All questions of Infrastructure for Humanities/Arts Exam

Introduction
Kerala, often referred to as "God's Own Country," is a state located in the southwestern region of India. This moniker reflects its stunning natural beauty and rich cultural heritage, but it is also renowned for its remarkable achievements in literacy and healthcare.

Excellence in Literacy
- Kerala boasts one of the highest literacy rates in India, standing at around 96%.
- The state has prioritized education, leading to a robust public education system.
- Initiatives like the "Kerala Literacy Mission" have significantly contributed to adult literacy and skill development.

Healthcare Achievements
- Kerala has established an extensive healthcare system that provides accessible and affordable medical services to its citizens.
- The state ranks high in various health indicators, including life expectancy and maternal and child health.
- The "Ayushman Bharat" scheme and other healthcare initiatives have further improved health access and quality.

Conclusion
Kerala's focus on education and healthcare has set a benchmark for other states in India. The state's commitment to social welfare and development has contributed to its reputation as a leader in these critical areas, making it a model for sustainable growth and quality of life.

In the programme, various activities and events are planned and scheduled to take place. This can include things like workshops, presentations, performances, discussions, networking sessions, and more.

The programme is usually organized in a structured manner, with specific time slots allocated for each activity. These time slots can range from a few minutes to several hours, depending on the nature and importance of the activity.

The programme is often designed to cater to a wide range of interests and preferences. For example, there may be different tracks or themes within the programme, allowing participants to choose the activities that align with their interests or professional goals.

In addition to the scheduled activities, there may also be breaks and social events included in the programme. These provide attendees with opportunities to relax, network, and engage in informal conversations with other participants.

The programme is typically shared with participants in advance, either through a printed booklet or an online platform. This allows attendees to plan their schedule and make the most of their time at the event.

Overall, the programme plays a crucial role in ensuring that the event is organized and runs smoothly. It serves as a guide for both organizers and participants, helping to create a structured and engaging experience for everyone involved.

GBD stands for Global Burden Disease
- GBD is an abbreviation for Global Burden Disease, a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors.
- It is a systematic analysis conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and provides a comprehensive view of global health trends and the impact of diseases and injuries on populations.
- GBD measures the burden of diseases in terms of years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
- It takes into account various factors such as age, sex, and geography to estimate the burden of diseases and injuries worldwide.
- GBD provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and public health professionals to prioritize health interventions and allocate resources effectively.
- The findings from GBD help in understanding the leading causes of death and disability globally and guide efforts to improve health outcomes.
- GBD is an ongoing project that updates its estimates periodically to reflect the changing patterns of diseases and risk factors.
- The data generated by GBD is freely available and accessible to researchers and policymakers for further analysis and decision-making.

Secondary sources of energy are those forms of energy that are derived from primary sources of energy. These secondary sources are often more convenient and practical for use in various applications. Among the options given, electricity is considered a secondary source of energy.

Electricity as a Secondary Source of Energy:

1. Definition and Explanation:
Electricity is a secondary source of energy because it is produced from other primary sources of energy such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, hydrocarbons, or renewable energy sources. It is generated through various processes like thermal power generation, hydroelectric power generation, nuclear power generation, and renewable energy technologies.

2. Production Process:
Electricity is generated by converting different forms of energy into electrical energy. For example:
- Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are burned to produce heat, which is then used to generate steam. The steam drives a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity.
- Nuclear Energy: In nuclear power plants, the heat generated by nuclear fission reactions is used to produce steam, which drives the turbines and generates electricity.
- Renewable Energy: Renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energy are converted into electricity using specific technologies.

3. Transmission and Distribution:
Once electricity is generated, it is transmitted through power lines and distributed to homes, industries, and other facilities for consumption. This transmission and distribution process involves transformers, substations, and electricity grids to ensure electricity reaches its intended destinations.

4. Versatility and Applications:
Electricity is a versatile form of energy that can be easily converted into various other forms such as mechanical, thermal, and light energy. It can power a wide range of applications, including lighting, heating, cooling, transportation, industrial processes, and electronic devices.

5. Advantages:
- Clean Energy: Depending on the primary source of energy used for generation, electricity can be a cleaner and more environmentally friendly option compared to direct combustion of fossil fuels.
- Efficiency: Electricity can be generated centrally and distributed efficiently, reducing the need for individual energy generation systems.
- Convenience: Electricity is easily transportable and can be used in remote areas through the establishment of power grids.

In conclusion, electricity is a secondary source of energy as it is produced from primary sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, hydrocarbons, and renewable energy sources. It plays a crucial role in powering various applications and is considered a convenient and versatile form of energy.

