All questions of Indian - Thematic for SSC CGL Exam

Options aren't correctly given here.Narmda and Tapi are the only two major rivers which flow into Arabian Sea.
Mahanadi flow into Bay of Bengal.

The river system known as the Dakshina Ganga, or the Ganges of the South, is the Kaveri River system. The Kaveri River is one of the major rivers in India and is often referred to as the Ganges of the South due to its cultural and religious significance, as well as its importance in supporting agriculture and livelihoods in the region.

Here are the key details about the Kaveri River system:

1. Origin: The Kaveri River originates in the Brahmagiri Hills of the Western Ghats in Karnataka. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers, the Bhavani and the Amravati.

2. Flow: The river flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It covers a total length of about 800 kilometers.

3. Tributaries: The Kaveri River has several tributaries, including the Shimsha, Hemavati, Arkavati, Kabini, and Amaravati rivers. These tributaries contribute to the overall flow and water availability in the river system.

4. Importance: The Kaveri River plays a crucial role in the agricultural economy of the region. It is a lifeline for farmers as it provides water for irrigation, enabling the cultivation of various crops such as rice, sugarcane, and cotton. The river also supports the generation of hydroelectric power.

5. Cultural Significance: The Kaveri River holds immense cultural and religious significance for the people of South India. It is considered sacred and is associated with various mythological stories and legends. The river is believed to have the power to wash away sins, and many people undertake pilgrimages to its banks.

6. Disputes: The sharing of water from the Kaveri River has been a contentious issue between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. There have been disputes over the allocation of water for irrigation and drinking purposes, leading to conflicts and legal battles.

In conclusion, the Kaveri River system, also known as the Dakshina Ganga or Ganges of the South, is an important river in South India. It supports agriculture, provides water for irrigation, and holds cultural and religious significance for the people of the region.

Thorn Forests are characterized by thorny trees and bushes. These forests are found in regions with low rainfall and high temperatures, such as arid and semi-arid areas. Let's explore the characteristics and significance of Thorn Forests in detail.

1. Characteristics of Thorn Forests:
- Vegetation: Thorn Forests are dominated by thorny trees and bushes, which have adapted to survive in dry and harsh conditions. Examples of thorny trees include Acacia, Prosopis, and Ziziphus. These trees have small leaves or modified leaf structures to reduce water loss.
- Thorny Shrubs: Apart from trees, Thorn Forests also consist of thorny shrubs like Capparis, Salvadora, and Calligonum. These shrubs have long thorns and help in water conservation.
- Sparse Canopy: The canopy cover in Thorn Forests is relatively sparse due to the arid conditions. The trees and shrubs are spaced apart to reduce competition for limited resources.

2. Adaptations of Thorn Forests:
- Xerophytic Adaptations: The plants in Thorn Forests have several xerophytic adaptations to cope with low water availability. These adaptations include reduced leaf surface area, thick waxy cuticles to minimize water loss, and deep root systems to access groundwater.
- Thorny Structures: The presence of thorns in trees and shrubs serves multiple purposes. They act as a deterrent to herbivores, protect the plants from excessive heat and water loss, and reduce transpiration by shading the leaves.

3. Significance of Thorn Forests:
- Biodiversity: Thorn Forests support a unique and diverse range of plant and animal species that have adapted to the arid conditions. Many species of birds, insects, reptiles, and mammals are found in these forests.
- Ecosystem Services: Despite the harsh conditions, Thorn Forests provide several ecosystem services. They help in soil conservation, prevent desertification, and act as carbon sinks by storing carbon dioxide.
- Livelihoods: Thorn Forests are often inhabited by local communities who rely on these ecosystems for their livelihoods. They utilize the resources for grazing livestock, gathering firewood, and traditional medicine.

In conclusion, Thorn Forests are characterized by thorny trees and shrubs that have adapted to survive in arid and semi-arid conditions. These forests play a crucial role in supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services in regions with low rainfall and high temperatures.

Decadal growth rate refers to the percentage increase in population over a period of ten years. In this case, we are looking at the decadal growth rate of India's population between 2001 and 2011.

The correct answer to the question is option 'B', which is 17.64%.

Here's an explanation of how this answer is derived:

Calculation:
Decadal growth rate = ((Population in 2011 - Population in 2001) / Population in 2001) * 100

Step 1: Find the population in 2001 and 2011
According to the Census of India, the population of India in 2001 was 1,028,737,436 (approximately 1.03 billion).
The population of India in 2011 was 1,210,854,977 (approximately 1.21 billion).

