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All questions of Day 17 for GMAT Exam

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A mixture of 100 litres of spirit and alcohol contains 25% alcohol. How much more alcohol should be added to the mixture to increase the percentage of alcohol to 30% in the new mixture?
  • a)
    3.33 litres
  • b)
    7.14 litres
  • c)
    5 litres
  • d)
    4 litres
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Kavya Sharma answered
Alcohol content in the alcohol to be added = 100%
Therefore, the allegation diagram for this problem can be drawn as:
Therefore, ratio of the mixture to alcohol = 70/5 = 14/1
So, alcohol to be added = 100/14
Hence, the answer is "7.14 litres".
Choice B is the correct answer.

8 litres are drawn from a cask full of wine and is then filled with water. This operation is performed three more times. The ratio of the quantity of wine now left in cask to that of the water is 16:65. How much wine did the cask originally hold?
  • a)
    30 litres
  • b)
    26 litres
  • c)
    24 litres
  • d)
    32 litres
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arya Roy answered
8 litres are drawn from a cask full of wine and is then filled with water.
This operation is performed three more times.
The ratio of the quantity of wine now left in cask to that of the water is 16 ∶ 65
Calculations:
Let the quantity of the wine in the cask originally be x litres.
After first operation, wine left in the cask = (x - 8) litres So, the ratio of the quantity of wine now left in cask to that of filled cask = 
This operation is performed three more times. Then, Wine : Water = 16 : 65 or wine : water = 16 : (16 + 65) = 81
Correct answer is 24.

How many kilograms of sugar costing Rs. 9 per kg must be mixed with 27 kg of sugar costing Rs. 7 per Kg so that there may be a gain of 10 % by selling the mixture at Rs. 9.24 per Kg ?

  • a)
    60 Kg
  • b)
    63 kg
  • c)
    58 Kg
  • d)
    56 Kg
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pallabi Deshpande answered
C.P. of 1 kg sugar of 1st kind      C.P. of 1 kg sugar of 2nd kind

Therefore, Ratio of quantities of 1st and 2nd kind = 14 : 6 = 7 : 3. 

Let x kg of sugar of 1st kind be mixed with 27 kg of 2nd kind. 

Then, 7 : 3 = x : 27 or x = (7 x 27 / 3) = 63 kg.

Practice Quizzes or MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) with solution are available for Practice, which would help you prepare for Alligation or Mixture under Quantitative Aptitude. You can practice these practice quizzes as per your speed and improvise the topic. The same topic is covered under various competitive examinations like - CAT, GMAT, Bank PO, SSC and other competitive examinations.
 
Q. A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this container 4 litres of milk was taken out and replaced by water. This process was repeated further two times. How much milk is now contained by the container?
  • a)
    26 litres
  • b)
    29.16 litres
  • c)
    28 litres
  • d)
    28.2 litres
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Raghavendra Sharma answered
40M

After replacing

36M : 4W => 9:1

In the next replacement

Out of 4 Litres mixture

3.6L milk, 0.4L Water

Now, Milk => 32.4, Water => 7.6

i.e 4.26 : 1 => The current ratio of the mixture

Next 4 Litres in the above ratio

4/5.26= 0.76

0.76x4.26 = 3.239 (3.24)

32.4–3.24= 29.16 Litres of Milk

Two vessels A and B contain spirit and water in the ratio 5 : 2 and 7 : 6 respectively. Find the ratio in which these mixture be mixed to obtain a new mixture in vessel C containing spirit and water in the ration 8 : 5 ?
  • a)
    3: 4
  • b)
    4 : 3
  • c)
    9 : 7
  • d)
    7 : 9
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Manoj Ghosh answered
Spirit in 1 litre mix of A = 5/7 litre.
Spirit in 1 litre mix of B = 7/13 litre.
Spirit in 1 litre mix of C = 8/13 litre. 
By rule of alligation we have required ratio X:Y

   X         :       Y

 5/7              7/13

 

       \          /
          (8/13)

       /          \


(1/13)     :     (9/91)

  7                      9

Therefore required ratio = 1/13 : 9/91 

= 7:9

Tea worth Rs. 126 per kg and Rs. 135 per kg are mixed with a third variety of tea in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2. If the mixture is worth Rs. 153 per kg, what is the price of the third variety per kg ?
  • a)
    Rs.182.50
  • b)
    Rs.170.5
  • c)
    Rs.175.50
  • d)
    Rs.180
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Manoj Ghosh answered
Since first and second varieties are mixed in equal proportions.

So, their average price = Rs.
126 + 135/2
= Rs. 130.50
So, the mixture is formed by mixing two varieties, one at Rs. 130.50 per kg and the other at say, Rs. x per kg in the ratio 2 : 2, i.e., 1 : 1. We have to find x.

