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All questions of September 2025 for CUET Commerce Exam

What has caused a dramatic decline in vulture populations in India since the 1990s?
  • a)
    Increased hunting
  • b)
    The veterinary drug diclofenac
  • c)
    Habitat destruction
  • d)
    Climate change
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Naveen Unni answered
Causes of Vulture Population Decline in India
Vultures play a crucial role in the ecosystem by scavenging on dead animals, which helps prevent the spread of disease. However, since the 1990s, their populations in India have dramatically declined, primarily due to the veterinary drug diclofenac.
Impact of Diclofenac
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID): Diclofenac is commonly used in livestock to treat pain and inflammation.
- Toxicity to Vultures: When vultures consume the carcasses of animals treated with diclofenac, they ingest lethal doses of the drug, leading to kidney failure and death.
- Significant Mortality Rates: Studies have shown that vultures feeding on diclofenac-treated carcasses can experience mortality rates exceeding 90%.
Additional Contributing Factors
- Lack of Awareness: Many farmers and veterinarians were unaware of the harmful effects of diclofenac on vultures, leading to its widespread use.
- Regulatory Measures: Although diclofenac was banned for veterinary use in India in 2006, the implementation of this ban has faced challenges, and illegal use still occurs.
Broader Ecological Consequences
- Ecosystem Imbalance: The decline of vultures has led to an increase in the population of feral dogs and other scavengers, contributing to the spread of diseases such as rabies.
- Public Health Risks: The absence of vultures has implications for public health, as they played a vital role in disposing of animal carcasses, thus reducing potential disease outbreaks.
In conclusion, the primary cause for the dramatic decline in vulture populations in India is the use of the veterinary drug diclofenac, which has proven to be highly toxic to these essential scavengers.

What are the three core principles advocated by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in Sikhism?
  • a)
    Naam Japna, Kirat Karna, and Vand Chhakna
  • b)
    Justice, Equality, and Truth
  • c)
    Meditation, Prayer, and Ritual
  • d)
    Faith, Devotion, and Service
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ishani Khanna answered
Core Principles of Sikhism
Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism, emphasized three fundamental principles that guide the lives of Sikhs. These principles encapsulate the essence of Sikh teachings and serve as a foundation for spiritual and ethical living.
Naam Japna
- This principle refers to the remembrance and recitation of God's name.
- Engaging in "Naam Japna" helps individuals cultivate a divine connection, fostering inner peace and spiritual awareness.
- It encourages constant mindfulness of God in every action and thought.
Kirat Karna
- "Kirat Karna" translates to earning an honest living through hard work and integrity.
- Guru Nanak emphasized that one should strive to earn their livelihood without resorting to deceit or exploitation.
- This principle promotes self-sufficiency and the ethical pursuit of one's profession or trade.
Vand Chakna
- This principle means sharing with others, especially those in need.
- Guru Nanak taught that one should not only focus on personal gain but also contribute to the welfare of the community.
- "Vand Chakna" encourages generosity and reinforces the idea of communal harmony and support.
Conclusion
These three core principles—Naam Japna, Kirat Karna, and Vand Chakna—serve as guiding tenets for Sikhs, promoting a balanced and harmonious lifestyle. By adhering to these principles, individuals can achieve spiritual growth while contributing positively to society.

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a reason for the potential slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)?
  • a)
    Melting ice sheets
  • b)
    Increased rainfall in the Indian Ocean
  • c)
    Ocean acidification
  • d)
    Freshwater influx affecting seawater density
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ocean acidification is not mentioned as a factor impacting the AMOC slowdown. The slowdown is primarily associated with melting ice sheets and changes in freshwater influx that affect seawater density, which hinders the sinking process essential for AMOC.

What is the primary goal of the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) as it relates to coffee production?
  • a)
    Encourage deforestation for agricultural expansion.
  • b)
    Increase coffee exports.
  • c)
    Ensure proof of production from non-deforested land.
  • d)
    Regulate coffee prices in the EU market.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The primary goal of the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) is to prevent imported products, including coffee, from being linked to deforestation. It requires proof that coffee is produced from non-deforested land post-2020, which reflects growing global concerns about environmental sustainability and responsible sourcing in agricultural practices.