Step 2: Calculate the difference in population between 2011 and 2001
Population difference = 1,210,854,977 - 1,028,737,436 = 182,117,541

Step 3: Calculate the decadal growth rate
Decadal growth rate = (182,117,541 / 1,028,737,436) * 100 = 17.64%

Therefore, the decadal growth rate of India's population between 2001 and 2011 is 17.64%.

Explanation:
The decadal growth rate of India's population is a measure of the rate at which the population is increasing over a period of ten years. It is an important indicator to understand the demographic changes happening in a country.

In this case, the decadal growth rate between 2001 and 2011 is 17.64%. This means that India's population increased by approximately 182 million people during this period.

This growth rate of 17.64% indicates that India's population is growing at a significant pace. It highlights the challenges and opportunities that arise with a large and growing population, such as the need for adequate healthcare, education, infrastructure, and employment opportunities.

It is crucial for policymakers and government authorities to take into account the population growth rate while planning for the future development and welfare of the country. This includes initiatives to control population growth, promote family planning, and ensure sustainable development.

Overall, the decadal growth rate of India's population between 2001 and 2011 was 17.64%, reflecting the ongoing demographic changes and the need for effective population management strategies.

Alluvial soil is the most abundant soil type in India. It covers a significant portion of the country's land area and is found in the Indo-Gangetic plains and coastal areas. Here is a detailed explanation of why alluvial soil is the most abundant in India:

Formation of Alluvial Soil:
Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers and streams. It is a result of the weathering and erosion of the Himalayas, as well as the peninsular plateau. The rivers bring along fertile materials such as silt, sand, clay, and organic matter, which get deposited on the floodplains and deltas.

Characteristics of Alluvial Soil:
- Alluvial soil is fertile and rich in nutrients, making it suitable for agriculture. It is composed of fine particles such as clay, silt, and sand.
- It has excellent water-holding capacity due to its high clay content.
- The soil is well-drained, preventing waterlogging.
- Alluvial soil is generally neutral to slightly alkaline in nature.
- It is easy to cultivate and has good workability.

Distribution of Alluvial Soil in India:
- Indo-Gangetic Plains: The largest expanse of alluvial soil is found in the Indo-Gangetic plains, covering states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and parts of Punjab and Haryana. The fertile soil in this region supports extensive agriculture and is known as the "Granary of India."
- Coastal Plains: Alluvial soil is also found in the coastal plains of India, particularly in the deltas of major rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, and Cauvery. These regions have fertile soil suitable for rice cultivation.

Importance of Alluvial Soil:
- Agriculture: Alluvial soil is highly productive and supports a wide range of crops. It is used for cultivating rice, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, jute, and various vegetables and fruits.
- Population: The abundance of alluvial soil has contributed to the growth of human settlements and dense population in the Indo-Gangetic plains.
- Economic significance: The fertile soil has played a crucial role in the development of agriculture-based industries and has contributed to India's economy.

In conclusion, alluvial soil is the most abundant soil type in India due to its formation by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers and streams. It is fertile, well-drained, and highly suitable for agriculture. The extensive distribution of alluvial soil in the Indo-Gangetic plains and coastal areas has made it a significant contributor to India's agricultural productivity and economic growth.

India has petroleum reserves located in various regions of the country. The correct answer is option 'D', which states that the petroleum reserves are found in Assam, Gujarat, and Mumbai High. Let's discuss each of these regions in detail:

1. Assam:
- Assam is one of the major regions in India where petroleum reserves are found.
- The state of Assam is known for its rich oil and gas resources, especially in the Upper Assam region.
- The Digboi oilfield in Assam, discovered in 1889, is the oldest oilfield in India and has been producing oil for over a century.
- Other significant oilfields in Assam include Naharkatiya, Moran, Hugrijan, and Rudrasagar.
- These oilfields contribute significantly to India's domestic oil production and are operated by companies like Oil India Limited and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).

2. Gujarat:
- Gujarat is another important region in India where petroleum reserves are found.
- The state has several oil and gas fields, both onshore and offshore.
- The Ankleshwar and Kalol fields in Gujarat are among the oldest and largest onshore oilfields in the country.
- The Cambay basin, located in Gujarat, is one of the major petroleum basins in India and has significant reserves of oil and gas.
- Gujarat also has offshore oilfields in the Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch, and the Arabian Sea, including the prolific Bombay High field.

