Tissue Culture Video Lecture - NEET

tissue culture in plant breeding the
technique of tissue culture has emerged
as a very efficient tool to propagate
better improved crops tissue culture is
much approachable technique than other
traditional plant breeding techniques by
using this method cells tissues etc are
maintained and grown in vitro under
aseptic conditions in artificial medium
providing necessary nutrients for growth
in 1839 Sladen and chuan proposed that
cell is the basic unit of life and is
capable of autonomy each cell given an
environment is capable to regenerate
into a whole plant based on this theory
a German physiologist got live he
Berlant in nineteen not to develop the
concept of in virtual cell culture also
called tissue culture cells and his
experiment increased in size but failed
to divide due to which his predictions
failed however his hypothesis paved the
way for more research he is thus
regarded as the father of tissue culture
taking cue from his experiments Hanning
in 1997 took nearly mature embryos of
crucifiers
and successfully grew them to maturity
in nineteen not eight simon regenerated
callus buds and roots from poplar stem
segments and established the basis for
callus culture a breakthrough came from
white in 1934 who experimented on tomato
roots he reported not only could culture
tomato root tips grow but they could be
repeatedly sub cultured to fresh medium
of inorganic salts supplemented with
east extract during 1950s scientists
found that any part of a plant grown in
nutrient medium under sterile conditions
can give rise to a whole new plant the
plant part used in culture is called as
ex plant this property of plant cells to
give rise to a whole new plant is called
totipotency the term totipotency was
coined by Stuart in 1968 totipotency it
requires a nutrient medium that contains
sucrose inorganic soles with immense
proteins and growth regulators such as
auxins and cytokinins technique of
tissue culture the first step of tissue
culture is exercising or cutting a small
part of plant tissue like the leaf root
or chute of a plant this cut out part
explant
is then placed in a suitable nutrient
medium containing a carbon source such
as sucrose inorganic salts vitamins
amino acids and growth regulators like
auxins cytokinins etc the ex plants are
allowed to multiply and form a group of
tissues called callus callus is
irregular unorganized and
undifferentiated mass of actively
dividing cells this callus is then
allowed to multiply to form many
plantlets
which are then transferred to a
different container for rapid
multiplication
finally the developed plantlets are
transplanted to the soil for normal
growth tissue culture is performed using
a small part of a plant to develop a
large number of plants in a short
duration it is thus also called as micro
propagation as all these plants are
developed from the same part of the
parent plant they are genetically
identical and called soma clones
micropropagation
is extensively used in horticulture and
Florrie culture and is employed in the
large-scale production of tomato banana
appoo etc
this technique can also be used to
propagate high yielding disease
resistant varieties in a short span even
in conditions when a plant is diseased
tissue cultures used for recovering
healthy plants from diseased plants by
taking the explant of the apical or
axillary meristem this is done because
the meristem is always free from
pathogens due to lack of vascular supply
the process of using the meristem for
propagation is known as meristem culture
culturing of Mary stems has been
successfully carried out in plants such
as banana sugarcane and potato there are
many advantages of tissue culture which
are as follows a large number of plants
can be grown in a short period of time
healthy plants can be grown from
diseased plants plants without seeds can
be multiplied it is useful where sexual
reproduction is not possible