What was the primary reason for the Union Law and Justice Ministry rejecting the Election Commission's proposal regarding Jammu and Kashmir's Rajya Sabha seats?
  • a)
    Political opposition from local leaders
  • b)
    The proposal did not align with national interests
  • c)
    Insufficient time before upcoming elections
  • d)
    Lack of legal provisions to issue such an order
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Sameer Yadav answered
Understanding the Rejection of the Election Commission's Proposal
The Union Law and Justice Ministry's decision to reject the Election Commission's proposal regarding the Rajya Sabha seats for Jammu and Kashmir was primarily due to a lack of legal provisions to support such an order. Here’s a detailed breakdown of this reasoning:
Lack of Legal Provisions
- The proposal put forth by the Election Commission aimed to adjust the representation of Jammu and Kashmir in the Rajya Sabha.
- However, the Ministry found that there were no existing legal frameworks or provisions that would allow for the implementation of such changes.
- This indicates that any modification in the allocation of Rajya Sabha seats must be firmly grounded in legal statutes to ensure compliance with constitutional norms.
Implications of Legal Limitations
- The rejection underscores the importance of adhering to established legal guidelines when it comes to electoral processes, especially in sensitive regions like Jammu and Kashmir.
- Without a solid legal basis, any alterations could lead to disputes or challenges, undermining the legitimacy of the electoral process.
Conclusion
- The decision reflects a cautious approach by the Union Law and Justice Ministry, prioritizing legal integrity over expediency.
- This highlights the critical role of legal frameworks in shaping electoral governance and maintaining democratic processes across the country.

What is the main criticism of the Collegium system for judicial appointments in India?
  • a)
    It lacks transparency and erodes public trust
  • b)
    It is overly democratic and accountable
  • c)
    It allows too much public participation
  • d)
    It promotes transparency in the appointment process
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The main criticism of the Collegium system is that it lacks transparency, with judicial appointments made behind closed doors. This secrecy can erode public trust in the judiciary and undermine its authority, leading to calls for reform to enhance accountability and legitimacy in the appointment process.

Which of the following best describes the primary challenge India faces in critical technologies?
  • a)
    Excessive funding for research projects
  • b)
    Attracting and retaining top-tier talent
  • c)
    An abundance of world-class laboratories
  • d)
    A surplus of researchers
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Primary Challenge: Attracting and Retaining Talent
India's journey in critical technologies is significantly hindered by the challenge of attracting and retaining top-tier talent. Here’s a detailed breakdown of this issue:
Global Competition
- The technology landscape is highly competitive, with developed countries offering lucrative opportunities.
- Indian talent often seeks better prospects abroad, leading to a brain drain.
Education and Skill Gap
- Although India has a vast pool of engineers and scientists, there is a disparity between educational outcomes and industry requirements.
- The curriculum in many institutions may not be aligned with the rapidly evolving technology needs, resulting in a skill gap.
Research and Innovation Ecosystem
- Retaining talent requires a robust research and innovation ecosystem, which is still developing in India.
- Young professionals are motivated by environments that foster creativity, collaboration, and cutting-edge projects, which may be lacking in some areas.
Policy and Funding Constraints
- While there is funding for research projects, it may not always be adequately directed towards high-impact innovations.
- Policies must also encourage long-term investments in talent development and retention strategies.
Conclusion
In summary, while India boasts a growing infrastructure for critical technologies, the primary challenge remains in attracting and retaining top-tier talent. Addressing this issue is crucial for enhancing India’s position in the global tech landscape and fostering sustainable innovation.

What is a key feature of Decentralised Finance (DeFi)?
  • a)
    It mandates Know Your Customer (KY processes
  • b)
    It limits access to only developed countries
  • c)
    It requires a bank account for transactions
  • d)
    It allows peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ankit Jain answered
Key Feature of Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a revolutionary approach to financial services that leverages blockchain technology to provide open, permissionless, and transparent access to financial markets. One of its most significant features is the ability to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries.
Peer-to-Peer Transactions
- Direct Exchanges: DeFi allows users to engage in transactions directly with one another, eliminating the need for traditional intermediaries such as banks or payment processors.
- Smart Contracts: Transactions and agreements are executed via smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. This reduces the need for trust in a central authority.
- Global Accessibility: Anyone with an internet connection can participate in DeFi platforms, regardless of geographic location, thus promoting financial inclusion.
Benefits of Peer-to-Peer Transactions
- Lower Costs: By removing intermediaries, DeFi can significantly reduce transaction fees and costs associated with traditional finance.
- Increased Efficiency: Transactions can occur 24/7 with minimal delays, unlike traditional banking systems that may have limited hours and processing times.
- Transparency and Security: Blockchain technology ensures that all transactions are recorded on a public ledger, providing transparency and enhancing security against fraud.
Conclusion
In summary, the ability to conduct peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries stands out as a defining feature of DeFi, promising a more inclusive and efficient financial ecosystem. This paradigm shift challenges traditional financial systems and opens new avenues for users worldwide.

