All questions of Languages in India for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Introduction:
The Old Indo-Aryan Group refers to a linguistic group that existed during ancient times. It is important to understand the timeline and the emergence of Sanskrit in order to evaluate the given statements.

Explanation:

1. This group had its development around 1500 B.C:
The development of the Old Indo-Aryan Group can be traced back to the ancient Indo-Iranian period. This period is believed to have started around 2000-1500 B.C. during the late Bronze Age. Therefore, the statement that this group had its development around 1500 B.C is correct.

2. Sanskrit was born out of this group:
Sanskrit, one of the oldest Indo-European languages, did indeed evolve from the Old Indo-Aryan Group. It is considered to be the primary language of the Rigveda, one of the oldest texts in the world, composed around 1500-1200 B.C. Sanskrit is known for its highly structured grammar and rich vocabulary, making it a significant contribution to the ancient Indian civilization. Therefore, the statement that Sanskrit was born out of this group is also correct.

Conclusion:
Both the statements are correct. The Old Indo-Aryan Group developed around 1500 B.C, and Sanskrit emerged from this linguistic group. The development of Sanskrit played a crucial role in shaping ancient Indian culture, literature, and philosophy.

Apabhramsa




Introduction:


Apabhramsa is an umbrella term used to refer to a group of dialects that emerged during the transition from Middle to Modern Indo-Aryan languages. It is distinct from both Sanskrit and Prakrit, and it played a significant role in the development of modern Indian languages. Let us analyze the given statements about Apabhramsa:




Statement 1: Apabhramsa is also an umbrella term which means dialects other than Sanskrit or even Prakrit.


This statement is correct. Apabhramsa is a term used to describe the dialects that evolved during the medieval period in India. These dialects were distinct from Sanskrit, which was the classical language, and Prakrit, which was the spoken language during that time. Apabhramsa dialects had their own unique characteristics and were widely spoken in various regions of India.




Statement 2: It represents a transition from Middle to Modern Indo-Aryan Group of languages.


This statement is also correct. Apabhramsa played a crucial role in the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Modern Indo-Aryan languages. During this period, the language underwent significant changes in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and phonetics. The dialects that emerged during this transition period eventually evolved into modern Indian languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, etc.




Conclusion:


Both statements are correct. Apabhramsa is an umbrella term used to describe dialects other than Sanskrit or Prakrit, and it represents the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Modern Indo-Aryan languages. Apabhramsa played a significant role in the development of modern Indian languages and is an important part of India's linguistic heritage.

Context of Kurukh Language
Kurukh is a tribal language that belongs to the Dravidian family, predominantly spoken by the Oraon tribe in India. It has faced challenges in terms of preservation and recognition.

Recent Developments
The language gained significant attention recently due to the following reasons:

• Official Language Status: The West Bengal Government officially recognized Kurukh as an official language. This recognition is crucial for the preservation and promotion of the language among the tribal communities in the region.

Other Options Explained
While the language's official recognition is positive, the other options presented in the question highlight the struggles Kurukh faces:

• Nearly Extinct: There are concerns regarding the survival of Kurukh, as it is spoken by a dwindling number of people. However, this statement was not the recent news, making it an incorrect choice.
• New Script: Although there have been discussions regarding the development of a new script for Kurukh, it was not the primary news relating to its recent recognition or status. Thus, this option is also not applicable.

Conclusion
In summary, the most significant recent development concerning the Kurukh language is its designation as an official language by the West Bengal Government. This step promises to enhance the language's visibility and encourage its use among younger generations, aiding in its preservation.

Correct answer: Option A - 1 and 2 only

Explanation:
The Brahmi script is one of the oldest writing systems used in the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. Let us examine each statement to determine which ones are correct:

1. Brahmi is the oldest writing system used in the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia:
This statement is correct. The Brahmi script is considered one of the oldest writing systems in the world. It was used in ancient India, particularly during the Maurya Empire around the 3rd century BCE. It spread to other parts of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia, influencing the development of various scripts and alphabets.

2. It is usually written from left to right:
This statement is correct. The Brahmi script is typically written from left to right, similar to most modern scripts. However, there have been instances of Brahmi inscriptions found where the writing direction is right to left or even boustrophedon (alternating directions).

3. It was deciphered in 1937 by James Prinsep:
This statement is incorrect. The decipherment of the Brahmi script is attributed to several scholars, but James Prinsep is not one of them. The decipherment of Brahmi was a gradual process that involved the combined efforts of several scholars over many years. The first significant breakthrough in deciphering Brahmi was made by James Princep's contemporary, Christian Lassen, in the early 19th century. However, it was mainly due to the work of James Princep, Alexander Cunningham, and others that Brahmi inscriptions were systematically studied and deciphered.

Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 2 only.

Grammatical Structure of Indo Aryan Group and Dravidian Family

The grammatical structure of a language refers to the way in which words are organized and combined to form meaningful sentences. In the context of Indo Aryan and Dravidian languages, the grammatical structures differ from each other.