3. Mumbai High:
- Mumbai High is an offshore oilfield located in the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Maharashtra.
- It is one of the largest and most productive oilfields in India.
- Discovered in 1974, Mumbai High has been a major contributor to India's oil production.
- The oilfield is operated by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and has multiple platforms extracting oil and gas from beneath the seabed.

In conclusion, the petroleum reserves in India are found in Assam, Gujarat, and Mumbai High. These regions have significant oil and gas resources, and their exploration and production contribute to India's domestic energy needs.

Andaman Islands is the correct answer.

Explanation:
The Andaman Islands is the physiographic division of India that is known for its coral deposits. These islands are located in the Bay of Bengal and are a part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India.

The Andaman Islands are a group of islands that are situated to the southeast of the Indian mainland. There are a total of 572 islands in the Andaman Islands group, out of which only a few are inhabited. The major islands in this group include North Andaman Island, Middle Andaman Island, South Andaman Island, Little Andaman Island, and Baratang Island, among others.

The Andaman Islands are known for their rich biodiversity, including coral reefs. Coral deposits are formed by the accumulation of the skeletons of coral polyps over time. The islands are home to a variety of coral species, which contribute to the formation of these deposits. The coral reefs in the Andaman Islands are renowned for their vibrant colors and diverse marine life.

The presence of coral deposits in the Andaman Islands makes them a popular destination for snorkeling and scuba diving enthusiasts. Tourists from around the world visit these islands to explore the underwater world and witness the beauty of the coral reefs. The Andaman Islands offer numerous opportunities for underwater activities, allowing visitors to experience the rich marine ecosystem up close.

In conclusion, the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal is the physiographic division of India known for its coral deposits. These islands are a treasure trove of biodiversity, with their vibrant coral reefs attracting tourists and nature enthusiasts from across the globe.

Indus River

The Indus River is one of the major rivers in South Asia, flowing through Pakistan. It originates in the Kailash Mountain in Tibet and then flows through the northern regions of India before entering Pakistan. Here is a detailed explanation of the Indus River:

Origin and Course:
- The Indus River has its source in the Kailash Mountain in the Tibetan Plateau. It begins at an elevation of about 5,500 meters.
- From its origin, the river flows northwest through the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, before entering Pakistan.
- In Pakistan, the river continues its course through the provinces of Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh, eventually draining into the Arabian Sea.

Significance:
- The Indus River is of great significance to Pakistan as it provides water for irrigation and supports the country's agricultural sector.
- It is one of the lifelines of Pakistan's economy, as it supports the cultivation of major crops such as wheat, rice, and cotton.
- The river also serves as a source of drinking water for millions of people residing along its course.

Hydroelectric Power Generation:
- The Indus River is utilized for hydroelectric power generation in Pakistan. Several dams and barrages have been constructed along its course to harness its water potential.
- The Tarbela Dam and the Mangla Dam, both located on the Indus River, are the largest dams in Pakistan and contribute significantly to the country's electricity production.

Indus Valley Civilization:
- The Indus River holds historical and cultural significance as it was the cradle of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
- The Indus Valley Civilization, which existed around 2500 BCE, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations.
- The river played a crucial role in the development and sustenance of this civilization, with cities and settlements located along its banks.

In conclusion, the Indus River is an important river in Pakistan, originating in the Kailash Mountain in Tibet. It supports agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and holds historical significance as the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Ganga River System
The Ganga River System is the largest and most sacred river system in India. It holds immense cultural, religious, and historical significance for the people of India.

Key Points:
- The Ganga River, also known as the Ganges, originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas and flows through northern India.
- It is considered sacred by Hindus and is worshipped as the goddess Ganga. Many rituals and ceremonies take place along its banks.
- The Ganga River System is home to several major cities, including Varanasi, Allahabad, and Patna, which have been centers of culture and civilization for centuries.
- The river provides water for irrigation, transportation, and sustenance to millions of people living along its banks.
- The Ganga River is also known for its biodiversity, supporting a rich variety of flora and fauna in its ecosystem.
- Efforts are being made to clean and rejuvenate the Ganga River System, as pollution and industrial waste have taken a toll on its health.
Overall, the Ganga River System plays a crucial role in the lives of the people of India and is a symbol of spirituality, purity, and life itself.

Factors influencing the development of Indian Railways:

Geographical factors:
Geographical factors play a significant role in the development of Indian Railways. India's vast size and diverse terrain have influenced the expansion of railway networks. The presence of natural barriers such as mountains, rivers, and forests has necessitated the construction of tunnels, bridges, and other infrastructure to connect different regions.