During the SCO summit, what notable action did Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping agree upon?
  • a)
    Forming a military alliance
  • b)
    Establishing a joint space program
  • c)
    Discussing boundary issues
  • d)
    Initiating a trade agreement
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Modi and Xi agreed to continue discussions on boundary issues, marking a cautious thaw in their historically strained relations. This illustrates the importance of dialogue in international relations, especially between nations with conflicting territorial claims.

How does the portable ion chromatography device, Aquamonitrix, enhance environmental monitoring?
  • a)
    It allows for real-time field analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions.
  • b)
    It is significantly more expensive than traditional equipment.
  • c)
    It requires complex laboratory processes for operation.
  • d)
    It is designed for indoor laboratory use only.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Tarun Khanna answered
Enhancement of Environmental Monitoring through Aquamonitrix
The Aquamonitrix is a portable ion chromatography device that significantly improves environmental monitoring by facilitating real-time analysis of critical ions, particularly nitrate and nitrite. Here’s how it enhances monitoring efforts:
Real-Time Field Analysis
- Instant Results: The device allows users to conduct tests on-site, providing immediate data on nitrate and nitrite levels in various environmental samples like water bodies.
- Timely Decision Making: Real-time data enables quicker response to environmental changes or pollution events, allowing for timely interventions in case of contamination.
Portability and Ease of Use
- Field Deployable: Unlike traditional laboratory equipment, Aquamonitrix is designed for portability, making it ideal for field studies and environmental assessments.
- User-Friendly Interface: The device is built to be operated by technicians and researchers without extensive training, reducing the complexity associated with laboratory setups.
Environmental Impact
- Enhanced Monitoring Capabilities: By detecting nitrate and nitrite levels efficiently, the device helps in monitoring water quality, which is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and public health.
- Support for Regulatory Compliance: Real-time data can assist organizations in adhering to environmental regulations and standards concerning water quality.
In conclusion, Aquamonitrix's capability for real-time field analysis of nitrate and nitrite ions directly enhances environmental monitoring efforts, making it a vital tool for researchers and environmentalists in maintaining ecological balance.

Which component of the Bima Sugam initiative focuses on expanding insurance reach through a women-led distribution network?
  • a)
    Bima Sugam
  • b)
    Bima Suraksha
  • c)
    Bima Vistaar
  • d)
    Bima Vahak
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Overview of Bima Sugam Initiative
The Bima Sugam initiative is an innovative approach aimed at enhancing access to insurance services in India. It encompasses various components designed to address the unique needs of different demographics, particularly focusing on marginalized groups.
Focus on Women-Led Distribution
One of the key components of this initiative is aimed specifically at expanding insurance reach through a women-led distribution network. This component is known as:
  • Bima Vahak

Why Bima Vahak?
Bima Vahak is instrumental in promoting gender inclusivity within the insurance sector. Here are some reasons why this component is vital:
  • Empowerment of Women: By employing women as insurance distributors, Bima Vahak empowers them economically and socially.
  • Building Trust: Women are often seen as more trustworthy among communities, which helps in building confidence in insurance products.
  • Reaching Rural Areas: Women distributors can effectively reach out to rural and underserved populations, enhancing insurance penetration.
  • Tailored Communication: Women can communicate better with female customers, addressing their unique needs and concerns.

Conclusion
Bima Vahak is a strategic move within the Bima Sugam initiative that leverages the strengths of women to expand insurance access. By fostering a women-led distribution network, it aims to create a more inclusive and effective insurance ecosystem in India.

Which of the following best describes the function of radars in air defense systems?
  • a)
    To detect and track aerial objects.
  • b)
    To identify narcotics at airports.
  • c)
    To predict weather patterns.
  • d)
    To monitor animal migration.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Radars in air defense systems are primarily used to detect and track aerial objects, including aircraft and drones. They play a critical role in national security by providing data necessary for intercepting potential threats, ensuring effective airspace management.

