All questions of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife for Class 9 Exam

The correct answer is option 'C', which states that there are 50 tiger reserves in India.

Explanation:

**Tiger Reserves in India:**
India is home to a significant population of tigers, and to protect these majestic creatures and their habitats, tiger reserves have been established across the country. Tiger reserves are designated areas where conservation efforts are focused on safeguarding the tiger population and their ecosystems.

**Number of Tiger Reserves in India:**
As of now, India has a total of 50 tiger reserves, spread across various states. These reserves have been established under the Project Tiger initiative, which was launched in 1973 by the Government of India. The objective of this project is to ensure the conservation and sustainable management of the tiger population in the country.

**Purpose of Tiger Reserves:**
Tiger reserves play a crucial role in the conservation of tigers and their habitats. These reserves provide protected areas where tigers can thrive and breed without facing significant threats from poaching, habitat destruction, or human-wildlife conflict. By designating specific areas as tiger reserves, the government aims to create a safe and conducive environment for the survival and growth of the tiger population.

**Project Tiger:**
Project Tiger is a comprehensive wildlife conservation program implemented by the Government of India. It focuses on the protection and management of tiger reserves, research and monitoring, habitat improvement, wildlife law enforcement, and community participation. The project has been instrumental in reviving the tiger population in India, which was once on the brink of extinction.

**Importance of Tiger Reserves:**
Tiger reserves not only safeguard the tiger population but also contribute to the overall biodiversity conservation of the respective regions. These reserves protect the ecosystems that support tigers, which in turn benefit numerous other species of flora and fauna. Additionally, tiger reserves attract tourists, generating revenue and supporting local economies through ecotourism.

In conclusion, India has a total of 50 tiger reserves, which are crucial for the conservation and protection of the tiger population and their habitats. These reserves serve as safe havens for tigers and contribute to the overall biodiversity conservation efforts in the country.

West Bengal..

Tropical Deciduous, Option A.

It's true

**Answer**

There are approximately 10,000 known species of birds in the world. However, it is important to note that new species are constantly being discovered, and the total number of bird species may change over time.

**Explanation**

*Birds are a diverse group of animals belonging to the class Aves. They are characterized by feathers, beaks, and the ability to fly. Birds can be found in almost every habitat on Earth, from the Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.*

1. **Estimating the Number of Bird Species**:
- The estimation of the number of bird species on Earth is not an easy task due to several reasons.
- Birds are highly mobile and can migrate across continents, making it difficult to accurately count and classify them.
- Additionally, there are remote and inaccessible regions where bird species may exist but have not yet been discovered or studied.
- Despite these challenges, researchers and ornithologists have been able to identify and describe a significant number of bird species.

2. **Current Number of Known Bird Species**:
- As of now, there are approximately 10,000 known species of birds.
- These species have been identified and described through extensive scientific research and field observations.
- The number of known bird species can vary slightly depending on different taxonomic classifications and revisions.

3. **New Bird Species Discoveries**:
- Discovering new bird species is an ongoing process, and new species are still being identified.
- Scientists and ornithologists regularly conduct fieldwork in various regions, including remote areas, to document and describe new bird species.
- Advancements in technology, such as DNA analysis and molecular techniques, have also facilitated the identification of new bird species.

4. **Importance of Documenting Bird Species**:
- Documenting and understanding the diversity of bird species is crucial for several reasons.
- Birds play vital roles in ecosystems as pollinators, seed dispersers, and predators of pests.
- Studying bird species provides insights into biodiversity, evolution, and ecological dynamics.
- Conservation efforts rely on accurate information about bird species to protect and manage their habitats effectively.

In conclusion, while the exact number of bird species on Earth may not be known with absolute certainty, the current estimate stands at approximately 10,000 known species. Ongoing research and discoveries will likely continue to add to this number in the future.

Dachigam National Park is located 22 kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It covers an area of 500 km2. The name of the park literally stands for "ten villages" which could be in memory of the ten villages that were relocated for its formation.