1. Grammatical structure of Indo Aryan group is agglutinative:
The statement that the grammatical structure of the Indo Aryan group is agglutinative is incorrect. Agglutinative languages are characterized by the attachment of morphemes, which are units of meaning, to a root word without changing the root word itself. These morphemes can indicate various grammatical features such as tense, number, and case.

However, the Indo Aryan languages, which are part of the larger Indo-European language family, are not primarily agglutinative. Instead, they exhibit a more fusional or inflectional grammatical structure. In inflectional languages, grammatical information is typically expressed through changes in the root word itself, rather than through the attachment of separate morphemes.

Examples of Indo Aryan languages include Hindi, Bengali, and Punjabi. These languages display inflectional features, such as verb conjugation, noun declension, and the use of case markers. For instance, in Hindi, the verb "to eat" can be conjugated as "khata hu" (I eat), "khata hai" (he/she eats), or "khate hai" (they eat), where the verb form changes to indicate the subject and tense.

2. Grammatical structure of the Dravidian family is infected:
The statement that the grammatical structure of the Dravidian family is infected is also incorrect. Inflectional languages, as mentioned earlier, involve changes in the root word to express grammatical information. On the other hand, infected languages are characterized by the use of affixes or prefixes to modify the root word and convey grammatical meaning.

Dravidian languages, such as Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada, exhibit an agglutinative grammatical structure. In these languages, affixes are added to the root word to indicate various grammatical features such as tense, number, case, and gender. For example, in Tamil, the word "padi" (read) can be modified with affixes to indicate past tense ("padithen" - I read), future tense ("padikiren" - I will read), or plural form ("padikirargal" - they read).

Conclusion:
In conclusion, neither of the statements provided is correct. The grammatical structure of the Indo Aryan group is inflectional, while the Dravidian family exhibits an agglutinative grammatical structure. Understanding the differences between these language families is crucial for studying their linguistic characteristics and cultural contexts.

Ancient Form of Modern Sinhala Language of Sri Lanka: Elu

Elu is considered to be the ancient form of the modern Sinhala language of Sri Lanka. It is believed to have been spoken during the pre-Buddhist period in Sri Lanka, dating back to around the 2nd century BCE. Elu played a significant role in the development of the Sinhala language and its literature.

Here are some key points about Elu:

1. Linguistic Origins: Elu is classified as a Prakrit language, which is a group of Middle Indo-Aryan languages. It is believed to have evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit, which was widely spoken in ancient India.

2. Influence of Elu: Elu had a significant influence on the development of the Sinhala language. It contributed to the vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics of Sinhala. Many words and constructions from Elu are still present in modern Sinhala.

3. Literary Importance: Elu was the language used in the ancient Sri Lankan literary works. It was used in inscriptions, rock edicts, and religious texts. Elu inscriptions can be found in various parts of Sri Lanka, including Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Sigiriya.

4. Transition to Modern Sinhala: Over time, Elu gradually transformed into what is known as the Old Sinhala language during the 6th to 12th centuries CE. Old Sinhala, in turn, evolved into the modern Sinhala language spoken today in Sri Lanka.

5. Script: Elu was written using the Brahmi script, which was the writing system used in ancient India and Sri Lanka. The Brahmi script eventually evolved into the Sinhala script, which is used to write both Sinhala and Elu.

In conclusion, Elu is the ancient form of the modern Sinhala language of Sri Lanka. It played a crucial role in the development of Sinhala and was the language used in ancient Sri Lankan literary works. Elu's influence can still be seen in the vocabulary and grammar of modern Sinhala.

Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'B' (1, 2).

Statement 1: Pali was widely spoken in Magadha.
Pali was an ancient language closely related to Sanskrit. It was widely spoken in Magadha, which was an important region in ancient India. Magadha was the center of political and cultural activities during the time of the Buddha, and Pali was the language used by the Buddha and his disciples to communicate and propagate his teachings.

Statement 2: The Tripitaka of Buddhism were also written in Pali.
The Tripitaka is the sacred scripture of Buddhism, and it is written in Pali. The Tripitaka consists of three parts - the Vinaya Pitaka (rules for monastic discipline), the Sutta Pitaka (discourses of the Buddha), and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (philosophical and psychological analysis). These texts were initially passed down orally, but they were later written down in Pali.

Statement 3: Among the Dravidian group, Kannada is the oldest language.
This statement is incorrect. Among the Dravidian languages, Tamil is considered to be the oldest language. Tamil has a rich literary tradition dating back more than 2,000 years, and it is one of the classical languages of India. Kannada, on the other hand, is also a Dravidian language, but it is not the oldest language in the group.

To summarize:
- Pali was widely spoken in Magadha, an important region in ancient India.
- The Tripitaka, the sacred scripture of Buddhism, was written in Pali.
- Kannada is not the oldest language among the Dravidian group; Tamil holds that distinction.

Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 2, making option 'B' the correct answer.

All of the above

Prakrit includes

Hindi and English are the official languages of India