Which of the following countries is NOT part of the collaboration for clean plant technologies under the CPP?
  • a)
    Netherlands
  • b)
    Israel
  • c)
    United States
  • d)
    Both A and B
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The Clean Plant Programme collaborates with Israel and the Netherlands for clean plant technologies. The United States is not mentioned as a partner in this initiative, which focuses on enhancing agricultural practices and providing disease-free planting materials.

What are Solar Energetic Electrons (SEE) and why are they significant?
  • a)
    They are particles that only occur during solar eclipses
  • b)
    They are high-energy electrons linked to solar flares and coronal mass ejections
  • c)
    They are low-energy particles that do not affect space weather
  • d)
    They are irrelevant for space exploration
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Solar Energetic Electrons (SEE) are high-energy electrons that are primarily linked to solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Their significance lies in their potential impact on space weather, as they can affect satellite operations and communication systems on Earth, highlighting the importance of understanding solar activity for technology management.

Which of the following is a significant concern regarding the applicability of the RTE Act to minority educational institutions?
  • a)
    It mandates higher fees for minority schools.
  • b)
    It may dilute the minority character of these institutions.
  • c)
    It prohibits minority institutions from offering scholarships.
  • d)
    It requires all teachers to pass the TET.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

One major concern regarding the RTE Act's applicability to minority educational institutions is that enforcing provisions like the 25% reservation for disadvantaged children could potentially dilute the minority character of these institutions, which is a significant point of contention in legal discussions.

According to climate models, what is the expected percentage weakening of AMOC by the year 2100 if global warming continues?
  • a)
    34-45%
  • b)
    50-60%
  • c)
    20-30%
  • d)
    10-20%
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Climate models project a potential weakening of 34-45% in AMOC by the year 2100 if current trends in global warming persist. This significant weakening could have drastic effects on climate patterns, particularly in Europe and the North Atlantic.

What is the primary goal of the Adi Vaani App launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs?
  • a)
    To serve as an AI-based translator for tribal languages
  • b)
    To teach tribal history
  • c)
    To promote urban languages
  • d)
    To create a digital marketplace for tribal products
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The Adi Vaani App is designed as India’s first AI-based translator for tribal languages, aiming to empower tribal communities and preserve endangered languages. It supports multiple translation modes to enhance communication and digital literacy among tribal populations.

Which of the following statements about the demographics of India is correct based on the SRS Statistical Report 2023?
  • a)
    The Sex Ratio at Birth (SR is higher than in previous years
  • b)
    The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) has increased significantly
  • c)
    The TFR is highest in urban areas
  • d)
    The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) has decreased to 25
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The report indicates that the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) has decreased to 25 in 2023, reflecting improvements in healthcare and living standards. A lower IMR generally suggests better maternal and child health services, which are crucial for demographic stability and development.

What is the significance of the Total Lunar Eclipse expected on September 7, 2025?
  • a)
    It will be the first lunar eclipse of the year
  • b)
    It will coincide with a solar eclipse
  • c)
    It will result in a visible "Blood Moon"
  • d)
    It will be visible only in certain continents
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The total lunar eclipse on September 7, 2025, will produce a "Blood Moon," characterized by the Moon taking on a reddish hue as it passes through the Earth's shadow. This phenomenon occurs due to the scattering of sunlight through the Earth's atmosphere, which filters out shorter wavelengths and allows the longer red wavelengths to illuminate the Moon.

What is the projected value of the global generic market by 2030?
  • a)
    $614 billion
  • b)
    $700 billion
  • c)
    $400 billion
  • d)
    $500 billion
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The global generic market is projected to reach $614 billion by 2030. This anticipated growth reflects the increasing demand for affordable medications worldwide, emphasizing the critical role of countries like India in supplying generics that contribute to global healthcare affordability.

What is the minimum age requirement to be eligible for election as the Vice-President of India?
  • a)
    30 years
  • b)
    45 years
  • c)
    40 years
  • d)
    35 years
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The Constitution of India stipulates that a candidate must be at least 35 years old to be eligible for election as the Vice-President. This age requirement ensures that candidates possess a certain level of maturity and experience before assuming this significant constitutional role.

