All questions of Sample Papers with Solutions for Class 9 Exam

Lesser Himalayas - Himachal

The Lesser Himalayas, also known as the Himachal or Lower Himalayas, are a parallel range in the Himalayan mountain system. This range is situated to the south of the Greater Himalayas and north of the Shiwalik range. The Lesser Himalayas are characterized by lower elevations compared to the Greater Himalayas, but they still feature rugged terrain and high peaks.

Features of the Lesser Himalayas - Himachal

- The Lesser Himalayas are known for their forested slopes, rich biodiversity, and picturesque landscapes.
- This range is famous for its hill stations like Shimla, Manali, and Mussoorie, which attract tourists from around the world.
- The Lesser Himalayas are also home to several important rivers like the Beas, Chenab, and Sutlej, which originate from the glaciers in this region.
- The climate in the Lesser Himalayas is generally milder than that of the Greater Himalayas, making it a popular destination for trekking, mountaineering, and other outdoor activities.
- The Himachal range is an important source of water, timber, and other natural resources for the surrounding regions.

Significance of the Lesser Himalayas - Himachal

- The Lesser Himalayas play a crucial role in the ecological balance of the region, providing habitats for diverse flora and fauna.
- These mountains also have cultural and spiritual significance for the local communities, with many temples, monasteries, and sacred sites located in the region.
- The Lesser Himalayas are an important part of India's natural heritage, attracting researchers, conservationists, and nature enthusiasts.

Small scale manufacturing is the most labor absorbing in the secondary sector.

Explanation:

Secondary sector refers to the sector of the economy that involves the processing of raw materials into finished goods. It includes activities such as manufacturing, construction, mining, and quarrying. In this sector, small scale manufacturing stands out as the most labor absorbing option due to the following reasons:

1. Labor-intensive nature: Small scale manufacturing typically involves the use of a significant amount of manual labor. This is because small scale industries often have limited funds and resources, which means they rely heavily on human labor to carry out various tasks. As a result, these industries tend to employ a large number of workers.

2. Diverse job opportunities: Small scale manufacturing encompasses a wide range of industries, such as textiles, food processing, handicrafts, and electronics. Each of these industries requires different types of skills and expertise. As a result, small scale manufacturing provides diverse job opportunities for individuals with varying educational backgrounds and skill sets.

3. Local employment generation: Small scale manufacturing units are often located in rural or semi-urban areas where unemployment rates may be high. By setting up these industries, local employment opportunities are created, allowing individuals in these areas to earn a livelihood without having to migrate to cities in search of work.

4. Potential for entrepreneurship: Small scale manufacturing also offers opportunities for entrepreneurship. Individuals with innovative ideas and skills can start their own small businesses and contribute to the growth of the economy. This promotes self-employment and fosters a culture of innovation and creativity.

5. Economic development: Small scale manufacturing plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country. It contributes to GDP growth, generates income for individuals, and promotes industrialization. Additionally, the labor-intensive nature of small scale manufacturing helps reduce unemployment rates, alleviate poverty, and improve living standards.

In conclusion, small scale manufacturing is the most labor absorbing in the secondary sector due to its labor-intensive nature, diverse job opportunities, local employment generation, potential for entrepreneurship, and its contribution to economic development.

Understanding Democracy and Decision-Making
Democracy plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of decision-making processes in a society. The correct answer to the question is option 'C', which emphasizes the importance of consultation and discussion.
Importance of Consultation and Discussion
- Collective Wisdom: In a democratic setup, decisions are made through the input of various stakeholders. This collective approach brings together diverse perspectives, experiences, and knowledge, leading to more informed and balanced outcomes.
- Public Participation: Democracy encourages active participation from citizens. When individuals voice their opinions and concerns, it leads to decisions that reflect the needs and aspirations of the broader population, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility.
- Accountability: Through consultation and discussion, decision-makers are held accountable for their choices. This transparency ensures that decisions are not made in isolation but are subject to scrutiny by the public, which can lead to more responsible governance.
Comparison with Other Options
- Long Decision-making Periods: While lengthy discussions can be beneficial, they can also lead to indecisiveness and missed opportunities. Quick, effective decisions are sometimes necessary.
- Educated Decision-makers: Although education is important, it does not guarantee better decisions. Relying solely on a select group of educated individuals may exclude valuable insights from the general populace.
- Judicial Approval: While the judiciary plays a vital role in upholding laws and protecting rights, it is not the primary mechanism for decision-making in a democracy. Judicial review is essential but does not directly enhance the quality of decisions made by elected officials.
In summary, option 'C' highlights the essence of democratic decision-making where consultation and discussion lead to better, more inclusive outcomes.

