All questions of Ionic Theory for SSS 2 Exam

Metal atoms form ions by losing electrons to form positive ions. This process is called ionization or oxidation. When a metal atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes positively charged because there are now more protons than electrons in the atom. The resulting positive ion is called a cation.

Here is a detailed explanation of how metal atoms form positive ions:

1. Valence electrons: Metal atoms have few valence electrons in their outermost energy level. These electrons are loosely held by the nucleus and can be easily removed.

2. Electron loss: When a metal atom comes into contact with a non-metal atom or a molecule with a higher electronegativity, the non-metal atom attracts the valence electrons of the metal atom more strongly. This attraction can cause the valence electrons to be transferred from the metal atom to the non-metal atom.

3. Formation of positive ions: As a result of electron loss, the metal atom becomes positively charged. The number of protons in the nucleus remains the same, but the number of electrons decreases, leading to an overall positive charge. The metal atom has now transformed into a positive ion or cation.

4. Stable electronic configuration: Metal atoms tend to lose electrons in order to achieve a stable electronic configuration. By losing electrons, they can attain a completely filled valence shell, which is energetically favorable. For example, most metals tend to lose their valence electrons to achieve a stable configuration similar to that of a noble gas.

5. Ionic compounds: The formation of positive metal ions is essential for the formation of ionic compounds. In ionic compounds, positive metal ions are attracted to negative non-metal ions, forming a strong electrostatic bond. This bond is the result of the attraction between opposite charges, which allows the compound to have a stable structure.

In summary, metal atoms form positive ions by losing electrons. This process allows them to achieve a stable electronic configuration and participate in the formation of ionic compounds.

Bromine belongs to Group 7 of the periodic table, also known as Group 17 or the halogens. The halogens are highly reactive nonmetals and have seven valence electrons, which means they are only one electron away from having a full outer electron shell. In order to achieve a full shell, halogens tend to gain one electron to form anions with a charge of -1.

Now, let's understand this in more detail.

Barium (Ba) is an element in the periodic table, and its ion has a formula of Ba2+. To identify the group of the periodic table that this element belongs to, we need to understand the organization of the periodic table and how ions are formed.

Organization of the periodic table:
- The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
- The elements are grouped into periods (horizontal rows) and groups (vertical columns).

Formation of ions:
- An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
- Cations are positively charged ions that are formed when an atom loses electrons.
- Anions are negatively charged ions that are formed when an atom gains electrons.

Explanation:
- The formula Ba2+ indicates that the barium ion has a charge of 2+, meaning it has lost two electrons.
- The atomic number of barium is 56, which means it has 56 electrons in its neutral state.
- By losing two electrons, the barium ion (Ba2+) now has 54 electrons.
- Barium belongs to Group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals group.
- Group 2 elements have two valence electrons in their outermost energy level.
- By losing these two valence electrons, barium achieves a stable electron configuration similar to that of a noble gas (neon).
- The elements in Group 2 have similar chemical properties due to their shared valence electron configuration.

Conclusion:
Based on the given formula Ba2+, the element barium (Ba) belongs to Group 2 of the periodic table. Group 2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals and have two valence electrons in their outermost energy level.