How does the inclusion of Semaglutide in the WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) impact public health?
  • a)
    It decreases the effectiveness of diabetes treatment
  • b)
    It enhances access to treatments for diabetes and obesity
  • c)
    It limits access to essential medications
  • d)
    It has no impact on public health
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The inclusion of Semaglutide in the WHO's EML emphasizes its dual role in managing both diabetes and obesity, thereby enhancing accessibility to essential treatments. This is particularly significant in countries like India, where there is a high prevalence of diabetes and obesity, and could lead to improved health outcomes for millions.

Which of the following statements about women’s unpaid labor in India is accurate?
  • a)
    It has no impact on the economy
  • b)
    Women perform a majority of unpaid domestic tasks
  • c)
    Men perform more unpaid labor than women
  • d)
    The government fully recognizes women’s unpaid labor
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Women bear a disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic labor in India, with statistics indicating that while only a small percentage of women engage in paid work, the vast majority are involved in unpaid tasks. This highlights a significant gender disparity in labor contributions, which remains largely unrecognized in economic assessments.

What is the primary role of the Vice-President of India?
  • a)
    To preside over sessions of the Lok Sabha
  • b)
    To represent India in international forums
  • c)
    To serve as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
  • d)
    To serve as the head of the government
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The Vice-President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of Parliament. This role includes presiding over sessions, maintaining order, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the house. Unlike the Prime Minister, the Vice-President does not have independent powers unless acting as President.

What is a significant feature of the Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) proposed by the UGC?
  • a)
    It mandates a fixed curriculum for all universities
  • b)
    It focuses on rote memorization of facts
  • c)
    It excludes traditional knowledge systems
  • d)
    It emphasizes student empowerment and active learning
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) emphasizes student empowerment and active learning, shifting the focus from passive memorization to the construction and application of knowledge. It aims to develop critical skills and enhance employability, aligning education with 21st-century demands.

Which of the following is true about the BBNJ Agreement?
  • a)
    It was agreed upon in March 2023 and is under UNCLOS
  • b)
    It prohibits all forms of marine resource extraction
  • c)
    It does not involve the establishment of Marine Protected Areas
  • d)
    It is primarily focused on terrestrial biodiversity
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The BBNJ Agreement is an international treaty under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), agreed upon in March 2023. It aims to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in international waters, including provisions for establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

What major reforms does GST 2.0 introduce in India?
  • a)
    A simplified two-slab tax structure of 5% and 18%
  • b)
    Elimination of all indirect taxes
  • c)
    A single tax rate for all goods and services
  • d)
    Increased tax rates for essential goods
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

GST 2.0 introduces a simplified two-slab tax structure of 5% and 18%, aiming to streamline India's indirect tax regime. This reform is designed to reduce the tax burden on consumers, particularly on essential goods and services, while addressing long-standing issues within the GST framework.

What significant authority has been granted to Foreigners Tribunals (FTs) in India under the new provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025?
  • a)
    The authority to issue arrest warrants and detain individuals
  • b)
    The ability to issue citizenship certificates
  • c)
    The power to conduct elections for local bodies
  • d)
    The responsibility to monitor immigration statistics
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The new provisions under the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025, empower Foreigners Tribunals to issue arrest warrants and detain individuals suspected of being illegal immigrants. This marks a significant shift in the legal framework regarding immigration enforcement in India, particularly in states like Assam where border migration is a pressing issue.

What was the reason cited for the suspension of the Free Movement Regime (FMR)?
  • a)
    Cultural differences
  • b)
    Economic sanctions
  • c)
    Security concerns
  • d)
    Diplomatic negotiations
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The suspension of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) was primarily due to security concerns, including risks related to illegal immigration and cross-border drug trafficking. The Ministry of Home Affairs cited internal security issues as a major factor necessitating this decision. Balancing community ties with security imperatives presents a complex challenge for policymakers in the Northeast region of India.

What was the objective of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) introduced in the 1970s?
  • a)
    To allow free trade across borders
  • b)
    To enhance military cooperation with Myanmar
  • c)
    To facilitate travel for residents along the India-Myanmar border without a visa
  • d)
    To restrict immigration from Myanmar
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The Free Movement Regime (FMR) was established to facilitate travel for residents living within 16 km of the India-Myanmar border without the need for a visa. This initiative acknowledged the ethnic and cultural ties of communities along the border, promoting easier movement and interaction among these groups. However, recent security concerns led to the suspension of the FMR, highlighting the delicate balance between security and community ties.