Overview of the 1999 Coup
In October 1999, Pakistan experienced a significant political shift when General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup, deposing the elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. This event marked a critical moment in Pakistan's political history.
Key Events Leading to the Coup
- Background Tensions: Nawaz Sharif's government faced multiple challenges, including economic instability and rising tensions with the military.
- Kargil Conflict: The Kargil conflict with India in 1999 strained relations between the military and the government. Sharif's decision to withdraw troops from Kargil angered military leaders.
- Dismissal of the Army Chief: In a controversial move, Nawaz Sharif attempted to dismiss General Musharraf as the Chief of Army Staff, which was a decisive turning point.
The Coup Execution
- Seizure of Power: On October 12, 1999, as Nawaz Sharif was trying to replace Musharraf, the military took control of key installations in Karachi and Islamabad.
- Arrest of Sharif: Musharraf's forces arrested Nawaz Sharif, effectively ending his government. The coup was met with little resistance from the civilian population.
Musharraf's Rule
- Military Government: Following the coup, Musharraf assumed power and declared a state of emergency, positioning himself as the Chief Executive of Pakistan.
- Political Reforms: Musharraf's regime introduced various reforms, but also faced criticism for human rights abuses and lack of democratic processes.
Conclusion
General Pervez Musharraf's coup in 1999 was a pivotal moment in Pakistan's history, emphasizing the ongoing struggle between civilian governance and military power in the country.

The Great Chinese Famine (1958-1961)

The correct answer is option 'C', which refers to the period of 1958-1961, during which China experienced the worst famines in world history. This period is known as the Great Chinese Famine or the Great Leap Forward famine.

Background
The Great Chinese Famine was a direct consequence of Chairman Mao Zedong's policies and the implementation of the Great Leap Forward. This economic and social campaign aimed to transform China from an agrarian society into an industrialized socialist country. However, the policies implemented during this period had disastrous consequences for the Chinese population and resulted in widespread famine.

Causes of the Famine
There were several factors that contributed to the severity of the Great Chinese Famine:

1. Communes and Collectivization: As part of the Great Leap Forward, Mao introduced the system of communes and collectivization, which involved pooling land, labor, and resources into large collective farms. This forced farmers to abandon traditional agricultural practices and focus on backyard steel furnaces and communal dining halls. The collectivization process disrupted traditional farming methods, leading to a decline in agricultural productivity.

2. Steel Production Targets: Mao's emphasis on steel production led to the diversion of resources and manpower from agriculture to backyard steel furnaces. This diversion severely impacted agricultural output and further contributed to the famine.

3. Poor Harvests and Natural Disasters: The Great Chinese Famine was exacerbated by a series of poor harvests and natural disasters, including floods, droughts, and pest infestations. These factors significantly reduced crop yields and further worsened the food shortage.

4. Misreporting and Central Planning: The government's centralized planning system and misreporting of agricultural output created a false sense of abundance, leading to inadequate distribution of food resources. Local officials were incentivized to overreport grain production to meet unrealistic targets, resulting in a severe misallocation of resources.

Consequences and Impact
The Great Chinese Famine had devastating consequences for the Chinese population. It is estimated that tens of millions of people died from starvation, malnutrition, and related diseases during this period. The exact death toll remains a subject of debate due to limited access to data and government suppression of information.