Vegetation cover in the Himalayas

The Himalayas is the correct option where the vegetation cover is natural in the real sense. The following are the reasons for it:

1. Diverse climate: The Himalayas have a diverse climate due to their vast geographical area, which ranges from tropical to alpine. This diversity provides a suitable environment for a wide range of flora and fauna.

2. High rainfall: The Himalayas receive high rainfall throughout the year, which helps in the growth of lush green forests.

3. Altitude variation: The altitude variation in the Himalayas provides a unique environment for different types of vegetation. The lower altitude regions have subtropical forests, while the higher altitude regions have alpine vegetation.

4. Inaccessible terrain: The rugged terrain of the Himalayas is difficult to access, which has helped in preserving the natural vegetation cover.

5. Protected areas: Many protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries have been established in the Himalayas, which helps in conserving the natural vegetation cover.

Conclusion

Thus, the Himalayas have a diverse climate, high rainfall, altitude variation, inaccessible terrain, and protected areas, which have helped in preserving the natural vegetation cover in the region.

Option A is correct

Correct answer is B Rann of kutch

They are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala. These areas have huge forest, which are very suitable for elephants.

Vegetation Zone for Silver Fur

The correct answer is option 'C', i.e., Montane forests.

Montane forests are located in mountainous regions, usually at higher altitudes. They are characterized by cool temperatures, high rainfall, and diverse species of plants and animals. The vegetation in these forests is typically dense and includes a mix of evergreen and deciduous trees.

Silver fur is a type of small mammal that is found in montane forests. These animals have a silver-gray colored fur, which helps them blend in with their surroundings and avoid detection from predators. They are primarily found in South America, particularly in the Andes mountain range.

Reasons for Silver Fur’s Habitat in Montane Forests

There are several reasons why silver fur is found in montane forests:

1. Habitat: Montane forests provide an ideal habitat for silver fur. The dense vegetation provides cover and protection from predators, while the cool temperatures and high rainfall create a suitable environment for these animals to thrive.

2. Food: Silver fur primarily feeds on insects and other small invertebrates. Montane forests are home to a wide range of these creatures, providing a plentiful food source for silver fur.

3. Altitude: Silver fur is adapted to living at higher altitudes. Montane forests are found at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 3,500 meters, which is within the preferred range for silver fur.

Conclusion

In conclusion, silver fur is found in montane forests due to the habitat, food sources, and altitude that these forests provide. These animals are adapted to living in mountainous regions and have developed physical characteristics like silver-gray fur to help them survive in their environment.

Nilgiri is a bio reserve of India.
it's not need explain

Tropical rainforests Or tropical evergreen forests are found in areas of heavy rainfall hence, The trees found in these forests are rosewood, ebony and mahogany et cetera

The correct answer is option 'C', Fauna.

Fauna refers to the animal species of a particular region or period. It is derived from the Latin word "Fauna" which means the goddess of animals. The term is used to describe the collective animal life of a specific geographical region or a particular time period.

Explanation:

1. Definition of Fauna:
- Fauna refers to the animals that inhabit a particular region or period.
- It includes all the animal species, both vertebrates (such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish) and invertebrates (such as insects, spiders, crustaceans, mollusks, and worms).
- Fauna is a term used in the field of biology and ecology to study and describe the animal life in different ecosystems.

2. Difference between Flora and Fauna:
- Flora refers to the plant species of a particular region or period, while fauna refers to the animal species.
- Flora and fauna are collectively used to describe the biodiversity of an area.

3. Importance of Fauna in Ecology:
- Fauna plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of an ecosystem.
- Each species in a fauna has its own ecological niche and contributes to the overall functioning of the ecosystem.
- The presence or absence of certain animal species can have a cascading effect on the entire food web and ecosystem dynamics.

4. Fauna of a Specific Region or Period:
- The fauna of a specific region is determined by various factors such as climate, geography, and habitat availability.
- Different regions have their own unique fauna, characterized by the presence of certain species and the absence of others.
- Similarly, the fauna of a particular period in Earth's history can be studied through the fossil record, providing insights into the past biodiversity and evolution of animals.