By the rule of alligation, we have:

 x - 153 = 22.50
 x = 175.50

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” are 
  • a)
    more popular with large corporations 
  • b)
    more specific 
  • c)
    less controversial 
  • d)
    less expensive to enforce 
  • e)
    easier to comply with
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anuj Yadav answered
The only choice which doesn't decline/oppose the whole statement idea

A milk vendor has 2 cans of milk. The first contains 25% water and the rest milk. The second contains 50% water. How much milk should he mix from each of the containers so as to get 12 litres of milk such that the ratio of water to milk is 3 : 5?

  • a)
    5 litres, 7 litres
  • b)
    7litres, 4 litres
  • c)
    6litres, 6 litres
  • d)
    4litres, 8 litres
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ishani Rane answered
Let x and (12-x) litres of milk be mixed from the first and second container respectively
Amount of milk in x litres of the the first container = .75x
Amount of water in x litres of the the first container = .25x
Amount of milk in (12-x) litres of the the second container = .5(12-x)
Amount of water in (12-x) litres of the the second container = .5(12-x)
Ratio of water to milk = [.25x + .5(12-x)] : [.75x + .5(12-x)] = 3 : 5
⇒ (.25x+6-5x)/(.75x+6-.5x) =3/5
⇒(6−.25x)/(.25x+6) =3/5
⇒30−1.25x=.75x+18
⇒2x=12
⇒x=6
Since x = 6, 12-x = 12-6 = 6
Hence 6 and 6 litres of milk should mixed from the first and second container respectively

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. The authors implied that the minority owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should 
  • a)
    avoid competition with the larger, more established concerns by not expanding 
  • b)
    concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation 
  • c)
    try to expands its customers base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation 
  • d)
    pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority owned concerns. 
  • e)
    use its influence with the other corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Liam Campbell answered
Explanation:

Expanding Customer Base:
- The authors suggest that minority-owned concerns should try to expand their customer base in order to avoid becoming dependent on a single large corporate customer.
- This strategy helps mitigate the risk of over-reliance on one source of income, which can be detrimental to the financial health of the business in the long run.

Reasoning:
- By diversifying their customer base, minority-owned concerns can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in the business relationships with any single corporate benefactor.
- This approach also allows them to tap into new opportunities and potentially grow their business further.

Conclusion:
- Therefore, the implied suggestion by the authors is for minority-owned concerns to focus on expanding their customer base, rather than solely relying on one large corporate customer for business. This strategy can help them sustain and grow their business in a competitive market.

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
 
Q. The passage most likely appeared in 
  • a)
    a business magazine 
  • b)
    an encyclopedia of black history to 1945 
  • c)
    a dictionary of financial terms 
  • d)
    a yearbook of business statistics 
  • e)
    an accounting textbook
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Meera Sharma answered
Explanation:

Context:
The passage discusses the opportunities and risks faced by minority-owned businesses in the United States, particularly in relation to securing contracts and subcontracts from large companies.

Identification of the Publication:
The passage most likely appeared in a business magazine. This is evident from the focus on corporate contracts, minority-owned businesses, and the implications of federal regulations on subcontracting.

Reasoning:
1. Content Relevance: The content of the passage is highly relevant to a business magazine audience, as it discusses the impact of government regulations on corporate contracts, the challenges faced by minority-owned businesses, and the potential risks associated with securing large contracts.
2. Industry Focus: The passage delves into the world of corporate purchasing, subcontracting, and financial risks faced by small businesses. These topics are commonly covered in business magazines that cater to entrepreneurs, business owners, and industry professionals.
3. Factual Information: The passage provides statistics on the total corporate contracts with minority businesses, which is a common feature in business magazines that report on industry trends, market analysis, and financial data.
4. Practical Insights: The passage offers practical insights into the challenges and opportunities for minority-owned businesses in the corporate sector, making it relevant and informative for readers interested in business trends and diversity in entrepreneurship.
In conclusion, the passage's focus on corporate contracts, minority business opportunities, and financial risks aligns with the content typically found in business magazines, making it the most likely publication where this passage would appear.

PASSAGE:
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through the formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could secure alone. Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors? 
  • a)
    Annoyed by the proliferations of “front” organizations, corporates are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority owned subcontractors in the near future. 
  • b)
    Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts. 
  • c)
    The significant response of corporation in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s 
  • d)
    Although corporations re eager to co-operate with minority owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible. 
  • e)
    The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over expansion that used to plague small minority owned businesses.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Talent Skill Learning answered
- The correct answer is C.
- The passage highlights that corporations responded significantly to working with minority subcontractors in the 1970s.
- It mentions a substantial increase in corporate contracts with minority businesses during that time.
- Projections estimate a continued rise in corporate contracts with minority businesses into the 1980s and beyond.
- This indicates that the significant corporate response in the 1970s is likely to be sustained and potentially increased throughout the 1980s.

