Rhea malhotra

EduRev CLAT

Rhea malhotra
EduRev CLAT
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M. Nagaraj v. Union of India [2006 SC]
Doc | 1 page
U. N. R. Rao v. Indira Gandhi [1971 SC]
Doc | 3 pages
Section 375 - Rape - Consent Of Drunk Woman For Sex Invalid - Analysis of Bombay HC court judgement
Video | 09:20 min
(English) August 2017 4th week part 2 current affairs - IBPS PO;IAS;CLAT;SBI;CHSL;SSC CGL;UPSC;LDC
Video | 52:35 min
February 2017 3rd week current affairs (HINDI) - IBPS;SBI;Clerk;Police;SSC CGL;RBI;UPSC;
Video | 92:58 min
Cold War शीत युद्ध - दुनिया का इतिहास जानिये - USSR Vs USA - Full analysis - IAS/PSC/UPSC
Video | 49:46 min
Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record -Association v. Union of India [2015 SC]
Doc | 4 pages
Shankari Prasad v. Union of India
Doc | 1 page
Shayara Bano v. Union of India
Doc | 5 pages
K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India [2017 SC]
Doc | 5 pages
Defamation Vs Freedom of speech - Section 499; 500 IPC Legal Aptitude & Reasoning for UPSC/CLAT
Video | 23:46 min
Latest Government Schemes - Full analysis of important major schemes - Part 1 - UPSC/IAS/PCS
Video | 23:43 min
Unification of Germany - जर्मनी का एकीकरण - World History - in Hindi - Documentary
Video | 57:20 min
August 2017 3rd week part 1 current affairs - IBPS PO;IAS;Clerk;CLAT;SBI;CHSL;SSC CGL;UPSC;LDC
Video | 36:44 min
December 2017 current affairs MCQ 3rd Week Part 2 - IBPS PO / SSC CGL / UPSC / RBI Grade B
Video | 38:55 min
Simple Interest & Compound Interest Set 6 - For IBPS / SBI / RRB / CAT / CLAT / SSC CGL / CHSL
Video | 22:58 min
List of Gardens in India
Doc | 5 pages
National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries in INDIA
Doc | 6 pages
February 2018 Current Affairs 2nd week part 2 for UPSC/IAS/SSC/IBPS/CDS/RBI/SBI/NDA/CLAT/KVS/DSSB
Video | 27:25 min
(English) July 2017 3rd week current affairs - IBPS;SBI;Clerk;CHSL;Police;SSC CGL;RBI;UPSC;Bank PO
Video | 58:36 min
June 2017 4th week part 2 current affairs - IBPS;SBI;Clerk;Police;SSC CGL;RBI;UPSC;Bank PO
Video | 76:53 min
Obituary - 50 Important people who died in last 6 months - January to June 2017 current affairs
Video | 15:39 min
(English) 500 Best Current Affairs of last 6 months - Part 2 - January to June 2017
Video | 46:06 min
Books & Writers
Doc | 4 pages
Books by Indian Authors
Doc | 1 page
Books & Authors List
Doc | 7 pages
Famous Temples In India
Doc | 1 page
International Organisation Headquarters
Doc | 1 page
English - 200 Best current affairs MCQ from November 2017 - IBPS PO / SSC CGL / UPSC / RBI Grade B
Video | 85:03 min
200 Best current affairs JULY 2018 in Hindi Set 2 - IBPS PO/SSC CGL/UPSC/KVS/IAS/RBI Grade B 2018
Video | 24:08 min
Adultery Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code IPC - Legal GK for CLAT/UPSC/Judiciary exams
Video | 16:42 min
Mini Mock Set-27 Quantitative Aptitude Questions for IBPS/ SBI / RRB / CAT / CLAT / SSC / CGL / CHSL
Video | 31:16 min
(English) 400 Best Current Affairs July to September 2017 - Part 3 - SSC/IBPS/SBI/Clerk/Police/UPSC
Video | 62:08 min
State Emergency
Doc | 1 page
Types of Elections in India
Doc | 2 pages
Legal Maxims A - M
Doc | 10 pages
Constitution : Schedules, Fundamental Rights, Forms of Writs, Parts of the Constitution and the New
Doc | 6 pages
Emblems, Parliaments, Capitals & Currencies
Doc | 3 pages
(English) Most Important Appointments of 2017 - National & International - Current Affairs 2017
Video | 15:05 min
October 2017 2nd week part 1 current affairs - IBPS PO;IAS;Clerk;CLAT;SBI;CHSL;SSC CGL;UPSC;LDC
Video | 45:22 min
January 2018 Current Affairs 1st week part 3 for UPSC/IAS/SSC/IBPS/CDS/RBI/SBI/NDA/CLAT/KVS/DSSB
Video | 42:44 min
GST - Expected Questions on Goods & Services Tax for UPSC / SSC CGL / Bank PO (हिंदी में )
Video | 35:15 min
Calculate Income Tax - Union Budget 2017 - Analysis of Slab
Video | 11:34 min
Game-Changing Technique to remember Case Law Citations. !!
Video | 08:01 min
Unsuccessful Attempt of Judicial Services Exam
Video | 16:22 min
How to do Books & Authors for Judiciary Exams !
Video | 10:46 min
How to get most benefit from JUDICIARY COACHING !
Video | 05:09 min
Discussed Questions