The famine also had long-lasting social, economic, and political impacts on China. It shattered people's faith in the communist government and led to widespread disillusionment. It also highlighted the flaws of central planning and forced the Chinese government to reassess its policies.

Conclusion
The Great Chinese Famine, which occurred during the period of 1958-1961, was the worst famine in world history. It was caused by a combination of factors, including the implementation of the Great Leap Forward policies, collectivization, poor harvests, and misreporting. The consequences of the famine were severe, resulting in the death of millions and significant social and political repercussions for China.

Explanation:

Assertion (A):
- The rivers of northern mountains are involved in depositional work causing the formation of riverine islands.

Reason (R):
- Due to the gentle slopes in the lower course of the river, its velocity decreases resulting in the formation of riverine islands.

Explanation:
- The assertion is true because the rivers in the northern mountains undergo depositional work due to the decrease in velocity in their lower course, leading to the formation of riverine islands. This process occurs as the rivers carry sediments downstream and deposit them, creating landforms like riverine islands.
- The reason is also true as the gentle slopes in the lower course of the river reduce its velocity, allowing for the deposition of sediments and the formation of riverine islands. This process is a natural consequence of the river's flow dynamics.
Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why the rivers of the northern mountains are involved in depositional work, leading to the formation of riverine islands.

The 2nd estate comprised of Nobility.

- Nobility: The second estate in pre-revolutionary France was made up of the nobility. This group included individuals who held titles of nobility, such as dukes, counts, and barons. The nobility enjoyed privileges such as exemption from certain taxes and the right to hold positions of power and influence in society.

The nobility played a crucial role in the social and political structure of pre-revolutionary France. They held significant power and wealth, often owning large estates and controlling vast resources. Despite their small numbers, the nobility wielded considerable influence over the monarchy and were able to maintain their privileged position in society.

Overall, the nobility represented a small but powerful segment of French society, and their interests often conflicted with those of the common people. This tension between the nobility and the lower classes would eventually contribute to the outbreak of the French Revolution, as the oppressed masses sought to overthrow the entrenched power structures that kept them in poverty and servitude.

Understanding Disguised Unemployment
Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where individuals appear to be employed but are, in fact, not contributing significantly to the productivity of the economy. This type of unemployment often goes unnoticed because people are technically working, yet their roles do not utilize their skills or capacities fully.
Characteristics of Disguised Unemployment
- Underemployment: Individuals may have jobs that do not utilize their skills, education, or experience. For example, a highly qualified engineer working as a manual laborer.
- Low Productivity: The contributions of these workers are minimal. Despite being employed, they do not add value to production, leading to inefficiencies in the labor market.
- Hidden Nature: This form of unemployment is often hidden because it doesn't show up in traditional unemployment statistics. People are counted as employed, even when they are not fully engaged in productive work.
Examples of Disguised Unemployment
- Family Businesses: Many family-run businesses employ family members who may not be actively involved in work, yet they are considered employed.
- Agricultural Sector: In rural areas, farmers may have more workers than needed for their land, leading to many being employed but not effectively contributing to agricultural productivity.
Importance of Addressing Disguised Unemployment
- Economic Growth: Reducing disguised unemployment can lead to increased productivity and economic growth.
- Skill Utilization: It is crucial to match workers with appropriate jobs to ensure that their skills are effectively utilized.
Disguised unemployment highlights the complexity of labor markets and the importance of addressing inefficiencies to enhance overall economic health. Understanding this concept is vital for students studying economics and labor dynamics.

Tethys Ocean
- The Tethys is an ancient ocean that existed during the Mesozoic era.
- It is not a landmass but a body of water that contributed to the geological history of the region.
Gondwana Land
- Gondwana was a supercontinent that included present-day South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and the Indian subcontinent.
- It played a crucial role in the formation of the Peninsular Plateau.
- The Peninsular Plateau is primarily made up of ancient crystalline rocks, which are remnants of the Gondwana landmass.
- The breakup of Gondwana led to the uplift of the Peninsular Plateau, making it a significant geological feature of India.
Angara Land
- Angara land refers to a landmass that existed in the northern hemisphere, primarily encompassing parts of what are now North America, Europe, and Asia.
- It is not associated with the Peninsular Plateau of India.
Conclusion
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' (Gondwana land) as it is directly related to the formation and composition of the Peninsular Plateau in India.
- Understanding the geological history of these landmasses helps explain the current topography and mineral wealth of the region.