Today, Samson’s Train traveled at a constant rate along a straight North-South route that included the famous 10-mile long Chasm Bridge. Was Samson’s Train on the Chasm Bridge at 2:00 p.m.?

(1) At 9:00 a.m., Samson’s Train was 200 miles north of the Chasm Bridge, and at 4:00 p.m, the train was 140 miles south of Chasm Bridge.
(2) Samson’s Train started its trip at 6:00 a.m., and traveled at a rate of less than 70 miles per hour.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Pioneer Academy answered
Statement (1) provides information about the position of Samson's Train at two different times: 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. We know that at 9:00 a.m., the train was 200 miles north of the Chasm Bridge, and at 4:00 p.m., it was 140 miles south of the bridge. However, we don't have any information about the speed of the train or its direction. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to determine if the train was on the Chasm Bridge at 2:00 p.m.
Statement (2) gives the starting time of the trip and mentions that the train traveled at a rate of less than 70 miles per hour. However, there is no information about the position of the train at any specific time or its direction of travel. Therefore, statement (2) alone is not sufficient to determine if the train was on the Chasm Bridge at 2:00 p.m.
When we combine the information from both statements, we still don't have any additional details about the position of the train at 2:00 p.m. Therefore, statements (1) and (2) together are not sufficient to answer the question.
In conclusion, the answer is (E): Statements (1) and (2) together are not sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed.

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions? 
  • a)
    What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority owned businesses in public works contracts? 
  • b)
    To which governments agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to find minority subcontractors? 
  • c)
    How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts; by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts? 
  • d)
    How many more minority owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972? 
  • e)
    What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended?
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Talent Skill Learning answered
The correct answer to the question is:

- E. What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended?

Explanation:
- Minority-owned businesses risk expanding too fast due to increased patronage.
- Small concerns often lack financial resources for necessary investments.
- When subcontracts are reduced, fixed expenses can become overwhelming.
- Elaborate formal estimates and bids consume resources without guarantee of orders.
- Dependency on a single corporate benefactor can lead to complacency and financial struggles.

Tom and Samuel are riding motorcycles down the highway at constant speeds. If Tom is now 2 miles ahead of Samuel, how many minutes before Tom is 3 miles ahead of Samuel?
(1) Tom is traveling at 70 miles per hour and Samuel is traveling at 60 miles per hour.
(2) Tom left 5 minutes before Samuel.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Sarkar answered
Understanding the Problem
Tom is currently 2 miles ahead of Samuel, and we need to determine how long it will take for Tom to be 3 miles ahead of Samuel.
Analyzing Statement (1)
- Tom's Speed: 70 miles per hour
- Samuel's Speed: 60 miles per hour
Relative Speed Calculation
- The relative speed of Tom with respect to Samuel = Tom's speed - Samuel's speed = 70 mph - 60 mph = 10 mph.
Time to Increase Lead
- Tom is currently 2 miles ahead and needs to be 3 miles ahead. Therefore, he needs to extend his lead by 1 mile.
- Time = Distance / Speed = 1 mile / 10 mph = 0.1 hours = 6 minutes.
Thus, Statement (1) alone is sufficient.
Analyzing Statement (2)
- Tom left 5 minutes before Samuel, which gives him a head start. However, we lack information about their speeds.
- Without knowing how fast each is traveling, we cannot determine if the time until Tom is 3 miles ahead can be calculated.
Thus, Statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Conclusion
Since Statement (1) is sufficient on its own to answer the question and Statement (2) is not, the correct answer is option A:
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked.

PASSAGE:In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g, defining, and defending an adequate breeding are.  When  population density is high, only the strongest males can retain a suitable area.  The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on poor or marginal territories.
During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory; each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent periods between sounds.  These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency.  Despite the large frequency range of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very limited.  Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis .  In our studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do.  Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other buntings they hear signing.
Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a song.  When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting did not respond;  Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.  Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other species.
The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined.  We created experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features.  Since the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range of figures shapes can evoke positive responses.  It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular intervals.
There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection.  This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger.  Our studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism, which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Q. It can be inferred that the investigation that determined the similarly among more than 90 percent of all the figures produced by birds living in different regions was undertaken to answer which of the following questions? I.How much variations, if any, is there in the figure types produced by indigo buntings in different locales? II.Do local populations of indigo buntings develop their own dialects of figure types? III.Do figure similarities among indigo buntings decline with increasing geographic separation?
  • a)
    II only
  • b)
    III only
  • c)
    I and II only
  • d)
    II and III only
  • e)
    I, II and III
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Patrick Martin answered
Analysis:

Understanding the question:
The question asks about the purpose of the investigation that determined the similarity among more than 90 percent of all the figures produced by birds living in different regions.