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Rhea malhotra answered  •  5 days ago
Test for Citizenship of India
Citizenship in India is primarily governed by the Citizenship Act of 1955 and the provisions in the Indian Constitution. Here’s a detailed overview:
Types of Citizenship
- By Birth: A person born in India on or after January 26, 1950, is a citizen by birth if either parent is an Indian citizen.
- By Descent: A person bor
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Select the best option from the four alternatives given.
Q. Known as devout and serious person, she also has ……….. sense of humour.
  • a)
    better
  • b)
    quick
  • c)
    good
  • d)
    beautiful
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  5 days ago
Understanding the Sentence Structure
The sentence discusses a person described as "devout and serious." To maintain coherence, the following phrase should complement this characterization.
Analyzing the Options
- a) better: This implies a comparison but does not fit here as it lacks context.
- b) quick: While this could describe a type of humor, it d
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Rhea malhotra upvoted   •  3 weeks ago

The sum of seven consecutive numbers is 175. What is the sum of the first and the last number
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Sum of seven consecutive numbers x+(x+1)+(x+2)+(x+3)+(x+4)+(x+5)+(x+6)=175 7x+21=175
7x=154
x=22
First number will be 22 and consecutive series is 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
Sum of first and last number =22+28=50
So, the correct option is 'D'

Rhea malhotra upvoted   •  Oct 07, 2024

Capitalism began as a theory about how the economy functions. It was both descriptive and prescriptive – it offered an account of how money worked and promoted the idea that reinvesting profits in production leads to fast economic growth. But capitalism gradually became far more than just an economic doctrine. It now encompasses an ethic – a set of teachings about how people should behave, educate their children and even think. Its principal tenet is that economic growth is the supreme good, or at least a proxy for the supreme good, because justice, freedom and even happiness all depend on economic growth. Ask a capitalist how to bring justice and political freedom to a place like Zimbabwe or Afghanistan, and you are likely to get a lecture on how economic affluence and a thriving middle class are essential for stable democratic institutions, and about the need therefore, to inculcate Afghan tribesmen in the values of free enterprise, thrift and self-reliance.
This new religion has had a decisive influence on the development of modern science, too. Scientific research is usually funded by either governments or private businesses. When capitalist governments and businesses consider investing in a particular scientific project, the first questions are usually, ‘Will this project enable us to increase production and profits? Will it produce economic growth?’ A project that can’t clear these hurdles has little chance of finding a sponsor. No history of modern science can leave capitalism out of the picture.
Conversely, the history of capitalism is unintelligible without taking science into account. Capitalism's belief in perpetual economic growth flies in the face of almost everything we know about the universe. A society of wolves would be extremely foolish to believe that the supply of sheep would keep on growing indefinitely. The human economy has nevertheless managed to grow exponentially throughout the modern era, thanks only to the fact that scientists come up with another discovery or gadget every few years – such as the continent of America, the internal combustion engine, or genetically engineered sheep. Banks and governments print money, but ultimately, it is the scientists who foot the bill.
Which of the following facts, if true, would make the Capitalists cheer for the government’s decision to fund the scientific study in the particular field of “alternate sources of large-scale energy production”?
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Faizan Khan answered
The capitalists are going to support the investment for cheaper energy because it will boost their profits.