The Old Regime Explained
The term "Old Regime" refers to the societal structure and institutions of France prior to the French Revolution, specifically before 1789. This period was characterized by a feudal system and a distinct social hierarchy.

Key Features of the Old Regime
- Social Structure
- The Old Regime was divided into three estates:
- **First Estate**: The clergy, who held significant power and wealth.
- **Second Estate**: The nobility, enjoying privileges and tax exemptions.
- **Third Estate**: Comprised the vast majority of the population, including peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie, who bore the tax burden.
- Political Authority
- The monarchy held absolute power, with King Louis XVI as a prominent figure. The king was seen as the divine right ruler, and his authority was unquestioned.
- Economic Conditions
- Economic disparity was rampant. The Third Estate faced heavy taxation while the First and Second Estates were largely exempt, leading to widespread discontent and resentment.
- Cultural Aspects
- The Old Regime maintained traditional values and customs, heavily influenced by religion, which played a central role in daily life and governance.

Impact Leading to Revolution
The injustices and inequalities of the Old Regime ultimately fueled the desire for reform and equality among the Third Estate. This discontent culminated in the French Revolution, which sought to dismantle the old feudal structures and establish a new order based on liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Understanding the Old Regime is crucial for grasping the motivations behind the revolutionary changes that transformed French society and influenced the modern world.

Working Capital refers to the capital required for day-to-day operations of a business. It is the amount of money or resources that a company has readily available to fund its daily operations, cover its short-term liabilities, and invest in its ongoing projects. Working capital is essential for the smooth functioning of a business and helps in meeting its short-term financial obligations.

Raw materials and money in hand are both components of working capital. Raw materials are the basic materials used in the production process to create finished goods. These can include items such as metals, chemicals, textiles, or agricultural products, depending on the nature of the business. Having an adequate supply of raw materials is crucial for uninterrupted production and timely delivery of goods to customers.

Money in hand, on the other hand, refers to the cash or cash equivalents that a company possesses at a given point in time. It includes physical currency, as well as funds held in bank accounts or other liquid assets that can be readily converted into cash. Money in hand is necessary to meet various day-to-day expenses, such as paying wages to employees, purchasing supplies, and covering other operational costs.

Having both raw materials and money in hand ensures that a business can continue its operations smoothly without any disruptions. It allows the company to fulfill customer orders on time, maintain a steady production process, and meet its financial obligations.

In summary, working capital is the capital required for the day-to-day functioning of a business. It includes raw materials and money in hand, which are both essential for the smooth operation of a company. Raw materials are necessary for production, while money in hand is required to meet daily expenses and financial obligations.

2nd Estate - Nobility

The 2nd estate in the traditional feudal system comprised of the nobility. This group consisted of individuals who held hereditary titles and land, often passed down through generations. Nobles were typically granted their titles by the monarch in exchange for their loyalty, military service, or other forms of support.

Characteristics of the Nobility

- The nobility held significant power and influence in society, often controlling vast amounts of land and resources.
- They were exempt from many taxes and had special privileges, such as the right to hunt on their land or hold court.
- Nobles often served as advisors to the monarch and held positions of authority within the government, military, and church.

Role of the Nobility

- The nobility played a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability, as they were responsible for governing their lands and providing protection for their subjects.
- They also played a key role in the feudal system, where they swore loyalty to the monarch in exchange for land and protection.

Decline of the Nobility

- The power and influence of the nobility began to decline with the rise of centralized monarchies and the emergence of a more modern, merit-based society.
- The French Revolution in 1789 marked a significant turning point for the nobility, as many nobles lost their privileges and titles during the upheaval.

In conclusion, the 2nd estate, comprised of the nobility, played a significant role in medieval society but eventually saw its power diminish over time.