In conclusion, the term "fauna" is specifically used to denote the animal species of a particular region or period. It is an essential concept in biology and ecology, helping us understand the diversity and dynamics of animal life in different ecosystems.

First Form of Life on Earth: Plant
Plants are considered to be the first form of life that existed on Earth. They are believed to have evolved around 3.5 billion years ago, shortly after the formation of the Earth. Plants are crucial to the survival of all other life forms on the planet as they produce oxygen through photosynthesis.

Significance of Plants
- Plants play a vital role in the Earth's ecosystem by converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
- They are the primary producers in the food chain, providing sustenance for other organisms.
- Plants help in maintaining the balance of gases in the atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
- They also contribute to the water cycle by absorbing water from the soil and releasing it through transpiration.

Evolution of Plants
- The evolution of plants has been a gradual process, with different species adapting to various environments over time.
- The first plants were likely simple, single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular forms such as algae and mosses.
- Over millions of years, plants diversified into a wide range of species, including flowering plants, trees, and grasses.

Importance of Plants in Human Life
- Plants are essential sources of food, medicine, and raw materials for various industries.
- They help in maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystems and provide habitats for a wide variety of organisms.
- Plants also play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
In conclusion, plants are not only the first form of life on Earth but also a fundamental component of the planet's ecosystem. Their importance cannot be overstated, as they are essential for the survival and well-being of all living organisms.

Dense Forests in Southern Himalayas

The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world, spanning over 2,400 km through five countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. The Himalayan mountain range is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The southern part of the Himalayas, which includes the states of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, and Arunachal Pradesh, is covered with dense forests.

The dense forests in the southern Himalayas are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including several endangered species. These forests provide habitat for several large mammals, such as elephants, tigers, leopards, and bears, and are also home to numerous bird species.

The southern Himalayas are divided into two parts: the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Himalayas. The Eastern Himalayas are spread across the states of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and parts of Assam, while the Western Himalayas are spread across the states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

The dense forests in the southern Himalayas are spread across both the Eastern and Western Himalayas. The forests in the Eastern Himalayas are primarily tropical and subtropical forests, while the forests in the Western Himalayas are mainly temperate forests.

Some of the major forests in the southern Himalayas include:

1. Sundarbans: The Sundarbans is a mangrove forest located in the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in India and Bangladesh. It is home to the Bengal tiger, saltwater crocodile, and several other species of flora and fauna.

2. Buxa Tiger Reserve: The Buxa Tiger Reserve is located in the state of West Bengal and is home to the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, and several other species of mammals and birds.

3. Namdapha National Park: The Namdapha National Park is located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh and is home to several endangered species, including the clouded leopard, snow leopard, and Hoolock gibbon.

4. Nanda Devi National Park: The Nanda Devi National Park is located in the state of Uttarakhand and is home to the Himalayan black bear, snow leopard, and several species of birds.

In conclusion, the southern Himalayas are covered with dense forests that are home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. These forests are spread across both the Eastern and Western Himalayas and are home to several endangered species.

**Coniferous trees** are a type of trees that have cones, needle-like leaves, and are typically evergreen. They are well adapted to cold climates, where they can withstand extreme temperatures and harsh conditions. These trees are commonly found in high-altitude regions, such as mountains and higher latitudes.

**Altitude ranges for coniferous trees**:
The correct answer to the given question is option 'A', which states that coniferous trees are found at an altitude of 1500 m - 3000 m. Let's understand why this is the correct answer:

1. **Altitude and climate**: Coniferous trees prefer colder climates, and as altitude increases, the temperature usually decreases. The higher the altitude, the colder the climate becomes. Coniferous trees are adapted to survive in low temperatures and can tolerate freezing conditions. Therefore, they are commonly found at higher altitudes where the climate is colder.

2. **Tree line**: The tree line is the elevation limit above which trees cannot grow due to harsh environmental conditions. As altitude increases, the tree line descends. The tree line is influenced by factors such as temperature, wind, and snow cover. Coniferous trees are often found near or above the tree line, as they are able to withstand the harsh conditions present at higher altitudes.