Economic factors:
Economic factors also play a crucial role in the development of Indian Railways. The demand for transportation of goods and passengers, economic growth, industrialization, and government policies all impact the expansion and modernization of the railway network. Investments in the railways are influenced by economic considerations such as cost-benefit analysis and revenue generation.

Technological factors:
Technological advancements have a significant impact on the development of Indian Railways. The introduction of new technologies such as electrification, high-speed trains, signaling systems, and automated operations has improved the efficiency, safety, and capacity of the railway network. These technological developments have enabled the Indian Railways to modernize and meet the growing demands of passengers and freight transport.

Political factors:
While political factors can influence the development of Indian Railways, they do not have a direct impact on the infrastructure and operational aspects of the railway network. Political decisions related to funding, policies, and governance can impact the pace and direction of railway development. However, the primary drivers of railway development are usually geographical, economic, and technological factors.

The main mineral responsible for India's nuclear industry is Uranium.

Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element that is widely used as a fuel in nuclear power plants to generate electricity. It is the main source of energy in the nuclear industry and plays a crucial role in India's nuclear program.

Here are some key points explaining why Uranium is the main mineral responsible for India's nuclear industry:

1. Importance of Nuclear Energy in India:
- Nuclear energy is a vital component of India's energy mix, contributing to the country's electricity generation.
- It helps in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promotes a cleaner and more sustainable energy source.

2. Uranium as a Fuel for Nuclear Reactors:
- Uranium is the primary fuel used in nuclear reactors to produce heat, which is then converted into electricity.
- In India, the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology is predominantly used, which requires natural uranium as fuel.

3. Uranium Reserves in India:
- India has limited reserves of natural uranium compared to other countries.
- The major uranium reserves in India are located in the states of Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, and Meghalaya.
- These reserves are primarily exploited by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and its subsidiaries.

4. Uranium Mining and Processing:
- Uranium mining involves the extraction of uranium ore from the earth's crust.
- The mined uranium ore goes through various processing stages to convert it into a form suitable for use in nuclear reactors.
- India has established mining and processing facilities to extract and process uranium ore.

5. Uranium Enrichment:
- After mining and processing, uranium needs to be enriched to increase the concentration of the fissile isotope uranium-235.
- India has developed indigenous uranium enrichment technology, which helps in meeting the fuel requirements of its nuclear reactors.

6. Nuclear Power Plants in India:
- India operates a significant number of nuclear power plants across the country.
- These power plants utilize uranium as fuel to generate electricity and contribute to the national grid.

In conclusion, Uranium is the main mineral responsible for India's nuclear industry due to its importance as a fuel in nuclear reactors, limited reserves in India, and the need for uranium mining, processing, and enrichment to meet the country's nuclear energy requirements.

The population of India according to the 2011 Census was 1.324 billion.

Explanation:
The 2011 Census of India is the 15th national census conducted by the Government of India. It was conducted in two phases - the first phase was from April to September 2010 and the second phase was from February to March 2011. The data collected during this census provides valuable information about the population, demographics, and socio-economic characteristics of the country.

The 2011 Census revealed that the population of India had reached 1.324 billion. This population count was a significant increase from the previous census conducted in 2001, which recorded a population of 1.028 billion. The population growth rate during this period was approximately 17.64%.

Key factors contributing to the population increase:

1. High Birth Rate: India has traditionally had a high birth rate, which has contributed to the population growth. The birth rate refers to the number of births per 1,000 people in a given year.

2. Declining Death Rate: The death rate in India has been decreasing due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and overall living conditions. This has led to an increase in life expectancy and a higher population.

3. Improved Infrastructure: The development of infrastructure, such as better transportation and healthcare facilities, has contributed to improved access to services and a decline in mortality rates.

4. Social Factors: Cultural and social factors, such as the preference for large families and the limited availability of family planning resources in some regions, have also played a role in the population growth.

Impact of population growth:

1. Pressure on Resources: The growing population puts pressure on resources such as land, water, and energy. This can lead to issues such as scarcity, environmental degradation, and increased competition for resources.

2. Urbanization: The increase in population has resulted in rapid urbanization, with a significant migration of people from rural areas to urban centers. This has led to challenges in infrastructure development and the provision of basic services in cities.

3. Employment: The growing population poses a challenge in terms of providing employment opportunities for a large number of people, particularly in sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing.

In conclusion, the population of India according to the 2011 Census was 1.324 billion. Factors such as high birth rates, declining death rates, improved infrastructure, and social factors have contributed to this population growth. The increasing population has both positive and negative implications, requiring careful planning and management to ensure sustainable development and well-being for all citizens.