To determine which source has the largest share of energy consumption out of the total commercial energy consumption in India, we need to analyze the given options and their respective shares.
Given Options:
A: Hydro energy
B: Natural gas
C: Coal
D: Oil
Analysis:
Out of the given options, we need to find the source that has the largest share of consumption, which means we are looking for the option with the highest percentage.
Source with Largest Share:
To find the source with the largest share, we need to compare the percentages of each option.
- Hydro energy: No specific percentage is mentioned.
- Natural gas: No specific percentage is mentioned.
- Coal: No specific percentage is mentioned.
- Oil: No specific percentage is mentioned.
Since no specific percentages are provided for each option, we cannot determine the source with the largest share based on the given information.

PMSSY was first launched in March 2006 with the primary objective of correcting the imbalances in availability of affordable/reliable tertiary level healthcare in the country in general and to augment facilities for quality medical education in the under-served States.

Million tonnes of oil equivalent, which is unit of energy

Morbidity is the correct option among the given choices. It refers to the state of being unhealthy or the propensity to fall ill. Morbidity affects a person's daily routine and work by making them temporarily disabled due to their illness.

Importance of Morbidity

Morbidity is an important factor to consider when assessing the health status of a population. It helps in identifying the burden of diseases in a particular region, which in turn helps in planning and implementing healthcare services. By measuring morbidity rates, healthcare providers can determine the prevalence of diseases and their impact on individuals and communities.

Impact on Work

Morbidity can have a significant impact on an individual's work and productivity. Illness can result in absenteeism, decreased efficiency, and decreased quality of work. In some cases, it may even lead to permanent disability and inability to work. Morbidity not only affects the individual but also their families and the broader society.

Prevention and Control

Prevention and control of morbidity requires a multi-pronged approach. It involves promoting healthy lifestyles and practices such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and alcohol. It also involves providing access to quality healthcare services, including preventive measures such as vaccinations, early diagnosis, and treatment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, morbidity is a critical factor in assessing the health status of a population. It can significantly impact an individual's ability to work and productivity. Preventive measures and access to quality healthcare services are crucial in controlling morbidity rates and improving overall health outcomes.

Understanding Energy Consumption Sources
Energy consumption can be categorized into two main sources: commercial and non-commercial. In many regions, particularly in developing countries, non-commercial energy sources play a significant role in total energy consumption.

What is Non-Commercial Energy?
- Non-commercial energy refers to energy sources that are not traded in commercial markets.
- This includes traditional biomass (like wood, agricultural waste), animal dung, and other forms of renewable energy used for cooking, heating, and other household needs.

Contribution to Total Energy Consumption
- Non-commercial sources account for around 30% of total energy consumption globally, particularly in rural areas.
- These energy sources are vital for households that do not have access to modern energy systems or rely on them for their daily energy needs.

Why Non-Commercial Sources are Significant?
- **Accessibility**: Non-commercial energy is often more accessible to low-income households.
- **Affordability**: It usually comes at a lower cost than commercially traded energy sources.
- **Cultural Relevance**: Many communities have a long-standing tradition of using these energy sources.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the answer to the question about which energy source accounts for 30% of total energy consumption is indeed **non-commercial energy**. This highlights the importance of understanding diverse energy consumption patterns and the need for sustainable practices in using these energy sources.

Explanation:
When coal is used for electricity generation and the electricity generated is consumed by industries, coal becomes the primary source of energy. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Primary source:
- A primary source refers to the original and direct source of energy.
- In this case, coal is directly used for electricity generation.
- Coal is burned in power plants to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
2. Electricity generation:
- When coal is burned, it releases heat energy, which is converted into electrical energy through the process of electricity generation.
- The electricity generated is a secondary form of energy.
3. Consumption by industries:
- The electricity generated from coal is then consumed by industries for various purposes such as manufacturing, production, and operation of machinery.
- Industries rely on electricity as a source of power to carry out their day-to-day activities.
4. Conclusion:
- In this scenario, coal is considered the primary source of energy because it is directly used for electricity generation.
- The electricity generated from coal is a secondary source of energy.
- The industries consuming this electricity rely on coal as the primary source of energy for their operations.

Health means:
- Absence of disease: This refers to the state of being free from any illness or medical condition. It implies that a person is physically and mentally well without any signs or symptoms of disease.
- Ability to realize one's potential: Health is not just the absence of disease but also the ability to function optimally and achieve one's goals. It encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, enabling individuals to live a fulfilling and productive life.
- Both: Health is a holistic concept that includes both the absence of disease and the ability to realize one's potential. It goes beyond the absence of illness and focuses on overall well-being and the capacity to lead a meaningful life.
- None: This option is incorrect as health is not just the absence of disease but also encompasses other aspects of well-being and personal growth.
In conclusion, health is not only about being disease-free but also about having the ability to reach one's full potential. It is a combination of physical, mental, and social well-being.