3. **Adaptations**: Coniferous trees have several adaptations that enable them to thrive in high-altitude environments. For example, their needle-like leaves help to reduce water loss and prevent snow accumulation. Their cone-shaped structure helps to shed snow and distribute weight evenly. These adaptations allow coniferous trees to survive in the cold and snowy conditions found at higher altitudes.

4. **Examples**: Some examples of coniferous trees commonly found at high altitudes include pine, spruce, fir, and cedar trees. These trees are often seen in mountainous regions, such as the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, and the Alps.

In conclusion, coniferous trees are found at altitudes ranging from 1500 m to 3000 m. These trees are well adapted to withstand the cold and harsh conditions present at higher altitudes, and their presence is often seen near or above the tree line.

Tropical Deciduous Forests in India

Tropical deciduous forests, also known as monsoon forests, are found in areas with a tropical wet and dry climate. These forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves during the dry season to conserve water. In India, tropical deciduous forests are found in several states, including Jharkhand, Western Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.

Explanation:

The correct answer to the question is option D - Rajasthan. Rajasthan does not have tropical deciduous forests. The state of Rajasthan is primarily dominated by the Thar Desert, which receives very little rainfall throughout the year. The arid climate and lack of rainfall make it unsuitable for the growth of tropical deciduous forests.

In contrast, Jharkhand, Western Orissa, and Chhattisgarh receive a significant amount of rainfall during the monsoon season, which supports the growth of tropical deciduous forests. These forests are an important part of the ecosystem and support a wide range of flora and fauna.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, tropical deciduous forests are an important part of the ecosystem in India. While these forests are found in several states, including Jharkhand, Western Orissa, and Chhattisgarh, they are not found in Rajasthan due to its arid climate and lack of rainfall. It is important to protect these forests to maintain the ecological balance and support biodiversity.

D is correct option due to

50,000 species

There are estimated to be over 18,000 species of flowering plants in India, which constitute some 6-7 percent of the total plant species in the world. India is home to more than 50,000 species of plants, including a variety of endemics.

- Exotic species are also called as alien species. These are the animals that are usually not present in the area but are reached to the area by human activity or immigration.
- Starlings were brought over from Europe to North America. This is an example of exotic species in North America. These may harm or benefit the environment.

The Nilgiri biosphere reserve helps in the protection of wildlife in that particular area from the practices like predation, competition, etc. It is an international biosphere reserve. It is located in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills ranges of South India. It was declared as the world's natural heritage. Nilgiri biosphere reserve was constituted by UNESCO in September 1986 under Man and Biosphere Programme. It has a diverse range of flora and fauna which is a great source of biodiversity.

Yak (ox) and Bharal are found in Ladakh.

Explanation:

Ladakh is a region located in the northern part of India, primarily in the union territory of Ladakh. It is a high-altitude desert region surrounded by the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges. Ladakh is known for its unique and diverse wildlife, and it is home to various species of animals and birds.

1. Yak (ox):
The Yak, also known as Bos grunniens, is a long-haired bovid found in the Himalayan region, including Ladakh. Yaks are well-adapted to the harsh environment of Ladakh, with their thick fur and large lungs to cope with high-altitude conditions. They are domesticated and provide milk, meat, and transportation for the local people. Yaks are often seen grazing in the high-altitude meadows and are an integral part of the local culture and economy.

2. Bharal:
The Bharal, also known as the blue sheep or bharal (Pseudois nayaur), is a species of wild sheep found in the mountainous regions of Ladakh. They inhabit steep slopes and cliffs, where they graze on grasses and shrubs. Bharals are known for their exceptional climbing abilities and can be seen leaping effortlessly across rugged terrain. They have a bluish-gray coat that helps them blend with their surroundings, providing camouflage from predators.

Ladakh's unique geographical features, including high-altitude plains, rugged mountains, and cold deserts, make it an ideal habitat for these two remarkable species. The extreme climate and sparse vegetation of Ladakh have shaped the adaptations of the Yak and Bharal, allowing them to thrive in this challenging environment.