Directions: Read the following information and answer the question the follows:
A faculty member of a renowned JEE coaching institute was tasked with assessing seven students from different states – named A, B, C, D, E, F, and G - for potential inclusion in their special batch. To maintain impartiality, each student was given a distinct roll number, ranging from 1 to 7. The faculty member evaluated these students on a 10-point scale based on their interview performances, with '10' being the highest score and '1' the lowest. Each student received a unique rating.
Additional known details are as follows:
(i) The student assigned roll number 4 is from state F.
(ii) The student from state C received the highest score, which is an even number.
(iii) The student with roll number 1 scored twice as much as the student with roll number 6.
(iv) Only two students received even-numbered scores. The student from state A scored 5 points more than the student with roll number 3.
(v) The student with roll number 2 received the lowest score but is not from state A.
(vi) The student with roll number 7 scored higher than the student with roll number 5 but lower than the student with roll number 1.
(vii) The student from state F scored higher than the student from state G but lower than the student from state E. None of these three students received an even-numbered score.
(viii) The student assigned roll number 6 is from state B.
Q. If the rating of the student from state D is 2, then what is the absolute difference between the ratings of the students who belong to state G and state A?
Correct answer is '6'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Jul 27, 2024
Explanation:

Given Information:
- The student from state D has a rating of 2.
- The student from state A scored 5 points more than the student with roll number 3.
- The student with roll number 1 scored twice as much as the student with roll number 6.
- The student from state C received the highest score, which is an even number.
- The student from
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Direction: In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select 'No Error'.
The USA is aiming at (A) / double its bilateral trade with India (B) / by 2015. (C) / No error (D)
  • a)
    A
  • b)
    B
  • c)
    C
  • d)
    D
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Jul 27, 2024
Error Analysis:
The error in the sentence lies in part (B) of the sentence.

Explanation:
The correct preposition to use after the word "double" is "to" instead of "at". Therefore, the correct sentence should be: "The USA is aiming to double its bilateral trade with India by 2015."
Hence, the correct answer is option B.

Although most of the fastest growing jobs in today’s economy will require a college degree, many of the new jobs being created from home health aide to desktop publisher requires knowledge other than that gained from earning a degree. For workers in those jobs, good basic skills in reading, communication, and mathematics play an important role in getting a job and developing a career.
Q. From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that, in today’s economy,
  • a)
    skills in reading, communication and mathematics play an important role in developing a career as a desktop publisher.
  • b)
    the majority of the new jobs being created require knowledge other than that gained from earning a college degree.
  • c)
    a job as a home health aide will rely more on communication skills than on basic skills in reading and mathematics.
  • d)
    if a job is one of the fastest growing jobs, it will require a college degree.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Jul 27, 2024



Skills in Reading, Communication, and Mathematics in Developing a Career
Skills in reading, communication, and mathematics are essential in developing a career as a desktop publisher in today's economy. Here's why:
  • Desktop publishers need strong reading skills to understand written instructions, layouts, and design concepts.
  • Effective communicatio... more
  • Mathematics skills are necessary for tasks such as measuring layouts, calculating dimensions, and ensuring design elements are proportionate.


Therefore, having good basic skills in reading, communication, and mathematics plays a vital role in succeeding as a desktop publisher.

Pure water is bad conductor of electricity because it is –
  • a)
    feebly ionized  
  • b)
    not volatile  
  • c)
    a very good solvent  
  • d)
    a non-polar solvent 
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Jul 27, 2024
Feebly Ionized Nature of Pure Water
Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity because it is feebly ionized. This means that only a small fraction of water molecules dissociate into ions.

Explanation:
- Water molecules can ionize into H+ and OH- ions through self-ionization. The equilibrium constant for this reaction (Kw) is very small, indicating that only a
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Rhea malhotra asked   •  Jul 19, 2024

Consider the following statements regarding the discovery of a cave on the Moon:
1. The cave is located on the Mare Tranquillitatis, a large, dark, basaltic plain on the Moon's surface.
2. The cave was discovered using data from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter launched in 2009.
3. Lunar caves maintain stable average temperatures around 17 degrees Celsius, which is significantly lower than the surface temperature variations.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Valor Academy answered
1. Statement 1 is correct: The cave is indeed located on the Mare Tranquillitatis, which is a large, dark, basaltic plain on the Moon's surface. This location is also known as the Sea of Tranquillity.
2. Statement 2 is correct: The discovery of the cave was made using data from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), which was launched in 2009. The LRO has been instrumental in providing detailed images and data about the Moon's surface.
3. Statement 3 is correct: Lunar caves have been found to maintain stable average temperatures of around 17 degrees Celsius, which is much more stable compared to the extreme temperature variations on the lunar surface. This makes them potentially suitable for human habitation in the future.
All three statements are accurate based on the provided information, hence the correct answer is Option D.