How does India's strategic autonomy manifest in its foreign policy?
  • a)
    By avoiding participation in international organizations
  • b)
    By maintaining a balanced approach with major powers like the US, China, and Russia
  • c)
    By adopting isolationist policies
  • d)
    By aligning exclusively with Western powers
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

India's strategic autonomy is characterized by a balanced approach with major powers like the United States, China, and Russia. This flexibility allows India to make independent foreign policy decisions while engaging with significant global players, thereby asserting its sovereignty in a multipolar world.

What is the primary aim of the ₹1,500 crore Incentive Scheme approved by the Union Cabinet?
  • a)
    To reduce the import of petroleum products
  • b)
    To promote the export of agricultural products
  • c)
    To fund renewable energy projects
  • d)
    To enhance the recycling of critical minerals
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The ₹1,500 crore Incentive Scheme aims to enhance the recycling of critical minerals sourced from secondary materials, such as e-waste and battery scrap. This initiative is part of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) and seeks to establish domestic recycling capacity, addressing supply chain challenges and fostering sustainable economic growth.

What significant change has the Indian Science Congress undergone in recent years?
  • a)
    It has been disbanded due to lack of interest
  • b)
    It has been replaced by the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTI
  • c)
    It now focuses exclusively on traditional scientific research
  • d)
    It has expanded to include more international participants
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The Indian Science Congress has been replaced by the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC), reflecting a shift towards a more structured, innovation-driven forum. This change aims to align scientific research with national priorities and enhance India's global engagement in science and technology.

What farming practice is the Apatani Tribe known for?
  • a)
    Integrated rice-fish farming
  • b)
    Hydroponics
  • c)
    Organic farming
  • d)
    Aquaponics
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The Apatani Tribe is known for their integrated rice-fish farming practice, which utilizes terraced fields. This sustainable agricultural method allows them to cultivate rice varieties alongside fish species, demonstrating their innovative approach to farming that supports both food production and ecological balance.

Which factor contributes to the structural problem in the India-China border dispute?
  • a)
    Economic competition
  • b)
    Historical treaties
  • c)
    Cultural differences
  • d)
    Infrastructure advantages of China
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The structural problem in the India-China border dispute is exacerbated by China's infrastructure advantages in strategically sensitive regions. This imbalance makes it challenging for India to negotiate and assert its claims effectively, contributing to ongoing tensions and confrontations along the border.

What is the significance of the Power of Siberia 2 pipeline between Russia and China?
  • a)
    It is primarily a water supply project.
  • b)
    It enhances energy cooperation and counters Western sanctions.
  • c)
    It connects Russia's oil fields to Europe.
  • d)
    It is a renewable energy project.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The Power of Siberia 2 pipeline symbolizes enhanced energy cooperation between Russia and China, particularly in the context of countering Western sanctions. This strategic initiative aims to increase gas exports and solidify the partnership between the two nations, reflecting a shift in geopolitical alliances.

What is the significance of Exercise ZAPAD 2025 for India?
  • a)
    It is a humanitarian mission.
  • b)
    It involves large-scale joint military drills.
  • c)
    It is a peacekeeping initiative.
  • d)
    It focuses solely on naval operations.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Exercise ZAPAD 2025 involves large-scale joint strategic military drills led by Russia and Belarus, in which India is participating. This exercise is significant as it demonstrates India's military readiness and strengthens its strategic partnerships.

Which program aims to boost adult education and promote lifelong learning in Himachal Pradesh?
  • a)
    ULLAS Programme
  • b)
    Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
  • c)
    Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
  • d)
    Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) Programme is focused on promoting adult education for individuals aged 15 and above. This initiative aims to equip adults with essential skills like reading, writing, and numeracy, ultimately contributing to the state's goal of achieving 100% literacy.

What is a suggested approach for India to enhance its bargaining power in trade negotiations with the U.S.?
  • a)
    Increasing tariffs on imports
  • b)
    Emphasizing the global public good of Indian generics
  • c)
    Reducing pharmaceutical exports
  • d)
    Forming alliances with other countries
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

One suggested approach for India to enhance its bargaining power in trade negotiations with the U.S. is to emphasize the global public good of Indian generics. By highlighting the importance of affordable medicines, India can position itself strategically in negotiations, leveraging its role as a major supplier of generics to gain favorable terms.