In conclusion, the Yak and Bharal are found in Ladakh, a region known for its breathtaking landscapes and rich biodiversity. The presence of these magnificent animals adds to the natural beauty and ecological significance of Ladakh.

Vegetation supported by wet, marshy deltaic soils:

Mangrove forests are the vegetation supported by wet, marshy deltaic soils.

Explanation:

Deltaic soils are found at the mouth of the river where the river meets the sea. The soil in the deltaic region is clayey, saline, and waterlogged. Due to the high water content, the soil remains wet and marshy, which creates a favorable environment for mangrove forests.

Mangrove forests are salt-tolerant trees that grow in the intertidal zone of the tropical and subtropical regions. They have unique adaptations to survive in the saline water, such as breathing roots called pneumatophores, which allow the trees to absorb oxygen from the air. The salt excretion mechanism helps them to avoid the salt accumulation in their tissues.

Mangrove forests are ecologically important as they provide habitat and breeding grounds for various fish, birds, and other aquatic animals. They also protect the coastlines from erosion, storm surges, and tsunamis.

Conclusion:

Wet, marshy deltaic soils support mangrove forests due to their unique adaptations to survive in the saline water and their ecological significance.

Most Majestic Mammal: Elephant

Introduction:
Majestic means having or showing impressive beauty or scale. Among the mammals, there are many animals that are beautiful and impressive, but the elephant is the most majestic animal.

Physical Appearance:
The elephant is the largest land mammal. It has a massive body and huge, floppy ears. It is also known for its long, curved tusks, which can reach up to 3 meters in length in males. The elephant's skin is rough and wrinkled, and it has a trunk that is both a nose and a hand.

Behavior:
Elephants are known for their intelligence and social behavior. They live in herds, led by a matriarch, and communicate with each other using a variety of sounds and gestures. They are also capable of complex emotions, such as grief and joy.

Cultural Significance:
Elephants have been revered in many cultures for centuries. In Hinduism, the god Ganesha is depicted as an elephant, symbolizing wisdom and prosperity. In Thailand, the white elephant is a symbol of royalty and is considered a sacred animal.

Conservation Status:
Unfortunately, elephants are also threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Their ivory tusks are highly prized, leading to illegal hunting and trade. As a result, elephants are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the elephant is the most majestic animal among the mammals due to its impressive physical appearance, intelligent and social behavior, cultural significance, and unfortunately, its vulnerable conservation status.

Natural vegetation refers to the original plant cover of an area that has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. It is the plant life that occurs naturally in a particular region or ecosystem. Here is a detailed explanation of why natural vegetation is the correct term for this concept:

1. Definition of Natural Vegetation:
- Natural vegetation refers to the plant cover that occurs naturally in an area without any human intervention.
- It includes all the plant species, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and other vegetation types, that have evolved and adapted to the local climate, soil conditions, and other environmental factors over time.

2. Characteristics of Natural Vegetation:
- Natural vegetation is well adapted to the local climatic conditions, such as temperature, rainfall, and sunlight.
- It is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment, maintaining a balanced and sustainable ecosystem.
- Natural vegetation provides habitats for various wildlife species, contributing to biodiversity and ecological balance.
- It plays a crucial role in soil conservation, preventing erosion and maintaining soil fertility.
- Natural vegetation also contributes to the regulation of the water cycle, preventing floods and maintaining groundwater levels.

3. Importance of Natural Vegetation:
- Natural vegetation acts as a carbon sink, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby mitigating the effects of climate change.
- It helps in the production of oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
- Natural vegetation provides valuable ecosystem services, such as water purification, pollination, and nutrient cycling.
- It serves as a source of food, medicine, and raw materials for human populations, particularly indigenous communities.
- Natural vegetation also has aesthetic and recreational value, attracting tourists and providing opportunities for outdoor activities.

4. Role of Humans in Altering Natural Vegetation:
- Human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization, have significantly impacted natural vegetation worldwide.
- Deforestation for timber, agriculture, and infrastructure development has led to the loss of natural vegetation cover, resulting in habitat destruction and biodiversity loss.
- Conversion of natural vegetation into agricultural land or plantations has further reduced the extent and diversity of natural ecosystems.
- Climate change and pollution also pose significant threats to natural vegetation, affecting its distribution and composition.

