All questions of Chemistry & Industry for JAMB Exam

Understanding the Industry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments
Synthetic dyes and pigments are primarily produced by the textile industry, which plays a crucial role in coloring fabrics and enhancing their aesthetic appeal.
Key Reasons Why the Textile Industry is Responsible:
- Core Function: The textile industry focuses on the design and manufacture of fabrics, where coloration is essential for product differentiation and consumer appeal.
- Use of Synthetic Dyes: Synthetic dyes provide a wide range of colors and are often more vibrant, consistent, and long-lasting than natural dyes, making them the preferred choice for textile applications.
- Innovation and Technology: The textile industry continually invests in research to develop new dyes and pigments, improving their properties while also addressing environmental concerns.
- Production Scale: The scale of dye production in the textile sector is immense, as millions of yards of fabric are dyed each year to meet global demand.
- Interconnectedness with Other Industries: While the petrochemical industry supplies the raw materials for many synthetic dyes, the actual production and application are firmly rooted in the textile sector.
Conclusion
In summary, while synthetic dyes may originate from petrochemical processes, their primary application and the industry most responsible for their production is undeniably the textile industry. This sector’s emphasis on color and fabric quality makes it the forefront leader in the production of synthetic dyes and pigments.

Raw Material for Ammonia Production in Fertilizer Industry
Ammonia is a key ingredient in the production of fertilizers, and it is primarily manufactured using natural gas as the raw material. Here's a detailed explanation:

Natural Gas as Raw Material
- Natural gas, which mainly consists of methane, is the primary feedstock for ammonia production.
- The process of producing ammonia involves the Haber-Bosch process, where natural gas is reacted with steam to produce hydrogen gas.
- The hydrogen gas is then combined with nitrogen from the air under high pressure and temperature to produce ammonia.
- This ammonia is further processed to create various types of fertilizers that are essential for crop growth and soil fertility.

Advantages of Using Natural Gas
- Natural gas is a cost-effective and abundant source of feedstock for ammonia production.
- It offers a high purity of hydrogen, which is crucial for the synthesis of ammonia.
- The process of converting natural gas into ammonia is well-established and efficient, making it a preferred choice for the fertilizer industry.

Other Raw Materials
- While natural gas is the primary raw material for ammonia production, other inputs such as water (for steam), air (for nitrogen), and catalysts are also essential for the process.
- Additionally, small amounts of other chemicals may be used to optimize the production process and enhance the quality of the final product.
In conclusion, natural gas plays a crucial role in the production of ammonia for the fertilizer industry due to its cost-effectiveness, abundance, and efficiency in the production process.