Shan is 55 years old, Sethian is 5 years junior to Shan and 6 years senior to Balan. The youngest brother of Balan is Devan and he is 7 years junior to him. So what is the age difference between Devan and Shan?
  • a)
    15 years
  • b)
    18 years
  • c)
    13 years
  • d)
    7 years
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Feb 11, 2024
Solution:
Let's break down the information given in the question:

1. Shan is 55 years old.
2. Sethian is 5 years junior to Shan.
3. Sethian is 6 years senior to Balan.
4. Devan is the youngest brother of Balan and is 7 years junior to him.

Now let's calculate the age difference between Devan and Shan:

1. Shan's age: 55 years.
2. Sethian's a
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In these series, you will be looking at both the letter pattern and the number pattern. Fill the blank in the middle of the series or end of the series.
SCD, TEF, UGH, ____, WKL
  • a)
    CMN
  • b)
    UJI
  • c)
    VIJ
  • d)
    IJT
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Feb 11, 2024
Solution:
The given series consists of both letter patterns and number patterns. Let's analyze each pattern separately to find the missing element.

Letter pattern:
If we observe the letter pattern, we can see that each letter in the series is shifted one position to the right from the previous one.
SCD -> TEF -> UGH -> ____

So, the next letter sho
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Violating an Apartment Lease occurs when a tenant does something prohibited by the legally binding document that he or she has signed with a landlord. Which situation below is the best example of Violating an Apartment Lease?
  • a)
    Tim has decided to move to another city, so he calls his landlord to tell him that he is not interested in renewing his lease when it expires next month.
  • b)
    Valerie recently lost her job and, for the last three months, has neglected to pay her landlord the monthly rent they agreed upon in writing when she moved into her apartment eight months ago.
  • c)
    Mark writes a letter to his landlord that lists numerous complaints about the apartment he has agreed to rent for two years.
  • d)
    Leslie thinks that her landlord is neglecting the building in which she rents an apartment. She calls her attorney to ask for advice.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea malhotra answered  •  Feb 11, 2024
Explanation:

Overview:
Violating an apartment lease occurs when a tenant does something prohibited by the legally binding document they have signed with a landlord. In this question, the best example of violating an apartment lease is option B, where Valerie neglects to pay her monthly rent for three months.

Analysis:
Let's analyze each option t
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In this questions, a number series is given with one term missing. Choose the correct alternative that will continue the same pattern and fill in the black spaces.
Q. 1, 6, 15, (___), 45, 66, 91
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Rhea malhotra answered  •  Feb 11, 2024
Pattern:

To find the missing term in the given number series, let's analyze the pattern:

The series starts with 1 and follows an increasing pattern.

1 -> 1 + 5 = 6 -> 6 + 9 = 15 -> 15 + 13 = ? -> ? + 17 = 45 -> 45 + 21 = 66 -> 66 + 25 = 91

Explanation:

To identify the pattern, we need to observe the differences betwee
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Rhea malhotra asked   •  Dec 26, 2023

Who said "living persons come and go but this creation of law remains for ever"?
  • a)
    Savigny
  • b)
    Maitland
  • c)
    Blackstone
  • d)
    Salmond
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Salmond said "living persons come and go but this creation of law remains for ever". Alexander Elliot Anderson Salmond is a Scottish politician who served as the First Minister of Scotland from 2007 to 2014. He was the leader of the Scottish National Party for over 20 years, serving two terms, from 1990 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2014.