In conclusion, natural vegetation is the term used to describe the original plant cover of an area that has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. It plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity, and providing various ecosystem services. However, human activities have significantly altered and degraded natural vegetation worldwide.

Option A..

India's Position in Mega Biodiversity
India is recognized as one of the 17 mega-biodiversity countries in the world. This status is significant due to the country’s vast array of flora and fauna, making it an essential player in global biodiversity conservation.
Understanding Mega Biodiversity Countries
- Mega-biodiversity countries are defined as nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and are home to a significant percentage of the world’s biodiversity.
- These countries collectively contain more than 60% of the world's biodiversity, which is crucial for ecological stability and sustainability.
India’s Rich Biodiversity
- India is home to approximately 7-8% of the world’s recorded species, including over 45,000 plant species and more than 91,000 animal species.
- The country's diverse ecosystems range from the Himalayas to the Western Ghats and coastal regions, contributing to varied habitats and species richness.
Importance of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity is vital for ecosystem services, including food production, clean water, and climate regulation.
- It plays a crucial role in human health, culture, and economic development.
Conservation Efforts
- India has implemented several conservation programs and protected areas, including national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, to safeguard its rich biodiversity.
- Initiatives such as the National Biodiversity Action Plan aim to enhance conservation efforts and sustainable use of biological resources.
In conclusion, India's classification as one of the 17 mega-biodiversity countries underscores its ecological importance and the need for ongoing conservation efforts to protect its unique biological heritage.

B

The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by:
1. Temperature
2. Humidity
3. Precipitation

Temperature:
- Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the character and extent of vegetation.
- Each plant species has a specific temperature range in which it can survive and thrive.
- For example, tropical rainforests are characterized by high temperatures throughout the year, which support the growth of diverse vegetation.
- In contrast, cold deserts have low temperatures, limiting the types of plants that can survive in such extreme conditions.

Humidity:
- Humidity refers to the amount of moisture present in the air.
- It affects the availability of water for plants and their ability to carry out essential processes like transpiration.
- Plants in areas with high humidity, such as tropical rainforests, have adapted to cope with excess moisture.
- In arid regions with low humidity, plants have developed specialized features to conserve water, such as succulent leaves and deep root systems.

Precipitation:
- Precipitation refers to the amount of rainfall or snowfall in an area.
- It is a crucial factor that determines the distribution and density of vegetation.
- Areas with high precipitation, like rainforests, support dense vegetation due to the abundance of water.
- In contrast, regions with low precipitation, such as deserts, have sparse vegetation as plants struggle to survive with limited water availability.

Interaction of Factors:
- The character and extent of vegetation are not solely determined by any single climatic factor.
- Temperature, humidity, and precipitation interact with each other to create specific climatic conditions that shape the vegetation.
- For example, tropical rainforests have high temperatures, high humidity, and high precipitation, creating a favorable environment for luxuriant growth.
- In contrast, temperate forests have moderate temperatures, moderate humidity, and moderate precipitation, supporting a different set of plant species.

Conclusion:
- The character and extent of vegetation are influenced by the interaction of temperature, humidity, and precipitation.
- These climatic factors determine the types of plants that can survive and thrive in a particular region and contribute to the overall biodiversity and ecosystem of that area.

Explanation:
Moist Tropical deciduous forests are more prominent in the eastern and central parts of India because these areas experience 100 to 200 cm of annual rainfall.

1. Moist Tropical Deciduous Forests:
Moist tropical deciduous forests are a type of biome characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall. These forests are found in regions with a distinct wet and dry season. They are known for their rich biodiversity and diverse range of flora and fauna.

2. Eastern and Central Parts of India:
The eastern and central parts of India are known for their high levels of precipitation, which makes them ideal for the growth of moist tropical deciduous forests. These regions receive an annual rainfall of 100 to 200 cm, creating a favorable environment for the development of lush vegetation.