Identifying the key points:
1. Investigation determined high similarity among more than 90 percent of all figures produced by birds in different regions.
2. The investigation aimed to answer specific questions related to figure types produced by indigo buntings in different locales.

Explanation:
- The investigation aimed to determine the variation in figure types produced by indigo buntings in different locales.
- It also sought to understand if local populations of indigo buntings develop their own dialects of figure types.
- Furthermore, the investigation aimed to explore whether figure similarities among indigo buntings decline with increasing geographic separation.

Therefore, the investigation was conducted to answer questions related to the variation, development of dialects, and changes in figure similarities among indigo buntings in different regions. The results of the investigation indicated that there was a high level of similarity among the figures produced, with more than 90 percent being stable across different geographic populations.

Aaron travels from town X to town Y and then back from town Y to town X, taking different routes in each direction. If his speed when travelling from town X to town Y is 36 miles per hour, and his speed when travelling in the opposite direction is 48 miles per hour, what is his average speed for the entire journey?
1) The length of the return trip is 24% of the entire distance traveled.
2) The length of the return trip is 100 miles.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Kapoor answered
Statement (1): The length of the return trip is 24% of the entire distance traveled.
This statement alone is not sufficient to determine the average speed. While it tells us the proportion of the return trip distance to the total distance, it doesn't provide the actual distance or any information about the speed for the initial trip.
Statement (2): The length of the return trip is 100 miles.
This statement alone is not sufficient either. It gives us the distance of the return trip, but we still don't have information about the distance of the initial trip or the speed for the initial trip.
Therefore, neither statement alone is sufficient to answer the question. Considering both statements together also doesn't provide enough information to calculate the average speed. We need additional data about the distance of the initial trip to determine Aaron's average speed. The correct answer is (E): Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed.

A cyclist rides to the top of a hill and then coasts back down by the same route. The entire trip takes 4 hours. What is his average (arithmetic mean) speed when climbing the hill?
(1) The cyclist's average speed over the entire trip was 6 miles per hour.
(2) The distance to the top of the hill was 12 miles, and the cyclist's average speed on the downward trip was 18 miles per hour.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Kapoor answered
Statement 1 gives the information about the total distance. But there is no clue of the speed climbing the hill. Not sufficient
Statement 2 - Distance for downtrip will also be 12. We can find the time taken for covering downtrip which is 12/18 or 2/3 hr.
Time taken for uphill = 4-2/3
= 10/3
Distance = 12
Avg speed can be found out. Sufficient

PASSAGE:In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g, defining, and defending an adequate breeding are.  When  population density is high, only the strongest males can retain a suitable area.  The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on poor or marginal territories.
During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory; each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent periods between sounds.  These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency.  Despite the large frequency range of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very limited.  Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis .  In our studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do.  Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other buntings they hear signing.
Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a song.  When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting did not respond;  Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.  Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other species.
The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined.  We created experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features.  Since the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range of figures shapes can evoke positive responses.  It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular intervals.
There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection.  This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger.  Our studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism, which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Q. The primary purpose of passage is to 
  • a)
    raise new issues 
  • b)
    explain an enigma 
  • c)
    refute misconceptions 
  • d)
    reconcile differing theories 
  • e)
    analyze a phenomenon
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Talent Skill Learning answered
- The primary purpose of the passage is to analyze a phenomenon.
- It delves into the significance of song in territorial birds like the indigo bunting, detailing how song functions in securing breeding areas and interspecies recognition.
- Through observations and experiments, the passage explores the role of song figures in species recognition and the balance between song stability for species recognition and variation for individual recognition.
- It highlights the importance of song characteristics like frequency range, duration, and spacing in communication and survival strategies.