Rhea malhotra asked   •  Dec 01, 2023

Ghanshyam and Afzal are good friends. They are traders and together keep on doing business transaction very often. In April 2016, they enter in a contract. Afzal has certain confidential information from his private sources about some change in prices that would affect Ghanshyam's willingness to proceed with the contract. As per Indian Contract Act, 1872, identify which of the following is applicable.
  • a)
    Afzal is bound to inform Ghanshyam about the change in price because he is a close friend to him
  • b)
    Afzal is not bound to inform Ghanshyam about the change in price
  • c)
    Afzal is bound to inform Ghanshyam about the change in price because they have been doing many business transactions together
  • d)
    Afzal is bound to inform Ghanshyam about the change in price because otherwise that would amount to fraud since it would clearly show Afzal's intentions to mislead Ghanshyam
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Applicable Rule under the Indian Contract Act, 1872
According to the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the applicable rule in this scenario is Section 115, which deals with the duty of a person to disclose information when the relationship between the parties is one of utmost good faith.
Under Section 115 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a person is bound to disclose any information that can affect the willingness of the other party to enter into a contract if there exists a relationship of utmost good faith between them. In this case, Ghanshyam and Afzal are good friends and have been doing business transactions together, indicating the presence of a close relationship.
According to the Indian Contract Act, 1872, in this scenario, Afzal is not legally bound to inform Ghanshyam about the change in price. Although they are good friends and have been doing business transactions together, the duty to disclose information arises only when there is a relationship of utmost good faith between the parties.
In this case, the fact that Afzal has certain confidential information about the change in prices does not automatically create a duty for him to disclose it to Ghanshyam. The duty to disclose would arise only if there was a special relationship based on utmost good faith, such as a fiduciary relationship or a relationship of trust and confidence.
Therefore, since the question does not mention any such special relationship, Afzal is not legally bound to inform Ghanshyam about the change in price.

Rhea malhotra asked   •  Nov 02, 2023

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the 'Mera Yuva Bharat' (MY Bharat) platform to engage the youth of India. What is the primary objective of this platform?
  • a)
    To promote international trade relations.
  • b)
    To motivate young individuals to actively participate in nation-building.
  • c)
    To enhance India's space exploration program.
  • d)
    To improve the healthcare system in rural areas.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Aim It Academy answered
The primary objective of the 'Mera Yuva Bharat' (MY Bharat) platform is to motivate young individuals to actively participate in the nation-building process and instill a sense of responsibility and engagement. This initiative aims to inspire young people to become community change agents and nation builders, bridging the gap between the government and the citizens.

Rhea malhotra asked   •  Sep 30, 2023

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given beside.
It has been repeatedly held that the PMLA (Prevention of Money Laundering Act) is a sui generis legislation, enacted to tackle money laundering through white-collar crimes. According to Section 3 of the PMLA, the act of projecting or claiming proceeds of crime to be untainted property constitutes the offense of money laundering. Under the Schedule to the PMLA, a number of offenses under the Indian Penal Code and other special statutes have been included, which serve as the basis for the offense of money laundering. In other words, the existence of predicate offense is sine qua non to charge someone with money laundering. It is crucial to note that the investigation and prosecution of the predicate offense are done typically by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or the State Police.
Section 50 of the PMLA provides powers of a civil court to the ED authorities for summoning persons suspected of money laundering and recording statements. However, the Supreme Court held that ED authorities are not police officers. It observed in Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v. Union of India (2022) that “the process envisaged by Section 50 of the PMLA is in the nature of an inquiry against the proceeds of crime and is not ‘investigation’ in strict sense of the term for initiating prosecution.” There are other dissimilarities between ED authorities and the police. While the police are required to register a First Information Report (FIR) for a cognizable offense before conducting an investigation, ED authorities begin with search procedures and undertake their investigation for the purpose of gathering materials and tracing the ‘proceeds of crime’ by issuing summons. Any statement made by an accused to the police is inadmissible as evidence in court, whereas a statement made to an ED authority is admissible. A copy of the FIR is accessible to the accused, whereas the Enforcement Case Information Report is seldom available.
While the police investigating the predicate offense are empowered to arrest and seek custody of the accused, the ED is meant to focus on recovering the proceeds of crime in order to redistribute the same to victims. It is not clear whether the ED has managed to do this. Per contra, the Proceeds of Crime Act, 2002, the analogous legislation in the U.K., almost entirely concentrates on the confiscation of assets through dedicated civil proceedings. Unfortunately, of late, much of the ED’s powers have been discharged in effecting pretrial arrests, which used to be the prerogative of the police investigating the predicate offence. In the past, the CBI was used to impart fear among political opponents. In the process, the agency received the condemnation of various courts and earned the nickname “caged parrot”. Whether the ED will go down the same path or reorient its approach will entirely depend on the intervention of the country’s constitutional courts.
Q. Which of the following statements cannot be deduced from the passage above, according to the passage?
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Om Desai answered
Requiring a predicate offense for money laundering charges ensures the establishment of a clear connection between the proceeds of crime and the illicit activity from which they originated, as explicitly mentioned in the passage. This requirement, as outlined in Section 3 of the PMLA, signifies that money laundering transpires when the proceeds of crime are projected or claimed to be untainted property.
The distinctive roles performed by ED authorities and the police in the investigation of money laundering can complement each other, as detailed in the passage. The passage underscores that these distinct roles allow them to collaborate effectively in addressing various facets of such criminal activities.
The constitutional courts in India possess the authority to intervene and influence the approach and actions of the ED in enforcing the PMLA. This is inferred from the passage, which suggests that the future course of action for the ED may be contingent upon the intervention of the country's constitutional courts.
The passage does not make any mention of concerns related to coercion or the potential compromise of the integrity of evidence presented in court based on statements made to ED authorities. While the passage discusses the admissibility of statements, it does not imply any issues regarding coercion or the credibility of evidence.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Rhea malhotra asked   •  Jul 21, 2023