Assertion (A): Constituent Assembly Debates has been recorded and preserved.
Reason (R): It is used to interpret the meaning of the Constitution.

The correct answer is option 'A': Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

The Constituent Assembly Debates refer to the discussions and deliberations that took place during the framing of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly of India. These debates were recorded and preserved for future reference and have played a crucial role in interpreting the meaning and intent of the Constitution.

Importance of Recording and Preservation:
The recording and preservation of the Constituent Assembly Debates have several important implications:

1. Historical Reference: The debates provide a historical record of the thought processes, discussions, and arguments that went into the making of the Constitution. They serve as an invaluable resource for understanding the context in which different provisions were framed.

2. Intent of the Framers: The debates help in understanding the intent and vision of the framers of the Constitution. They shed light on the objectives, principles, and ideals that guided them during the drafting process.

3. Interpretation of the Constitution: The Constituent Assembly Debates are often referred to by the judiciary, scholars, and legal experts to interpret the meaning and scope of various provisions of the Constitution. When there is ambiguity or a need for clarification, the debates provide insight into the framers' intentions and help in arriving at an informed interpretation.

4. Democratic Process: The recording and preservation of the debates reflect the commitment to transparency and accountability in the democratic process. It allows for public access to the discussions that shaped the Constitution and promotes a better understanding of the principles and values it upholds.

Overall, the preservation of the Constituent Assembly Debates ensures that the constitutional framework is not only a static document but a living one, capable of evolving with changing times while remaining true to its original spirit. It enables a deeper understanding of the Constitution and its significance in shaping the democratic fabric of India.

Therefore, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).

Food supplies to the ordinary citizens

The reason "Food supplies to the ordinary citizens" is not a cause of empty treasure is because providing food supplies to the ordinary citizens is a basic necessity that a government should fulfill. It is essential for the well-being of the population and is not a luxury or extravagance that would lead to a depletion of the treasury.

The cost of maintaining an extravagant court

Maintaining an extravagant court can be a significant drain on the treasury. This includes expenses related to the royal family, courtiers, ceremonies, and luxury items. The cost of maintaining such a lavish lifestyle can quickly deplete the treasury and lead to empty coffers.

To meet its regular expenses

Meeting regular expenses such as salaries of government officials, infrastructure maintenance, and other essential services can also contribute to emptying the treasury. If the government is unable to manage its finances efficiently or if there is widespread corruption, it can lead to a situation where regular expenses exceed the revenue generated.

Long years of war

Engaging in long years of war can be extremely costly for a government. War expenses include funding the military, purchasing weapons, providing healthcare for soldiers, and rebuilding infrastructure post-war. The financial burden of sustained military conflicts can drain the treasury and lead to financial difficulties for the government.

In conclusion, providing food supplies to the ordinary citizens is not a reason for empty treasure as it is a basic necessity. However, maintaining an extravagant court, meeting regular expenses, and engaging in long years of war can all contribute to depleting the treasury.

There were 299 members in the Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution.

- **Formation of the Constituent Assembly**
The Constituent Assembly of India was formed in 1946 to draft the Constitution of India.

- **Composition of the Constituent Assembly**
The Constituent Assembly consisted of a total of 299 members. Out of these, 284 members were representatives of the provinces, while the rest were from the princely states.

- **Representation**
The members of the Constituent Assembly were representatives of various communities, regions, and interest groups in India, ensuring a diverse and inclusive approach to constitution-making.

- **Leadership**
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly, while Dr. B.R. Ambedkar served as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

- **Work of the Constituent Assembly**
The Constituent Assembly held numerous sessions over a period of nearly three years to discuss, debate, and finalize the provisions of the Indian Constitution.

- **Adoption of the Constitution**
The Indian Constitution was finally adopted on January 26, 1950, marking the beginning of a new era for independent India.

In conclusion, the Constituent Assembly of India, with its 299 members, played a crucial role in shaping the Constitution of India, a document that continues to guide the country's governance and uphold its democratic values.