3. Importance of Rainfall:
Rainfall is a crucial factor in determining the distribution of different types of forests. In the case of moist tropical deciduous forests, a significant amount of rainfall is necessary to sustain the growth of various plant species. The eastern and central parts of India receive adequate rainfall to support the growth of these forests.

4. Factors Affecting Forest Distribution:
The distribution of forests is influenced by various factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil type, and topography. In the case of moist tropical deciduous forests, rainfall plays a crucial role in determining their presence in a particular region. The eastern and central parts of India receive sufficient rainfall, creating suitable conditions for the growth of these forests.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, moist tropical deciduous forests are more prominent in the eastern and central parts of India due to the high levels of annual rainfall experienced in these regions. The abundant rainfall creates a favorable environment for the growth of diverse plant species, resulting in the development of lush and biodiverse forests.

**Mangroves** are the forests that are affected by tides in coastal areas. These unique ecosystems are found in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical coastlines, where they serve as a transition zone between land and sea. They are characterized by the presence of specialized tree species known as mangroves, which have adapted to living in saline, oxygen-depleted soil and are capable of withstanding the daily ebb and flow of tides.

**Importance of Mangroves:**

Mangroves play a vital role in maintaining the health and stability of coastal ecosystems. They provide numerous ecological benefits, including:

1. **Protection against coastal erosion**: The intricate root systems of mangroves act as a natural buffer, trapping sediments and reducing the impact of waves and currents. This helps to prevent erosion and maintain the stability of the coastline.

2. **Habitat for diverse species**: Mangrove forests provide a unique habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are specially adapted to the challenging conditions of the coastal environment. They serve as nurseries for juvenile fish, crabs, and other marine organisms, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the area.

3. **Carbon sequestration**: Mangroves are highly efficient at capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making them important players in the fight against climate change. They have the ability to sequester carbon at a rate up to five times higher than other types of forests.

4. **Water filtration**: The dense root systems of mangroves act as natural filters, trapping sediments and pollutants from the water. This helps to improve water quality and maintain the health of nearby coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other marine ecosystems.

5. **Protection against storms**: Mangroves can absorb and dissipate the energy of storm surges and cyclones, providing a natural defense against the destructive impacts of extreme weather events. This can help to protect coastal communities and infrastructure from damage.

6. **Socio-economic benefits**: Mangrove forests also provide numerous socio-economic benefits to local communities. They support traditional livelihoods such as fishing and forestry, provide a source of sustainable timber and non-timber forest products, and contribute to eco-tourism and recreational activities.

**Conclusion:**

Mangroves are unique forests that thrive in coastal areas and are directly influenced by tides. They provide a wide range of ecological, economic, and social benefits, making them invaluable ecosystems that need to be conserved and protected. The preservation of mangroves is crucial for maintaining the health and resilience of coastal environments and the well-being of both human and natural communities.

Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Tectona grandis has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicles) at the end of the branches. These flowers contain both types of reproductive organs (perfect flowers). The large, papery leaves of teak trees are often hairy on the lower surface. Teak wood has a leather-like smell when it is freshly milled and is particularly valued for its durability and water resistance. The wood is used for boat building, exterior construction, veneer, furniture, carving, turnings, and other small wood projects.

Teak

Option A is correct

The correct answer is A Dehradun

Rubber belongs to the Tropical Evergreen vegetation type.

Tropical Evergreen Vegetation:

Tropical evergreen forests are dense forests found in areas with high rainfall and temperatures. These forests are also known as rainforests and are found in tropical regions like South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. The vegetation in these forests is characterized by tall trees, dense undergrowth, and a wide variety of plant species.

Rubber in Tropical Evergreen Vegetation:

Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are native to the Amazon rainforest in South America but are now widely grown in tropical regions around the world. The trees thrive in the warm, humid conditions of tropical evergreen forests, where they can grow up to 100 feet tall.

The rubber tree is a major source of natural rubber, which is used in the manufacture of a wide range of products, including tires, gloves, and medical equipment. The sap of the rubber tree is collected by tapping the tree, which involves making a small incision in the bark and collecting the latex that flows out.