Can I get my admit card reissued if there are errors or discrepancies in the information?

Harsh Iyer answered
Reissuing Admit Card for Errors or Discrepancies

Introduction

If there are errors or discrepancies in the information mentioned on your admit card, you may need to get it reissued. Admit cards are important documents for various examinations, including CLAT (Common Law Admission Test). It is essential to ensure that all the details on your admit card are accurate to avoid any inconvenience or issues during the examination.
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Rhea malhotra asked   •  May 05, 2023

International commercial arbitration is
  • a)
    mandatorily imposed on parties by operation of law
  • b)
    governed by parties themselves
  • c)
    conducted outside India
  • d)
    with the government of a foreign country
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Amita Das answered
International commercial arbitration is an arbitration in which at least one of the disputing parties is a resident/body corporate of a country other than India. Arbitration with the government of a foreign country is also considered to be an international commercial arbitration.

Rhea malhotra asked   •  Dec 26, 2022

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.
The right to education was produced under Article 21, read with Article 19(1)(a),(b) and (c) in 1978 in the case of Ananda Vardhan Chandel vs. Delhi University[6]. The judge observed that the mere disparity in the nature of the rights under Part III and IV of the Constitution is that the Fundamental Rights are 'natural rights', which people forever enjoyed and which do not need definite socio-economic conditions to be produced by the State before they can be imposed as is the case with the DPSP which are 'man-made rights'.
The question of right to free and compulsory education was elevated in the case of Mohini Jain, in 1992, popularly known as "capitation fee case". The division bench of the Supreme Court held that the 'right to life' is the compendious phrase for all those rights which the Courts must implement as they are indispensable to the dignified enjoyment of life. Court stated:
"The right to education flows directly from right to life. The right to life under Article 21 and the dignity of an individual are not being assured unless it is accompanied by the right to education. The state is under an obligation to make endeavour to provide educational facilities at all levels to its citizens".
Judges declared that the education in India has never been a commodity for sale. It further settled that "We hold that every citizen has a 'right to education' under the Constitution. The State is under an obligation to establish educational institutions to enable the citizens to enjoy the said right. The State may discharge its obligation through State-owned or State-recognised educational institutions. When the State Government grants recognition to the private educational institutions it creates an agency to fulfil its obligation under the Constitution. The students are given admission to the educational institutions - whether State-owned or State recognised in recognition of their 'right to education' under the Constitution. Charging capitation fee in consideration of admission to educational institutions is a patent denial of a citizen's right to education under the Constitution."
Court considered that the Constitution made it compulsory to give education to all its citizens. This interpretation alone, said the court, would assist the people to differentiate the objectives of dignity, political economic, and social justice. They found that charging capitation fee of large sums by institutions of higher education is a disavowal of the right to education.
The Supreme Court observed the accuracy of the verdict given by the court in Mohini Jain in the case of Unnikrishnan.
The five Judges bench by 3-2 majority partially agreed with the Mohini case decision and held that right to education is a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution as it directly flows from "right to life". As consider its content, the court partially overruled the Mohini Jain's decision and held that the right to free education is available only to children until they complete the age of 14 years, then the responsibility of the State to provide education is subject to the limits of its economic capacity and development. The duty created by Articles 41,45&46 can be executed by the State either by establishing its own institutions or by aiding, recognising or granting affiliation to private institutions.
Court held that children of the nation are an extremely important asset. Their nurture and attentiveness are our responsibility, children's program should find a noticeable part in our national plans for the development of human resources, so that our children grow up, to become healthy citizens, physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy; endowed with the skills and enthusiasms needed by society. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the period of development should be our aim, for this would serve our larger purpose of reducing inequality and ensuring social justice.
Therefore, in the concluding remarks, it is expected that mare passing an act is not sufficient. The need of the hour is to keep a proper check on the functioning of the act. The constant monitoring and strong political will is a must to make it effective. As per the UNESCO's "Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010'', about 135 countries have constitutional provisions for free and non-discriminatory education for all. The much awaited Right to Education (RTE) Act which has been passed by the parliament of India should play a significant role in attaining universal elementary education in India. The victory and defeat of RTE would largely depend on consistent political care. Financial allocation of funds should be adequate in this respect. The youth in India should come forward and spread the utility of education to illiterate parents who are unable to appreciate the significance of education in limiting the social evils. Social differences and monopolization by any group should not be accepted at any cost. Education which is free of cost up to a certain age must be accessible to each and every one.
Q. What is emphasized by the author in the passage?
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Eshaan Kapoor answered
This is the most appropriate answer to the given question.
Monopolies typically have an unfair advantage over their competition because they are either the only provider of typical education or control most of the school/colleges for their courses/education.It can then lower its prices so much that smaller school/colleges or institutions can't survive which seems unfair.
Therefore, this is the correct option.

