All questions of Burning Socio-Economic Issues for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

According to the provided text, poverty is defined as the inability to secure even the basic minimum necessities of life. This includes access to essentials like food, shelter, and other basic needs.

As per the information in the text, the third phase of India's poverty alleviation strategy, starting from the 1990s, focused on creating more wealth and enabling the poor to benefit from the secondary effects of economic growth.

Structural unemployment is characterized by a scarcity of essential resources like land, capital, or skills in the economy, leading to a structural imbalance in the labor market. It often requires significant structural changes to address this type of unemployment.

Primary Difference Between Open Unemployment and Disguised Unemployment:
Open Unemployment:
- Open unemployment refers to individuals who are completely jobless and actively seeking employment.
- These individuals are not engaged in any productive work and are visibly unemployed.
- It is more common in urban areas where job opportunities may be limited, leading to a higher rate of open unemployment.
Disguised Unemployment:
- Disguised unemployment, on the other hand, involves individuals who are employed but not fully utilized in their current roles.
- These individuals may be working in jobs that do not require their full capacity or skills, leading to underemployment.
- Disguised unemployment is often seen in sectors like agriculture, where too many people are engaged in a task that could be done by fewer workers.

Key Difference:
- The primary difference between open unemployment and disguised unemployment is that open unemployment involves individuals who are completely jobless, while disguised unemployment involves individuals who are employed but not fully utilized.
In conclusion, while open unemployment and disguised unemployment both represent forms of underutilization of human resources, the key distinction lies in the fact that open unemployment involves visible joblessness, whereas disguised unemployment involves individuals who are employed but not optimally utilized in their current positions.

The significance of the poverty line in the context of poverty measurement in India is as follows:
- Determining eligibility for government welfare programs: The poverty line in India is used to determine who is eligible for various government welfare programs and benefits. Individuals or families whose income falls below the poverty line are considered to be living in poverty and are thus eligible for assistance from the government in the form of subsidies, food grains, healthcare, education, and other essential services.
- Identifying the extent of poverty: The poverty line helps in identifying the extent of poverty in the country by providing a benchmark against which poverty levels can be measured. By comparing the income of individuals or households to the poverty line, policymakers and researchers can assess the prevalence of poverty and develop targeted interventions to alleviate poverty.
- Setting poverty reduction targets: The poverty line also plays a crucial role in setting poverty reduction targets and monitoring progress towards achieving these targets. By establishing a clear threshold below which individuals are considered to be living in poverty, policymakers can track changes in poverty rates over time and evaluate the effectiveness of poverty reduction strategies.
- Allocating resources: The poverty line helps in the allocation of resources by guiding policymakers in identifying areas and populations that are most in need of assistance. By targeting resources towards individuals or communities living below the poverty line, governments can ensure that limited resources are effectively utilized to alleviate poverty and improve the well-being of the most vulnerable sections of society.
In conclusion, the poverty line is a crucial tool in poverty measurement in India as it helps in determining eligibility for government welfare programs, identifying the extent of poverty, setting poverty reduction targets, and allocating resources to address poverty effectively.

The text mentions that this type of employment situation, where a person gets some work during some parts of the year but not regularly throughout the year, is referred to as seasonal unemployment.

In the context of unemployment measurement by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), "usual status" refers to a person's employment status over a longer period, not just a short-term assessment.

The provided text cites several causes of poverty in India, including inequality of income and wealth, unemployment, and underdevelopment. These factors contribute significantly to the issue of poverty in the country.

The text mentions that rural unemployment in India is largely characterized by the existence of disguised unemployment. Disguised unemployment often occurs in agricultural settings and involves individuals who are employed but could be removed without affecting overall productivity.

According to the text, the Rangarajan committee recommended a higher poverty line, which resulted in an increase in the number of people considered poor in India. This change in the poverty line definition led to a higher poverty ratio.