Disadvantage of traditional Hybridization - Biotechnology Principles, Biology, Class 12 Video Lecture

hello friends this video on
biotechnology principles part 4 is
brought to you by exam feel calm no more
fear from exam now when they talk about
reproduction because when we are talking
about generating or producing organisms
of desirable traits so how do we produce
organisms now orgasms are produced by
the process of reproduction but there
are two modes of reproduction we know
that one is sexual reproduction and the
other is asexual reproduction now human
beings in the concept of genetic
engineering they can play around with
the genes in the sense that they can
just extract genes from one organism and
put it inside other organism but they
cannot ensure how the project will be
they can just try to modify that
particular organism with the thought
that after your producing the same type
of trees will get the scale in the
progeny but how that process of
reproduction will happen either sexually
or asexual now sexual reproduction
happens in most of the higher animals
including human beings there are some of
the key features of sexual reproduction
is uniqueness each organism is different
from the other one so if you talk about
human beings each and every human being
is differently from the other one
there are above variations which might
be beneficial for example when we see
variations that means let us consider a
very simple example it is consider a
family so here you can see the father
the mother and the daughter
now this daughter has got some traits
from her mother she got some traits from
her father now there might be certain
traits which is new to the daughter so
that was not present either in father or
in mother so it is a new trade and it
was found that the trades turned out to
be beneficial so variation resulted in
something which is beneficial now nature
supports good variations so there are
chances that
that particular variation might get
transferred to the next prochain another
example is that of the long wave of GR
the energy labs never had that long name
but what happened was out of variations
due to variations it happened that some
giraffe started having long neck and he
turned out to be something which proved
to be beneficial to the animal and that
is how these variations started becoming
more and more common
so in sexual reproduction uniqueness
that is each organism is going to have
its own identity and notif organisms are
going to be exactly identical whereas
when we talk about asexual reproduction
well what happens here now this mode of
the production definitely doesn't happen
in human beings but it is very commonly
seen in lower animals like the bacterial
sunlight so there you see a lot of
asexual reproduction even in plants you
see them reproducing asexually now the
main thing of asexual reproduction is
clone production that is exact identical
copies are produced so there is no
uniqueness there is no small scope of
variations so exact copies will be
produced like how we create photocopies
so that's how they reproduce to here the
important feature is that the genetic
information is preserved so what include
genetic change was present in one
organism the exact thing is going to be
passed on to the next generation so that
is the feature of asexual reproduction
so here we do not see any variations so
these were the two wheels by which new
organisms are produced now the question
was what do we do if we want to produce
an organism with the traits we want so
in that is what did we do before genetic
engineering came in to see before that
we are often followed the method of
hybridization and hybridization what we
do we decided the organisms which need
to be mated for example in case of
animals also hybridization happened
where we decided which male animal is
going to be made going to make with
which female animal and that means we
selected our desired traits and made the
organisms to mate and that is how we try
to produce organisms of our desired
quality say whether in case of plants
also artificial hybridization was done
where desired traits of the plants we're
trying to mix and match and then they
were allowed to reproduce either
sexually or asexual so we have studied
about all those things in our previous
lessons but widely then we bring into
picture genetic engineering because
there are certain limitations associated
with the traditional hybridization
techniques so let us have a quick look
at these advantages of traditional
hybridization so some of the
disadvantages associated with this type
of hybridization is that undesirable
genes also get expressed now let us
suppose if we say that okay we want a
particular trait now let us take the
same example of the less here in fact
see if we say that we only want the gene
for less hair to be present in all the
cats of the next generations but does
that happen that really doesn't happen
because when the process of sexual
reproduction take case even though we
select a mean we select a female with
the desirable trait but the result of it
is not always 100% desirable genes it
also has some undesirable genes which
might be a recessive trait which gets
hidden for some time but that rate might
expressed again in some of the next
generations so the anti-seismic genes
also get expressed within a larger
amount or smaller amount undesirable
genes also multiply now as you know even
though sometimes the gene remains hidden
so maybe for one generation it remains
hidden but again some of the subsequent
generations it gets expressed so the
undesirable genes also get multiplied so
you actually in the process of
hybridization all you can do is you can
just select the two parented organisms
of your own choice but that doesn't
guarantee that you will get the exact
treat and no other genes we get a
multiplier so that that is not
guaranteed but in case of genetic
engineering what happens is that you can
choose a particular gene so if you say
that I want the gene for the less hair
to be transferred to another cat so you
actually extract that particular gene
from the animal so you do not be using
an animal as or good for reproduction
you just take out that particular gene
and inserted inside some other animal
and that is how you are able to get only
the desirable genes no other extra
undesirable genes are getting
transferred so that is I mean one
advantage of genetic engineering over
traditional magnetization and that is
why genetic engineering was needed
even though traditional hybridization
was in place so if you look at the
various hybrids of dogs which were
produced you can actually see that not
all of them have all the desirable
traits
maybe the desirable trait for human
beings their long years but when they
actually started crossing different
breeds of dogs what happened was some of
them had small ears some of them had
long years some had moved for some
handless for so there were many other
genes also which got expressed and that
is how traditional hybridization works
so now we here introduce genetic
engineering because now we know it's
significance the limitations of
traditional a process of hybridization
we're overcome here because here you can
be very choosy you can be very specific
about the gene which you want and only
the gene which you want gets carried
over to the other animal and no other
genes get disturbed
so only desired genes can be introduced
into the target organism now here we
will take a very common example of the
jellyfish which I had mentioned before
also now as I said the jellyfish have a
characteristic that they blow at night
so why do they glow at night because
they have a particular gene which is
responsible for synthesizing proteins
which in turn is responsible for that
glowing behavior at night so if we are
able to extract that gene and put it
inside some other organism then we can
expect that that other organism will
also glow at night and it turned out to
be a success this particular experiment
so it was seen that meant that
particular gene extracted from a
jellyfish you are introduced inside the
body of a frog or a mouse
so those organisms were also glowing
like jellyfish at night so we can define
the process of genetic engineering as
the manipulation of genetic material the
genetic material in most of the
organisms is DNA so we always talk about
manipulation of DNA to bring about
desired modifications in an organism so
whatever design modifications we want
for that whichever particular DNA is
responsible only that particular portion
of the gene gets manipulated and the
remaining portion remains unaltered now
the question is how is the DNA manual
fellated
now the manipulation of DNA is not a
very simple process it is a complex
process which involves various processes
various tools as well as techniques and
that is why we call it a biotechnology
because
playing around with the genes genes are
nothing but life so we are playing
around with life but for that we need a
lot of tools and techniques so that is
where technology play an important role
now some of the processes which would be
in war there is extraction of a desired
gene from an organism now just imagine
how difficult it would be to extract one
particular gene in strom de organism now
you might know that okay the genes are
located on the chromosomes inside the
nucleus but do you think it's very easy
to isolate a gene because inside the
chromosome you have thousands of genes
so from there you need to isolate a
specific gene and then transfer that
gene into a target organism so this
entire process is not going to be very
simple it is going to be a very complex
process with a lot of tools and
techniques and that is what we are going
to study here thank you
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