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All questions of Theme 3 - Kinship, Caste and Class for Humanities/Arts Exam

Panini’s ‘Ashtadhyayi’ is a work on
  • a)
    Sanskrit grammar.
  • b)
    Sanskrit history.
  • c)
    Sanskrit mantras.
  • d)
    Sanskrit plays.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Mahesh Banerjee answered
Panini was a grammarian from approximately 5th century BC. In the book 'Ashtadhyayi', he described the structure of Sanskrit completely in 3959 aphorisms, or sutras. Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit.
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What was the only occupation prescribed for Shudras?
  • a)
    Respect
  • b)
    Servitude
  • c)
    Enslavement
  • d)
    Glory
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pallavi Sen answered
The Only Prescribed Occupation for Shudras: Servitude

Shudras were considered the lowest caste in the Indian social hierarchy during the ancient period. The caste system in India was based on a hierarchical structure where people were divided into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Shudras were not allowed to perform any high-level jobs and were restricted to certain occupations. Let us discuss the only prescribed occupation for Shudras:

Background of Shudras

Shudras were considered the lowest caste in the Indian social hierarchy and were treated with contempt. They were not allowed to perform any high-level jobs and were restricted to certain occupations. They were not allowed to receive an education, enter temples, or read the holy scriptures. They were also not allowed to own property or have any social or political power.

The Only Prescribed Occupation for Shudras: Servitude

The only prescribed occupation for Shudras was servitude. They were supposed to serve the higher castes and perform menial jobs. They were considered to be impure and were not allowed to touch or come into contact with the higher castes. They were supposed to live outside the village and were not allowed to enter temples or other religious places.

Shudras were expected to serve the higher castes without any expectation of reward or recognition. They were supposed to work hard and do whatever was asked of them. They were not allowed to complain or protest against any injustice done to them.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the only prescribed occupation for Shudras was servitude. They were supposed to serve the higher castes and perform menial jobs. They were not allowed to receive an education, enter temples, or read the holy scriptures. They were supposed to live outside the village and were not allowed to enter temples or other religious places. They were expected to serve the higher castes without any expectation of reward or recognition.

Who developed an alternative understanding of social inequalities?
  • a)
    Buddhists
  • b)
    Alvars
  • c)
    Hindus
  • d)
    Vaisnavas
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjana Bose answered
The correct answer is option 'A' - Buddhists.

Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), provides an alternative understanding of social inequalities. Buddhism emerged in ancient India during a time when the caste system was deeply entrenched, and social inequalities were prevalent. The Buddha challenged the traditional understanding of social hierarchies and offered a different perspective on social inequalities.

Understandings of Social Inequalities in Buddhism:
1. Rejection of Caste System: Buddhism rejects the caste system, which divided society into rigid social classes based on birth. The Buddha emphasized that one's social status should not be determined by birth but by one's actions (karma) and spiritual attainment.

2. The Concept of Anatta (No-Self): Buddhism teaches the concept of anatta, which means that there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul. According to Buddhism, individuals are interconnected and constantly changing, and therefore, no individual is inherently superior or inferior to others based on their social position.

3. The Four Noble Truths: The Buddha's teachings revolve around the Four Noble Truths, which address the nature of suffering and the path to liberation. The Second Noble Truth states that the cause of suffering is craving and attachment. This implies that social inequalities and the desire for power, wealth, and social status contribute to human suffering.

4. The Middle Way: Buddhism advocates for the Middle Way, which is a balanced approach to life. It encourages individuals to avoid extreme behaviors and attachments, including excessive wealth or poverty. The Middle Way promotes social harmony and equality by encouraging individuals to find a balanced and moderate approach to their lives.

5. Compassion and Equality: Buddhism places a strong emphasis on compassion and treating all sentient beings equally. The concept of Bodhisattva, an enlightened being who postpones their own liberation to help others, exemplifies the importance of compassion and equality in Buddhism.

Conclusion:
Buddhism offers an alternative understanding of social inequalities by rejecting the caste system, emphasizing the impermanence of the self, addressing the root causes of suffering, promoting the Middle Way, and advocating for compassion and equality. Through these teachings, Buddhism challenges the prevailing social inequalities and provides a framework for social harmony and liberation.

