14:38: French territories were given up and
0:14:41: several states were established on
0:14:43: France's borders to prevent future
0:14:45: French expansion
0:14:47: the primary objective was to restore
0:14:49: monarchies that Napoleon had overthrown
0:14:52: however liberals were inspired by the
0:14:55: memory of the French Revolution and
0:14:57: demanded freedom of the press
0:15:0: liberal nationalists criticized the new
0:15:3: conservative order and called for equal
0:15:5: political rights
0:15:7: so conservatism was not the only
0:15:10: ideology present in Europe during the
0:15:12: early 19th century
0:15:14: there were voices of dissent demanding
0:15:17: equal political rights and freedom of
0:15:19: the press
0:15:21: lastly do you know what secret societies
0:15:24: were established in Europe in the early
0:15:26: 19th century
0:15:28: and what their goal was well let's dive
0:15:32: into this topic together in 1815 after
0:15:36: the Congress of Vienna several secret
0:15:38: societies were formed in different
0:15:40: European countries to train
0:15:42: revolutionaries and spread their ideas
0:15:45: they aim to oppose monarchical forms of
0:15:48: government and fight for liberty and
0:15:50: freedom
0:15:51: and guess what creating nation-states
0:15:55: was also considered an essential aspect
0:15:57: of this struggle for freedom
0:15:59: one of the most prominent
0:16:1: revolutionaries was Giuseppe matsini who
0:16:4: founded two underground societies young
0:16:7: Italy in Marseille and young Europe in
0:16:10: Burn
0:16:11: young Europe's members were like-minded
0:16:14: young men from France Italy Poland and
0:16:17: the German states
0:16:19: following matsini's model secret
0:16:21: societies were also established in
0:16:24: Germany France Switzerland and Poland
0:16:27: however these secret societies were seen
0:16:30: as a threat to conservative regimes and
0:16:33: were harshly criticized by conservative
0:16:35: leaders like matinich who referred to
0:16:38: matsini as the most dangerous enemy of
0:16:41: our social order
0:16:42: so students as we come to the end of our
0:16:45: journey through 19th century Europe we
0:16:48: can see that the emergence of nation
0:16:50: states was a complex process shaped by a
0:16:53: range of political social and economic
0:16:56: factors
0:16:57: from the French Revolution to the
0:16:59: Industrial Revolution and from the rise
0:17:2: of nationalism to the diversity of
0:17:4: European cultures and identities the
0:17:7: story of Europe in the 19th century is
0:17:9: one of transformation and change
0:17:12: as we continue to study we will cover
0:17:15: the remaining part of the chapter in the
0:17:17: upcoming videos
0:17:19: also make sure to study chapter notes or
0:17:22: solve McQ tests of this chapter on
0:17:25: edurev to ensure you score well in your
0:17:27: school exams
0:17:29: not just social studies you get amazing
0:17:32: courses for maths science Hindi English
0:17:35: or much more for class 10 on edurev
0:17:38: thank you
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