PASSAGE:In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g, defining, and defending an adequate breeding are.  When  population density is high, only the strongest males can retain a suitable area.  The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on poor or marginal territories.
During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory; each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent periods between sounds.  These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency.  Despite the large frequency range of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very limited.  Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis .  In our studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do.  Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other buntings they hear signing.
Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a song.  When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting did not respond;  Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.  Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other species.
The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined.  We created experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features.  Since the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range of figures shapes can evoke positive responses.  It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular intervals.
There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection.  This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger.  Our studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism, which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Q. It can be inferred from the passage that the existence of only a limited number of indigo bunting figures servers primarily to
  • a)
    ensure species survival by increasing competition among the fittest males for the females
  • b)
    increase population density by eliminating ambiguity in the figures to which the females must respond
  • c)
    maintain the integrity of the species by restricting the degree of figure variation and change
  • d)
    enhance species recognition by decreasing the number of figure patterns to which the bird must respond
  • e)
    avoid confusion between species by clearly demarcating the figure patterns of each specials
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Talent Skill Learning answered
- The limited number of indigo bunting figures primarily enhances species recognition by decreasing the variety of figure patterns the bird must respond to.
- This limitation ensures that each species has a distinct set of figures for clear-cut species recognition.
- By restricting the variation and change in figures, the integrity of the species is maintained.
- It allows for individual recognition within the species without causing confusion between different species.
- Ultimately, this balance between figure stability and variation aids in both species and individual recognition.

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. Which of the following if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial?
  • a)
    Corporate contracts with minority owned business totaled about $2 billion in 1979
  • b)
    Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority owned businesses declined by 25 percent
  • c)
    The figures collected 1977 underrepreented the extent of corporate contracts with minority owned businesses.
  • d)
    The estimate of corporate spending with minority owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high
  • e)
    The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Talent Skill Learning answered
- The correct answer is E.
- In this question, we are looking for the statement that would weaken the author's assertion that corporate response to federal requirements in the 1970s was substantial.
- Option E weakens this assertion by stating that the $1.1 billion in 1977 represented the same percentage of total corporate spending as $77 million in 1972.
- This implies that the increase in spending with minority-owned businesses from $77 million to $1.1 billion might not be as substantial as it appears at first glance since it can be seen as a proportionate increase rather than an absolute increase.

PASSAGE:In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g, defining, and defending an adequate breeding are.  When  population density is high, only the strongest males can retain a suitable area.  The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on poor or marginal territories.
During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory; each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent periods between sounds.  These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency.  Despite the large frequency range of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very limited.  Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis .  In our studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do.  Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other buntings they hear signing.
Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a song.  When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting did not respond;  Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.  Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other species.
The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined.  We created experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features.  Since the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range of figures shapes can evoke positive responses.  It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular intervals.
There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection.  This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger.  Our studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism, which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Q. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the number and general nature of figures sung by the indigo bunting? 
  • a)
    They are established at birth 
  • b)
    They evolve slowly as the bird learns 
  • c)
    They are learned from other indigo buntings. 
  • d)
    They develop after the bird has been forced onto marginal breeding areas. 
  • e)
    The gradually develop through contact with prospective mates
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Amelia Scott answered
Learning of Figures by the Indigo Bunting
- The figures sung by the indigo bunting are not established at birth.
- According to the passage, these figures evolve slowly as the bird learns.
- The male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do, indicating that they learn and copy figures from other buntings they hear singing.

Role of Interspecies Recognition in Learning Figures
- The ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another is important in the evolution of figures.
- Male indigo buntings readily distinguished songs of their own species from those of other species, showing a clear recognition ability.
- Experimental backward songs composed of new figures still evoked positive responses from male indigos, suggesting that a wide range of figure shapes can be recognized.

Importance of Song Variation for Survival
- Song stability and conservatism lead to clear-cut species recognition, while song variation leads to individual recognition.
- Variety in song figures is a valuable adaptation for survival, as it helps in mate recognition and distinguishing neighbors from strangers.
- New figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection, highlighting the importance of learning and adapting song figures.

Amy reached from her home to her aunt’s place in 75 minutes. What is the average speed at which Amy drove her car?
(1) She travelled the first 30 minutes at 60 miles per hour and remaining at 80 miles per hour.
(2) The total distance between Amy and her aunt’s home is 90 miles.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ankita Chauhan answered
Understanding the Problem
To find Amy's average speed, we need to determine the total distance she traveled and the time taken. The average speed can be calculated using the formula:
Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time
Amy took 75 minutes (or 1.25 hours) to reach her aunt's place.
Analyzing Statement (1)
- Amy drove for 30 minutes (0.5 hours) at 60 miles per hour:
- Distance = Speed × Time = 60 miles/hour × 0.5 hours = 30 miles
- For the remaining 45 minutes (0.75 hours), she drove at 80 miles per hour:
- Distance = Speed × Time = 80 miles/hour × 0.75 hours = 60 miles
- Total Distance = 30 miles + 60 miles = 90 miles
Now, we can calculate the average speed:
- Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time = 90 miles / 1.25 hours = 72 miles per hour.
Thus, Statement (1) is sufficient.
Analyzing Statement (2)
- The total distance between Amy and her aunt's home is given as 90 miles.
- The time taken is still 75 minutes (1.25 hours).
Using the average speed formula:
- Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time = 90 miles / 1.25 hours = 72 miles per hour.
Thus, Statement (2) is also sufficient.
Conclusion
- Both statements individually provide enough information to calculate the average speed.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C': BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have 
  • a)
    been specially vulnerable to governmental 
  • b)
    been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors 
  • c)
    not had sufficient opportunity to secure businesses created by large corporations 
  • d)
    not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers 
  • e)
    not had adequate representation in the centers of government power.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Emily Anderson answered
Explanation:

Civil Rights Activists' Argument:
- Civil rights activists argue that one of the main reasons minority-owned businesses struggle is due to a lack of access to the significant orders and subcontracts generated by large companies.

Supporting Evidence:
- Congress has mandated that businesses awarded federal contracts over $500,000 must make efforts to find minority subcontractors and report these efforts to the government.
- Some federal and local agencies have set specific percentage goals for allocating parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

Conclusion:
- Therefore, based on the arguments put forth by civil rights activists and the supporting evidence provided in the passage, it can be concluded that one of the disadvantages faced by minority-owned businesses is the insufficient opportunity to secure business from large corporations, as they often lack access to sizable orders and subcontracts.

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. The primary purpose of the passage is to 
  • a)
    present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies 
  • b)
    describe a situation and its potential drawbacks 
  • c)
    propose a temporary solution to a problem 
  • d)
    analyze a frequent source to a problem 
  • e)
    explore the implications of a findings.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Talent Skill Learning answered
The passage discusses the opportunities and risks faced by minority-owned businesses in the United States, focusing on challenges such as financial overextension, dependence on large customers, and competition from established companies. It outlines how increased patronage can be beneficial yet risky for minority enterprises, emphasizing the potential pitfalls they may encounter despite the opportunities presented by government initiatives and corporate contracts.

PASSAGE:Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.  Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and the other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.  Now congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms field with the government.  Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.  
Corporate response appears to have been substantial.  Accoring to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority business rose from $77 to $1. 1 billion in 1977.  The projected total of corporate contracts with minority business for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.  First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.  If, there after, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.  The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneur’s who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.  Both consume valuable time and resources and a small cmpany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned companies may-seek to cash inon the increasing apportion-ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns, of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming – and remaining dependent.  Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
Q. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts results quickly in order might cause it to 
  • a)
    experience frustrations but not serious financial harm 
  • b)
    face potentially crippling fixed expenses 
  • c)
    have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government 
  • d)
    increase its spending with minority subcontractors 
  • e)
    revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Nikhil Malhotra answered

Failure of Large Business Bids for Subcontracts

The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in order might cause it to experience frustrations but not serious financial harm. Here's why:

Financial Impact
- If a large business fails to secure subcontracts quickly, it may face frustrations due to the time and resources invested in preparing bids.
- However, since large businesses have more financial stability and resources, they are less likely to suffer serious financial harm from not immediately securing contracts.

Resource Allocation
- Large businesses may have the capacity to absorb the impact of not winning immediate bids and can continue to pursue other opportunities without facing crippling fixed expenses.

Strategic Approach
- Large businesses can adjust their strategies, revise their bids, and explore other avenues to secure contracts, mitigating the financial risks associated with unsuccessful bids.

Therefore, the passage implies that while frustrations may arise from the failure to secure subcontracts promptly, large businesses are better equipped to handle such setbacks financially compared to smaller minority-owned enterprises.

A ferry crosses a lake and then returns to its starting point by the same route. The first time it crosses the lake, the ferry travels at 15 kilometers per hour. The ferry’s return trip takes 3 hours. How many hours does the ferry take for the first leg of the trip?
(1) The ferry’s average speed for the entire round trip is 12 kilometers per hour.
(2) The distance the ferry covers to cross the lake once is 30 kilometers.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Nayanika Bajaj answered
Understanding the Problem
The ferry travels across the lake and back, with known speeds for both legs of the trip. We need to determine the time taken for the first leg.
Given Information
- Speed on the first leg: 15 km/h
- Return trip time: 3 hours
Let’s denote:
- Distance across the lake = D kilometers
- Time for the first leg = T hours
Using the formula: Distance = Speed x Time, we have:
1. For the first leg: D = 15T
2. For the return leg: D = Speed (unknown) x 3
Evaluating Statement (1)
- Average speed for the round trip = Total Distance / Total Time
- Total Distance = 2D
- Total Time = T + 3
From the average speed of 12 km/h, we have the equation:
12 = (2D) / (T + 3)
This equation allows us to solve for T using the relationship established. Therefore, Statement (1) alone is sufficient.
Evaluating Statement (2)
- Distance to cross the lake D = 30 km
Using this information, we can find the time for the first leg:
From D = 15T, we substitute D:
30 = 15T
Thus, T = 2 hours. Statement (2) alone is also sufficient.
Conclusion
Since both statements independently provide enough information to determine the time taken for the first leg of the trip, the correct answer is option 'D'. Each statement alone is sufficient to solve the problem.