Limited Availability of Tap Water and Open Source Water in Rural Areas

Tap water availability and access to safe drinking water are essential for the well-being of rural households and communities. However, in many parts of the world, including India, tap water availability is limited, and people rely on open source water for their daily needs. The given question asks about the percentage of rural households with tap water availability and the percentage of the population who drink water from open sources.

Tap Water Availability in Rural Households: 24%

According to a report by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), only 24% of rural households in India have access to tap water. This means that the majority of rural households rely on other sources for their water needs, such as hand pumps, wells, or surface water bodies.

Open Source Water Consumption: 76%

The same report by the MDWS states that about 76% of the rural population drinks water from open sources. Open sources of water include rivers, lakes, ponds, springs, and other surface water bodies that are not treated or purified. Drinking water from such sources can pose health risks due to contamination by bacteria, viruses, and other pollutants.

Challenges in Improving Access to Safe Drinking Water in Rural Areas

Improving access to safe drinking water in rural areas is a complex challenge that requires addressing various factors, such as infrastructure, technology, behavior, and governance. Some of the key challenges include:

- Lack of adequate infrastructure for water supply and sanitation
- Limited financial and technical resources for water management
- Poor water quality due to contamination by human and animal waste, industrial effluents, and other sources
- Low awareness and adoption of safe water practices and technologies
- Inadequate governance and institutional arrangements for water management

Conclusion

The limited availability of tap water and the high reliance on open source water for drinking in rural areas pose significant health risks and development challenges. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach that involves improving infrastructure, promoting behavior change, strengthening governance and institutions, and leveraging innovative technologies and financing mechanisms.

India's Growing Demand for Electricity
Current Electricity Capacity Addition
- India is currently able to add only 20,000 MW of new capacity per year.
Need for Additional Capacity
- To meet the growing demand for electricity, India needs to add a significant amount of new capacity.
Required Capacity Addition
- The required capacity addition is 100,000 MW.
Comparison
- The current capacity addition of 20,000 MW is insufficient to meet the demand.
- India needs to add 100,000 MW of new capacity, but is only able to add 20,000 MW.
Answer
- The correct answer is D: 100,000 MW, 20,000 MW.
Explanation
- The question asks for the amount of new capacity that India needs to add in order to meet the growing demand for electricity.
- The question also provides the current capacity addition rate in India.
- By comparing the required capacity addition with the current capacity addition, we can determine the correct answer.
- The correct answer is D: 100,000 MW, 20,000 MW, as it correctly states that India needs to add 100,000 MW of new capacity, but is currently only able to add 20,000 MW.

The question asks for the percentage of households with an electricity connection and the percentage of households still using kerosene in rural India according to the census 2001.
According to the given options, the correct answer is B: 56,43. Let's break it down:
Percentage of households with an electricity connection:
- Option B states that 56% of households in rural India have an electricity connection. This means that more than half of the households in rural India have access to electricity.
Percentage of households still using kerosene:
- Option B also states that 43% of households in rural India still use kerosene. This means that a significant portion of households in rural India rely on kerosene for their energy needs.
Therefore, option B (56,43) is the correct answer based on the census 2001 data.

Explanation:
Nuclear energy is the energy that is released by the splitting of atomic nuclei. It is a form of non-renewable energy that is used to generate electricity. The share of nuclear energy in total primary energy consumption varies from country to country. In India, it accounts for only 2.4% of total primary energy consumption.

Factors affecting the share of nuclear energy in total primary energy consumption:
The share of nuclear energy in total primary energy consumption is affected by various factors such as:

1. Availability of uranium: The availability of uranium, which is the primary fuel used in nuclear reactors, affects the share of nuclear energy in total primary energy consumption. Countries with abundant reserves of uranium tend to rely more on nuclear energy.

2. Cost of nuclear energy: The cost of building and operating nuclear power plants is high. Therefore, the cost of nuclear energy affects its share in total primary energy consumption.

3. Public perception: Nuclear energy is a controversial topic due to concerns about nuclear accidents, nuclear waste disposal, and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The public perception of nuclear energy can affect its share in total primary energy consumption.

4. Government policies: Government policies such as subsidies, tax incentives, and regulations can affect the share of nuclear energy in total primary energy consumption.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, nuclear energy accounts for only 2.4% of total primary energy consumption in India. The share of nuclear energy in total primary energy consumption is affected by various factors such as the availability of uranium, the cost of nuclear energy, public perception, and government policies.