RNA Pathway Video Lecture | Biology for EmSAT Achieve

hello friends this video on bad
applications of biotechnology part 5 is
brought to you by exam feel calm no more
fear from exam so here we are going to
talk about a daily iron pathway so here
we will see that there are several
enzymes and proteins which are involved
in this process
now this process is initiated only when
a double-stranded RNA is introduced into
the step now here there is something new
and interesting now till now you might
be knowing that RNA that is right when
you click acid is always a
single-stranded structure whereas DNA is
a double-stranded structure now when I
say a double-stranded so Theia stands
for double-stranded RNA now what is this
double stranded RNA now there can exist
two RNAs which since they are
complementary of each other they came to
bind with each other and they form
double stranded on now the question is
how can double stranded RNA be
introduced in the cell now there are
many different ways they can either be
introduced into the cell by injecting
them from outside by purposefully
injecting the TSIA to to set that is one
way or they have introduced by the cell
itself maybe even inside the cell itself
double stranded RNA RB is being formed
now here we will see a little later that
how double stranded RNA is formed inside
them self itself so depending on whether
it is being created within the cell
itself or it is being supplied from
outside but that thing is very good this
double stranded RNA
enters into the self only then the
process of RNA interference pathway can
start now what happens is so here you
can see this there is not a DNA this is
a double-stranded art in a so you see in
strangles for one honey
now there is an enzyme called dancer and
this enzyme dreams TS RNA in middle of
polynucleotide chain so here you can see
the inside dancer
so this Dicer will act as this enzyme
and she belongs to the family of RNA
polymerase 3 you remember are any body
but a string what does it do it creates
the entire strand of RNA by adding
nucleotides to the existing chain so
that is the purpose of RNA polymerase so
this geyser also belongs to RNA
polymerase 3 family so this enzyme is
double stranded adding specific
endonuclease so if you remember what the
central nucleus so this is TS RNA that
is double stranded RNA is specific so it
will only attack a double stranded RNA
and this is an endonuclease that means
it is took that type of nucleus enzyme
which cuts at the DNA from within not
externally so it is not exon ups but
endo new case so this also acts as DNA
scissors or cutting enzymes if you
remember the restriction endonuclease
enzymes so this is also a cutting enzyme
it ensures that this die set is very
specific to double-stranded RNA
structure so here you can see this is
the geyser and it is go to cut it from
between so what happens when the geyser
cuts it what is the result of that small
interfering RNAs are form that is
i RN is that a small interfering RNA so
here you can see this is small
interfering RNA and it is like a small
piece of RNA so these are small
hardening pieces which contains around
twenty to twenty-five nucleotides that's
all only twenty to twenty-five
nucleotides so you can imagine that its
length is going to be really small and
also if you observe it it has hanging
ends on boards the three prime end so
you can find unpaired bases on the three
prime end so if this is the three prime
end of this strand and this is the three
prime end of the Strand and on both the
three prime ends you can actually see
unpaired bases so you see only one
single bases are present their
corresponding or telemetry pairs are not
present so these are known as small
interfering RNAs small because they are
extremely small interfering RNA because
these are deniz are actually going to
interfere with the messenger RNA and
they these are the ones which which will
which are actually responsible for
causing silencing of mRNA so now what is
going to be the next step so we have
small interfering RNA now this small
interfering RNA can form risk what is
the risk it is a complex which is formed
when this small interfering RNA combined
with other protein structures so it
wants RNA induced silencing complex so I
in a induced silencing complex so this
is rest so here you can see this is the
structure that has more interfering RNA
this will combine with other protein
structures as you can see here so this
attack complex that has form is known as
now some of the specialities of risks
are that this risk that is this complex
as a slicer slice it is capable of again
cutting down a particular implication so
it has slicer and the second
characteristic is that it can cause
unwinding of the double strand in
beginning so here you have two strands
of RNA which are coiled around each
other so this complex has the ability to
unwind the two strands so you can
actually separate the two strands of RNA
and create two single-stranded RNA
structure so these capabilities are
present within the complex risk so what
will happen as a result of this single
stranded si RNA
couple tourists then binds to the
complimentary messenger RNA so here if