Rhea malhotra asked   •  Dec 07, 2022

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.
Social justice and gender equality are not just nice terms. They have to be taught, imbibed and lived as early as possible. Translation holds hands with science, philosophy, medicine, sociology, religion, and gender and caste studies and militates against homogenisation and promotion of any single ideology, value system or agenda. Languages are intimately linked with the culture and history of the region of their origin and are the most private and yet most public of things. Luminous thoughts that inspire people to a better life are expressed through this medium as are malign campaigns that can bring whole civilisations to the brink. Convoluted rules that can remote control and shackle for life, or words that can empower and sustain a movement for generations — both are facilitated by language. How can we harness this force and build a better India over the next quarter century?
Increased globalisation and immigration have made people aware of cultural differences, which, a century ago did not matter much because we did not have to engage with them as much as we need to today. Since we all live in translational cultures, when words like "global citizen" are used in almost every context, isn't the understanding of what it really means to be equipped for global dialogue missing? Everywhere in the world moral monism is working against cultural pluralism with a steep rise in intolerance and an addiction to indignation pervading the metaspace.
We urgently need a programme of education for national understanding because local ignorance about ourselves and our country is astounding. Even most educated people have no idea of the most urgent social issues facing the nation because they have never been trained to look beyond their personal needs or comfort zones. Worse, they have been raised to feel that this is the way things are meant to be. So, we have a dangerous combination of indifference to people different from ourselves, and a conviction that in order to win someone else has to lose. This can and should be altered by training teachers committed to the promotion of peace and equality to hold value education classes through translated works.
There is next to nothing in our educational system that emphasises looking inward to look beyond the self. The pattern of schooling focuses fiercely on the material world and neglects the intangible aspects of our socio-culture, something which has to change if we don't want to unwittingly sell our souls to the supermarket or fall into amnesia about our past. For those who are concerned about India's stability 25 years from today, I suggest we invest in two things for which we have rich resources: Translation into and out of Indian languages and ethics education in schools and colleges. India at 100 can be a reality if we focus on soft powers: The language of peace, and our multilinguality.
Q. Which of the following words is farthest in meaning to the word given below?
Indignation
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Eshaan Kapoor answered
'Indignation' means 'anger or annoyance'. 'Contentment' means a state of happiness and satisfaction. Thus, they are antonyms of each other. Thus, the author states that distress and anger has spilled beyond the physical realm.

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