PASSAGE:In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g, defining, and defending an adequate breeding are.  When  population density is high, only the strongest males can retain a suitable area.  The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on poor or marginal territories.
During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory; each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent periods between sounds.  These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency.  Despite the large frequency range of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very limited.  Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis .  In our studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do.  Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other buntings they hear signing.
Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a song.  When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting did not respond;  Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.  Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other species.
The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined.  We created experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features.  Since the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range of figures shapes can evoke positive responses.  It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular intervals.
There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection.  This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger.  Our studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism, which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Q. According to the passage, the authors played a normal indigo bunting song backwards in order to determine which of the following?
  • a)
    What are the limits of the frequency range that will provide recognition by the indigo bunting.
  • b)
    What is the time duration necessary for recognition by the indigo bunting?
  • c)
    How specific must a figure shape be for it to be recognized by the indigo bunting?
  • d)
    How does variation in the pacing of song figures?
  • e)
    Is the indigo bunting responding to cues other than those in the song figures?
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ava Nguyen answered
Explanation:
Indigo bunting song recognition was tested by playing a normal song backwards, changing the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the specificity required for figure shape recognition by the indigo bunting.

Key Points:
- Playing the normal song backwards changed the detailed forms of the figures.
- The indigo buntings responded almost fully to the backward song.
- This indicates that a wide range of figure shapes can evoke positive responses.
- Specific configuration of figures is not essential for interspecies recognition.
- It is clear that song figures must conform to a particular frequency range, duration, and spacing for recognition.
Therefore, the experiment with the backward song helped the authors conclude that while specific figure shapes may not be crucial for interspecies recognition, adherence to certain frequency, duration, and spacing parameters is necessary for the indigo bunting to recognize and respond to the song.

PASSAGE:In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g, defining, and defending an adequate breeding are.  When  population density is high, only the strongest males can retain a suitable area.  The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on poor or marginal territories.
During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory; each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent periods between sounds.  These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency.  Despite the large frequency range of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very limited.  Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis .  In our studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more types of figures than they usually do.  Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other buntings they hear signing.
Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a song.  When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting did not respond;  Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.  Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other species.
The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined.  We created experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features.  Since the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range of figures shapes can evoke positive responses.  It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular intervals.
There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of change and selection.  This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger.  Our studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism, which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Q. It can be inferred that a dummy of a male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder that played the songs of different species in order to try to
  • a)
    simulate the conditions in nature.
  • b)
    Rule out visual cues as a factor in species recognition
  • c)
    Supply an additional clue to species recognition for the indigo bunting
  • d)
    Provide data on the habits of bunting species other than then indigo bunting
  • e)
    Confound the indigo buntings in the experiment
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Aryan Sharma answered
Explanation:

Rule out visual cues as a factor in species recognition:
- Placing a dummy of a male indigo bunting near the tape recorder that played songs of different species was likely done to eliminate the possibility of visual cues influencing the response of the male indigo bunting.
- By using a dummy instead of a live male indigo bunting, the researchers could focus solely on the role of song in species recognition.
- This helped ensure that the response of the male indigo bunting was based solely on auditory cues rather than visual ones.
In conclusion, the placement of the dummy of a male indigo bunting near the tape recorder playing songs of different species was likely intended to rule out visual cues as a factor in species recognition, allowing the researchers to focus on the importance of song in interspecies recognition.