In conclusion, Rubber belongs to the Tropical Evergreen vegetation type because it thrives in the warm, humid conditions of tropical evergreen forests.

The correct answer is option 'C', Horticulture.

Horticulture is the science and art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. It involves the intentional and controlled cultivation of plants for human use, whether it be for food, medicine, or aesthetics. Horticulture is a human-made activity and does not fall under the category of natural vegetation.

Let's break down the different types of vegetation mentioned in the question and understand why horticulture does not belong to the category of natural vegetation:

1. Forests:
Forests are large areas dominated by trees and various forms of vegetation. They occur naturally and are characterized by their dense canopy cover, diverse plant and animal species, and complex ecological interactions. Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, providing habitat for wildlife, regulating climate, and supplying resources such as timber and medicinal plants.

2. Mangroves:
Mangroves are a type of vegetation found in coastal areas, where land and sea meet. They consist of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones, where they are subjected to regular tidal inundation. Mangroves are important ecosystems that provide habitat for a diverse range of species, protect coastlines from erosion and storm damage, and act as nurseries for various marine organisms.

3. Horticulture:
Horticulture, as mentioned earlier, is the cultivation of plants for human use. It involves the deliberate selection, breeding, and management of plants to enhance their growth, health, and productivity. Horticultural practices can include growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, herbs, and ornamental plants in gardens, nurseries, and greenhouses. Horticulture is a human intervention and often involves the use of advanced techniques such as grafting, hybridization, and controlled environments to optimize plant growth and produce desirable traits.

4. Grasslands:
Grasslands are ecosystems dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants. They occur in both tropical and temperate regions and can be found in various forms such as savannas, prairies, steppes, and meadows. Grasslands support a rich diversity of plant and animal species and play essential ecological roles such as carbon storage, soil stabilization, and water filtration.

In conclusion, while forests, mangroves, and grasslands are natural vegetation types that occur without human intervention, horticulture is a human-made activity focused on cultivating plants for human use. Therefore, horticulture does not belong to the category of natural vegetation.

Explanation:
Tropical rain forests are known as evergreen forests because they remain green throughout the year. However, the trees in these forests do shed their leaves, but not all at once or in a particular season. The shedding of leaves in these forests is random and occurs continuously throughout the year.

Reasons for Random Leaf Shedding:
The random leaf shedding in tropical rain forests is due to various reasons, including:

1. Drought: During times of drought, trees may shed their leaves to conserve water.

2. Competition for Sunlight: As new leaves emerge, some of the older leaves may be shed to allow more sunlight to reach the lower leaves.

3. Reproduction: Some trees in tropical rain forests shed their leaves as part of their reproductive cycle.

4. Pest Infestation: Trees may also shed their leaves in response to pest infestations.

5. Aging: As leaves age, they become less efficient at photosynthesis, and trees may shed them to replace them with newer leaves.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, although tropical rain forests are evergreen, the trees in these forests do shed their leaves continuously throughout the year. The shedding of leaves in these forests is random and occurs due to various reasons such as drought, competition for sunlight, reproduction, pest infestation, and aging.

Understanding Biosphere Reserves in India
Biosphere reserves are designated areas aimed at promoting biodiversity conservation while allowing sustainable development. India has several biosphere reserves, many of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, established under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
Current Status of Indian Biosphere Reserves
Among the options provided:
- Dihang-Dibang: This biosphere reserve is located in Arunachal Pradesh and, as of now, is not part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
- Gulf of Mannar: Situated along the southeastern coast, it is recognized as a biosphere reserve and included in the global network.
- Simlipal: Located in Odisha, this reserve has also been recognized and is a part of the world network.
- Agasthyamalai: Spanning parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this biosphere reserve is included in the global network as well.
Conclusion
The correct answer is option 'A', Dihang-Dibang, as it has not yet been recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. This distinction highlights the ongoing efforts to conserve biodiversity in India, where several reserves are acknowledged internationally, while others are still in the process of being evaluated or designated for this status. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for appreciating conservation efforts and the importance of biodiversity in India.