What is a significant challenge facing democracies worldwide today?
  • a)
    Expansion of democratic institutions
  • b)
    Political polarization and inequality
  • c)
    Decreasing population
  • d)
    Increasing youth engagement
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Political polarization and inequality are major challenges for democracies globally. These issues contribute to a sense of disillusionment among the youth, creating feelings of betrayal and alienation towards political systems that they perceive as ineffective or unrepresentative.

What is the aim of the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025 in India?
  • a)
    To grant temporary relief to Sri Lankan Tamil refugees
  • b)
    To deport all illegal immigrants
  • c)
    To enhance visa regulations for tourists
  • d)
    To simplify the citizenship process for all foreigners
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025 aims to provide temporary relief to Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who have resided in Tamil Nadu since the 1990s. This order exempts them from passport and visa requirements, addressing humanitarian concerns but leaving unresolved issues related to their legal status and citizenship rights.

Which of the following is NOT a typical case addressed by a Lok Adalat?
  • a)
    Accident claims
  • b)
    Non-compoundable criminal cases
  • c)
    Labor disputes
  • d)
    Matrimonial disputes
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Non-compoundable criminal cases are excluded from the scope of Lok Adalats, which focus on cases that can be resolved through mutual consent and are suitable for compromise.

Which AI model has demonstrated significant improvements in problem-solving accuracy, particularly in mathematics?
  • a)
    Watson
  • b)
    DeepSeek-R1
  • c)
    GPT-3
  • d)
    AlphaGo
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The DeepSeek-R1 AI model has shown remarkable advancements in mathematical problem-solving, particularly in the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME), where its accuracy improved from 15.6% to 86.7%. This model exemplifies a shift towards independent reasoning capabilities in AI, moving beyond reliance on human-generated examples.

What unique feature does the Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli possess?
  • a)
    It can only be cultivated in greenhouses
  • b)
    It is a hybrid variety developed in laboratories
  • c)
    It requires a special soil type found only in cities
  • d)
    It is recognized for its medicinal properties and high ASTA value
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli is notable for its bright red color, unique flavor, and medium pungency. It holds a high American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) value, making it desirable not only for culinary uses but also for its rich antioxidant properties and nutritional benefits, including Vitamin C and calcium.

What does the WAVES Bazaar initiative aim to achieve for Indian content creators?
  • a)
    To enhance global outreach and networking opportunities
  • b)
    To eliminate competition in the media industry
  • c)
    To provide financial loans to creators
  • d)
    To restrict content production to traditional media
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The WAVES Bazaar initiative aims to empower Indian content creators by enhancing their global outreach and providing networking opportunities within the media and entertainment industry. By introducing features like AI matchmaking and online pitching, it facilitates connections between creators and potential investors or production houses.

What major achievement did India attain in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index in 2025?
  • a)
    It improved its ranking to 99
  • b)
    It ranked first worldwide
  • c)
    It achieved all SDG targets
  • d)
    It saw a decline in health metrics
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

In 2025, India achieved its best-ever position in the Sustainable Development Goals Index, ranking 99 out of 167 countries. This marked a notable improvement from its previous ranking and reflects ongoing efforts to enhance access to basic services and infrastructure, despite persisting challenges in health and nutrition.

What major change is being proposed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) structure set to take effect in September 2025?
  • a)
    Introduction of a new national sales tax
  • b)
    Increase in the demerit tax rate for essential goods
  • c)
    Consolidation of most goods and services into three main tax rates
  • d)
    Elimination of all indirect taxes
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The upcoming GST reform aims to simplify the tax structure by consolidating most goods and services into three primary tax rates: 0%, 5%, and 18%, along with a 40% demerit rate for luxury and sin goods. This simplification is designed to enhance compliance and reduce the overall tax burden on consumers, while also addressing existing complexities in the tax system.

What challenge does the increasing frequency of heavy rainfall in the Himalayan region pose?
  • a)
    It heightens disaster risks due to landslides and flash floods.
  • b)
    It leads to increased agricultural productivity.
  • c)
    It causes significant infrastructure improvements.
  • d)
    It reduces the need for weather forecasting.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The rising frequency of heavy rainfall in the Himalayan region poses substantial disaster risks, including landslides and flash floods. The unique topography of hilly regions exacerbates these effects, making them more vulnerable to such extreme weather events, thus highlighting the need for improved disaster preparedness and response strategies.

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