Al and Barb shared the driving on a certain trip. What fraction of the total distance did Al drive?
(1) Al drove for 3/4 as much time as Barb did.
(2) Al's average driving speed for the entire trip was 4/5 of Barb's average driving speed for the trip.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Sravya Joshi answered
Understanding the Problem
To determine the fraction of the total distance that Al drove, we need to consider both the time and speed at which Al and Barb drove.
Statement (1): Al drove for 3/4 as much time as Barb did.
- Let the time Barb drove be T.
- Then, Al drove for 3/4 T.
- The distance Al drove is dependent on his speed. Without knowing Al's speed, we cannot calculate the exact distance he drove relative to the total distance.
Thus, Statement (1) alone is insufficient.
Statement (2): Al's average driving speed for the entire trip was 4/5 of Barb's average driving speed.
- Let Barb's average speed be S.
- Therefore, Al's average speed is (4/5)S.
- If we denote the distance driven by Al as DA and by Barb as DB, we know:
- DA = (4/5)S * TA
- DB = S * TB
- However, without knowing the relationship between TA and TB, we cannot establish a clear fraction for the total distance driven by Al.
Thus, Statement (2) alone is insufficient.
Combining Statements (1) and (2):
- From Statement (1), we have the time ratios: TA = (3/4)TB.
- From Statement (2), we have the speed ratios: Al's speed is 4/5 of Barb's.
- By combining these, we can establish the distances:
- DA = (4/5)S * (3/4)TB
- DB = S * TB
- We can now express the total distance and the distance driven by Al in terms of TB and S, allowing us to find the fraction of the total distance that Al drove.
Thus, both statements together are sufficient.
The correct answer is option C.

Bob ran a 20-mile race. At what time did he finish the race?
1. He started the race at 8:05 am and his average speed for the first 10 miles of the race was 8 miles per hour.
2. He ran at a constant rate and had completed half of the amount of running time at 9:20 AM and had completed 80% of the running time at 10:05 AM.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Kapoor answered
Given:
  • Bob ran a 20-mile race.
To find:
  • The time at which he finished the race.
Analysing Statement 1
As per the information given in statement 1, Bob started the race at 8:05 am and his average speed for the first 10 miles of the race was 8 miles per hour.
  • However, we don’t have any information about Bob’s average speed for the last 10 miles.
Hence, statement 1 is not sufficient to answer the question.
Analysing Statement 2
As per the information given in statement 2, Bob ran at a constant rate and had completed half of the amount of running time at 9:20 AM and had completed 80% of the running time at 10:05 AM.
  • So, he completed 30% of the distance in 45 minutes.
As he was running at a constant rate, we can say that
  • He completed 50% distance in 75 minutes = 1 hour 15 minutes
    And he completed 100% distance in 150 minutes = 2 hours 30 minutes
Therefore, Bob’s starting time = (9: 20 am – 1hour 15 minutes) = 8: 05 am
And Bob’s finishing time = (8: 05 am + 2 hours 30 minutes) = 10: 35 am
Hence, statement 2 is sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, the correct answer is option B.

On a certain nonstop trip, Marta averaged x miles per hour for 2 hours and y miles per hour for the remaining 3 hours. What was her average speed, in miles per hour, for the entire trip?
(1) 2x + 3y = 280
(2) y = x + 10
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Kapoor answered
Average speed = Total distance/Total time ;
Total distance = Avg speed * Total time
Marta averaged x miles per hour for 2 hours = 2x
y miles per hour for the remaining 3 hours = 3y
Total distance = 2x+3y
Total time = 2+3 = 5 hrs
Avg speed = 2x+3y/5
Statement 1: 2x+3y=280
Avg speed = 280/5 = 56m/h. Sufficient.
Statement 2: y = x + 10, Not sufficient.

In an endurance race, a car drove the whole race at a constant speed of 3 miles per minute to cover the total race distance D. Was the value of D greater than 500 miles?
Statement 1. The time taken by the car to cover D was more than 2 hours.
Statement 2. The time taken by the car to cover D was less than 2.75 hours.
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
  • c)
    BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Kapoor answered
Given:
In this question, we are given
  • In an endurance race, a car drove the whole race at a constant speed of 3 miles per minute to cover the total race distance D.
To find:
We need to determine
  • Whether the value of D greater than 500 miles or not.
Approach and Working:
  • Speed of the car = 3 miles per minute = (3 x 60) miles per hour = 180 miles per hour
As we already know the constant speed of the car is 180 miles per hour, to determine whether D was more than 500 miles or not, we need to know the time duration for which the car was driven.

Analysing Statement 1
As per the information given in statement 1, the car took more than 2 hours to complete the race.
From this statement, we can say that
  • The car drove more than (180 x 2) = 360 miles in the race.
     However, we cannot say whether the distance the car was driven was more than 500 miles or not.
Hence, statement 1 is not sufficient to answer the question.

Analysing Statement 2
As per the information given in statement 2, the car took less than 2.75 hours to complete the race.
From this statement, we can say that
  • The car drove less than (180 x 2.75) = 495 miles in the race.
    Therefore, we can definitely say that the distance the car was driven was not more than 500 miles.
Hence, statement 2 is sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, the correct answer is option B.

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