you see this is this complex risk but
now this has a slicer and it can also
separate the two strands of on its own
you can see these are the two strands of
RNA which are separated from this double
stranded RNA structure now one the two
strands will separate from each other so
what we'll be left with we will be left
with just single strand of RNA which is
coupled to this that is the entire
complex array name induced silencing
complex is present but instead of two
strands of RNA only one strand of RNA is
present and this complex will then bind
to be the complimentary mRNA so here the
orange colored structure which you see
that is the mRNA that is the target
emanating rather so this one is the
target mRNA
so this RISC complex with one single
strand of RNA which then binds to this
target mRNA
now what will happen when it binds to
the target Emma
so what happens now as soon as this
entire complex binds to the standard
mRNA now the target mRNA gets cleaved
why does it leave that's because of the
slicer as I said before also that in the
complex recipe we have a slang set and
this slicer is capable of causing
cleavage to an existing strand so the
same thing happens here as soon as it
binds to the mRNA the slicer slices it
that is Cleaves it so what do we get we
get to different parts of or we get
slices of mRNA now what happens to this
sleeved mRNA now this cleaved mRNA is
then recognized by the cell as aberrant
and thus they are destroyed so some of
them are destroyed because the cell
means that they are aberrant whereas
some of the mRNAs can also act as
template for DNA for RNA polymerase so
the single-stranded RNA can act as
template for RNA polymerase and then RNA
polymerase can create a complementary
strand and give rise to the formation of
double-stranded DNA and this
double-stranded DNA again can act as a
substrate for the enzyme Dyson and this
process can continue over and again so
here by the end of this RNA a pathway we
get slices of mRNA so some of these
slices get destroyed by the same weather
some of the slices can act as the
substrate for RNA polymerase which can
thus form double-stranded RNA and this
double-stranded RNA can actually help
the process to continue over and again
so from this what do we learn we learn
that this mRNA the target mRNA which we
were talking about this target mRNAs job
was to synthesize proteins but now since
the target mRNA a part of mRNA got cut
at as they got sliced and one summer
destroyed some party pranks to the
correlation of double-stranded RNA so
the protein synthesis was prevented or
we can say that the process of
translation for that particular part of
mRNA was prevented that is why it is
called RNA interference pathway because
here the system is such that a portion
of RNA will be prevented from
synthesizing proteins and that is our
translation is prevented or gene
expression is prevented now similar
thing can be used now as you saw when I
was talking about the infestation which
is caused by the nematodes and certain
plants so that can be controlled using
iron a interference now how is that
possible that is possible because that
particular portion those proteins which
are being produced because of which the
infestation occurs so the production of
those proteins can be controlled by
controlling the process of translation
so that means the Iranian pathway or RNA
interference pathway can actually
control the gene expression and this
technique also helps in several
infestation which are caused in class so
the gene expression is prevented now
what is the significance of RNA
interference so we understood that okay
how the process of added a different
take place now the question is what is
it so importantly it prevents
infestation of tobacco plants by the
match notes this is just an example
there are many other infestations caused
by different other fists on different
plants so one such example is the new
man tooth infection on tobacco plants so
that this technique of RNA interference
can prevent this type of infestation by
controlling the gene expression there
are you take agent for diseases so is it
can act it can help in the treatment of
several diseases
important role in immune response to
viruses died when viruses enter inside
some organism so what kind of immune
response will be produced so those if
you
sponsors can be controlled by RNA
interference pathway can function as
tumor suppressors because he does it
will not allow tumors to grow further so
in fact it will help to suppress the
tumors and how is that possible because
again it will do the same thing
the wireman tumors are like growing over
a period of time because of the cells in
that area they are materially misleading
now what do you bring about a change in
the genetic Constitution such that some
of the mRNA is not able to produce the
protein which can cause the cell
division which can cause a tumor to grow
if that doesn't happen then irony in the
fence pathway and act as tumor
suppressors it doesn't allow the tools
to grow rather it suppresses the tumors
so these are some of the importance of
RNA interference thank you please visit
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