All questions of Burning Socio-Economic Issues for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Primary Difference Between Open Unemployment and Disguised Unemployment:
Open Unemployment:
- Open unemployment refers to individuals who are completely jobless and actively seeking employment.
- These individuals are not engaged in any productive work and are visibly unemployed.
- It is more common in urban areas where job opportunities may be limited, leading to a higher rate of open unemployment.
Disguised Unemployment:
- Disguised unemployment, on the other hand, involves individuals who are employed but not fully utilized in their current roles.
- These individuals may be working in jobs that do not require their full capacity or skills, leading to underemployment.
- Disguised unemployment is often seen in sectors like agriculture, where too many people are engaged in a task that could be done by fewer workers.

Key Difference:
- The primary difference between open unemployment and disguised unemployment is that open unemployment involves individuals who are completely jobless, while disguised unemployment involves individuals who are employed but not fully utilized.
In conclusion, while open unemployment and disguised unemployment both represent forms of underutilization of human resources, the key distinction lies in the fact that open unemployment involves visible joblessness, whereas disguised unemployment involves individuals who are employed but not optimally utilized in their current positions.

In India, the poverty line is used to determine who is eligible for government welfare programs and assistance. Individuals or households falling below this poverty line are typically considered eligible for various poverty alleviation schemes.

Structural Unemployment:
Structural unemployment is characterized by a scarcity of land, capital, or skill in the economy, causing a structural disequilibrium in the labor sector. Let's break down the key points to understand this type of unemployment better:
1. Cause:
Structural unemployment occurs when there is a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the requirements of the economy. This can be due to technological advancements, changes in the structure of industries, or a lack of necessary skills in the labor force.
2. Scarcity of Resources:
Unlike other types of unemployment, structural unemployment is not primarily caused by fluctuations in demand or seasonal factors. Instead, it is a result of a long-term imbalance in the labor market due to a scarcity of land, capital, or specific skills.
3. Impact:
Structural unemployment can have a lasting impact on the economy as it leads to persistent joblessness for certain groups of workers. This can result in income inequality, reduced productivity, and social unrest.
4. Solutions:
Addressing structural unemployment requires long-term strategies such as investing in education and training programs to equip workers with the skills needed in the evolving economy. Policies that promote innovation, entrepreneurship, and retraining can also help reduce the structural imbalances in the labor market.
In conclusion, structural unemployment is a complex issue that requires targeted interventions to address the underlying causes of the mismatch between labor supply and demand. By implementing appropriate policies and programs, governments and businesses can work towards creating a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

According to the provided text, poverty is defined as the inability to secure even the basic minimum necessities of life. This includes access to essentials like food, shelter, and other basic needs.

In the context of unemployment measurement by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), "usual status" refers to a person's employment status over a longer period, not just a short-term assessment.

According to the text, the Rangarajan committee recommended a higher poverty line, which resulted in an increase in the number of people considered poor in India. This change in the poverty line definition led to a higher poverty ratio.

As per the information in the text, the third phase of India's poverty alleviation strategy, starting from the 1990s, focused on creating more wealth and enabling the poor to benefit from the secondary effects of economic growth.