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Markovnikov's Rule and Carbocations - Alkenes and Alkynes, Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Video Lecture - Class 12
FAQs on Markovnikov's Rule and Carbocations - Alkenes and Alkynes, Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Video Lecture - Class 12
| 1. What is Markovnikov's Rule and how does it apply to the addition of reagents to alkenes and alkynes? |  |
Ans. Markovnikov's Rule states that in the addition of a protic acid (such as HX) to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of the acid will add to the carbon atom that has the most hydrogen atoms already attached to it. This means that the more substituted carbon atom will be the site of protonation, forming a more stable carbocation intermediate. The halide ion (X-) will then add to the carbon atom that initially had the double or triple bond, resulting in the addition product.
| 2. What is a carbocation and how is it formed during the addition of reagents to alkenes and alkynes? | |
Ans. A carbocation is a positively charged carbon atom with three bonds and an empty p orbital. It is formed during the addition of reagents to alkenes and alkynes when the double or triple bond is broken and a proton (H+) is added to one of the carbon atoms, leading to the formation of a carbocation intermediate. This step is known as protonation. Carbocations are highly reactive and can undergo further reactions, such as nucleophilic attack, to form various organic compounds.
| 3. How does the stability of carbocations affect the outcome of addition reactions? | |
Ans. The stability of carbocations plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of addition reactions. Carbocations can be classified into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary, based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the positively charged carbon atom. Tertiary carbocations are the most stable due to the electron-donating effect of the alkyl groups, which helps stabilize the positive charge. In contrast, primary carbocations are the least stable. The stability of the carbocation intermediate influences the regioselectivity of the reaction, determining which carbon atom the nucleophile will attack.
| 4. What factors can affect the regioselectivity of addition reactions? | |
Ans. Several factors can influence the regioselectivity of addition reactions. One crucial factor is the stability of the carbocation intermediate formed during the reaction. As mentioned earlier, more stable carbocations are favored, leading to the addition of the nucleophile to the more substituted carbon atom. Additionally, the choice of reagents and reaction conditions can also impact the regioselectivity. For example, using a different acid or solvent can alter the regioselectivity of the reaction. Temperature and steric hindrance can also play a role in determining the regioselectivity.
| 5. How does Markovnikov's Rule apply to the addition of water to alkenes? | |
Ans. Markovnikov's Rule also applies to the addition of water (hydration) to alkenes. In this reaction, water (H2O) is added across the double bond to form an alcohol. The hydrogen atom of the water molecule adds to the carbon atom with the most hydrogen atoms already attached, while the hydroxyl group (-OH) adds to the other carbon atom. This results in the formation of an alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to the more substituted carbon atom. This regioselectivity is in accordance with Markovnikov's Rule.
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Oct 24, 2025
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