All questions of Religious Movements: Bhakti & Sufi Movement for SSC CGL Exam

Introduction to Dvaita Philosophy
Dvaita, or dualism, is a significant school of philosophy in Hindu thought that emphasizes the distinction between the individual soul (Atman) and the supreme God (Brahman).
Madhvacharya: The Founder
- Madhvacharya, also known as Madhva, was the founder of the Dvaita school of philosophy in the 13th century.
- He established the doctrine that posits a clear distinction between the divine and the individual, asserting that the soul and God are eternally different.
Key Contributions
- Philosophical Texts: Madhvacharya wrote numerous texts, including the "Brahma Sutra Bhashya," which outlines his philosophical views.
- Critique of Advaita: He critiqued the non-dualism of Advaita Vedanta, founded by Shankaracharya, advocating for a dualistic interpretation of reality.
Role in Bhakti Movement
- Madhvacharya was instrumental in the Bhakti movement in Karnataka, promoting devotion (Bhakti) towards a personal God, particularly Lord Vishnu.
- His teachings emphasized love, devotion, and surrender to God, significantly influencing the spiritual landscape of South India.
Legacy
- The Dvaita philosophy laid the groundwork for various devotional practices that shaped the culture and spirituality of Karnataka.
- His followers established several monastic institutions that continue to promote his teachings and philosophy.
In summary, Madhvacharya's contributions to Dvaita philosophy and the Bhakti movement are foundational and continue to resonate in contemporary spiritual practices in India.

Chaitanya Prabhu's Initiation into Krishna Cult
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement, is known for his profound devotion to Lord Krishna. His initiation into the Krishna cult at the age of 22 in Gaya is a significant event in his spiritual journey.
Who Initiated Him?
- Chaitanya Prabhu was initiated by a recluse during his visit to Gaya.
- This initiation played a crucial role in his transformation and subsequent role as a spiritual leader.
Significance of Gaya
- Gaya is considered a sacred place in Hinduism, particularly for performing rites for the deceased.
- It is also a significant pilgrimage site where many seekers go for spiritual enlightenment.
The Role of the Recluse
- The recluse who initiated Chaitanya is often viewed as a mystical figure who imparted deep spiritual wisdom.
- This encounter catalyzed Chaitanya’s devotion and led him to spread the teachings of Krishna.
Impact on the Bhakti Movement
- Following his initiation, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu became a pivotal figure in the Krishna consciousness movement.
- He emphasized the chanting of the holy names and the importance of devotion towards God.
Legacy
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings continue to inspire millions worldwide.
- His life and philosophy have laid the foundation for various sects within Hinduism, particularly the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition.
In summary, Chaitanya Prabhu's initiation by a recluse in Gaya marked a transformative phase in his life, leading him to become one of the most revered saints in the Krishna cult, thus impacting the spiritual landscape of India.

Guru Nanak's Teachings on Purity
Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, is renowned for emphasizing the importance of purity of character and conduct as fundamental to spiritual practice and approaching God. His teachings laid the foundation for the Sikh way of life.
Core Principles of Guru Nanak's Philosophy
- Character and Conduct: Guru Nanak taught that one's character is a reflection of their spiritual state. He believed that purity in thoughts, words, and deeds is essential for a true connection with the Divine.
- Self-Discipline: He emphasized self-discipline, integrity, and moral living as prerequisites for anyone seeking to understand God. This approach encourages individuals to live a life of honesty and service.
- Equality and Humility: Guru Nanak's teachings also stress the importance of humility and equality among all human beings. He advocated for the eradication of caste distinctions and social barriers.
Spiritual Practice
- Meditation and Reflection: Engaging in meditation and reflection on God's name (Naam) is a key practice recommended by Guru Nanak. This spiritual discipline fosters a pure heart and mind.
- Community Service: He promoted the concept of 'Seva' (selfless service), asserting that serving humanity is a vital aspect of approaching God.
Conclusion
Guru Nanak’s emphasis on purity of character and conduct underscores the belief that spiritual progression is intrinsically linked to ethical living and moral integrity. His teachings continue to inspire millions, guiding them on the path to spiritual fulfillment.

Ekanath
Ekanath, also known as Sant Eknath, was a saint-poet who lived in Maharashtra, India during the 16th century. He was a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement and composed numerous devotional songs and abhangas (religious poems).

Opposition to Caste Distinctions
Ekanath was known for his strong opposition to caste distinctions and discrimination. He believed in the equality of all individuals, regardless of their caste or social status. Ekanath showed great sympathy and compassion towards people of low castes, advocating for their rights and dignity.

Social Reforms
Ekanath actively worked towards social reforms and challenged the prevailing social norms that perpetuated caste-based discrimination. He emphasized the importance of inner purity and devotion to God over external factors such as caste or social status.

Legacy
Ekanath's teachings and writings continue to inspire people to this day. His message of love, compassion, and equality transcends boundaries of caste, religion, and nationality. Ekanath's life and work serve as a powerful example of standing up against injustice and promoting social harmony.
In conclusion, Ekanath was a saint-poet who was opposed to caste distinctions and showed great sympathy for people of low castes. His teachings and actions continue to have a lasting impact on society, advocating for equality and justice for all.