Ekalavya was a
  • a)
    nishada.
  • b)
    suvarnakara.
  • c)
    chandala.
  • d)
    priest.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Sharma answered
In the Mahabharata, Nishadas are mentioned as tribes that have the hills and the forests their abode. They are linked with a king called Vena who became a slave of wrath and malice, and became unrighteous. Ekalavya was an archer of a Nishada tribe.

Assertion (A): The Mahabharata reflects a blend of historical context and poetic imagination, complicating direct correlations with archaeological findings.
Reason (R): The text was strictly a historical account without any creative narrative elements.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • c)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Divya Mishra answered
Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The assertion (A) states that "The Mahabharata reflects a blend of historical context and poetic imagination, complicating direct correlations with archaeological findings." This indicates that the epic combines both historical and imaginative elements, making it challenging to align its content strictly with archaeological evidence.
In contrast, the reason (R) claims that "The text was strictly a historical account without any creative narrative elements." This suggests that the Mahabharata is a factual account devoid of any creative storytelling, which directly contradicts the assertion.
Analyzing the Truth of A and R
- Assertion (A): True
- The Mahabharata is indeed a mixture of history and mythology, containing narrative elements that enhance its storytelling. It reflects various cultural and historical influences of its time, making it a complex text.
- Reason (R): False
- The assertion’s claim of a blend of historical context and poetic imagination directly opposes the reason’s claim of it being a purely historical account. The Mahabharata includes many creative and imaginative elements, such as divine interventions and moral dilemmas.
Conclusion
Since the assertion is true and the reason is false, the correct answer is option B: "If Assertion is true but Reason is false." This highlights the importance of recognizing the dual nature of texts like the Mahabharata, which cannot be reduced to simple historical accounts.

At what time could chandalas not walk?
  • a)
    Night
  • b)
    Tonight
  • c)
    Afternoon
  • d)
    Evening
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Anagha Pillai answered
Explanation:

Chandalas were considered as the lowest caste in Hindu society. They were not allowed to enter temples or any religious gatherings. They were not allowed to walk during the night time as they were considered impure and their shadow was believed to pollute the environment.

Headings:
- Who were Chandalas?
- Why could Chandalas not walk during the night time?

Who were Chandalas?
- Lowest caste in Hindu society
- Considered impure and untouchable
- Not allowed to enter temples or religious gatherings
- Performed menial tasks like cleaning sewers and disposal of dead animals

Why could Chandalas not walk during the night time?
- Chandalas were considered impure and their shadow was believed to pollute the environment
- Walking during the night time was believed to spread their impurity
- They were not allowed to walk during the night time as it was considered a time for rest and purification of the environment
- The belief was that if Chandalas walked during the night time, their impurity would spread and affect the purity of the environment and the people living in it.

Who laid down the duties of the chandalas?
  • a)
    Manusmriti
  • b)
    Fa Xian
  • c)
    Pandavas
  • d)
    Xuan Zang
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arnav Basu answered
Duties of the Chandalas as per Manusmriti

Manusmriti is an ancient Indian legal text that lays down various social, religious and legal codes of conduct. One of the important aspects of Manusmriti is the division of society into four varnas or castes. The Chandalas were considered the lowest of the low and were subjected to various restrictions and duties.

The duties of the Chandalas as per Manusmriti are as follows:

1. Collection and disposal of corpses: The Chandalas were traditionally responsible for collecting and disposing of dead bodies. They had to carry out this duty without any hesitation or reluctance.

2. Living outside the village: The Chandalas were not allowed to live inside the village. They had to live outside the village in separate settlements.

3. Wearing specific clothes: The Chandalas were not allowed to wear clothes made of cotton or silk. They had to wear clothes made of jute or other coarse materials.

4. Specific haircut: The Chandalas were not allowed to grow their hair long. They had to keep their hair cropped short.

5. Forbidden from certain professions: The Chandalas were not allowed to take up certain professions such as farming, cattle-rearing, and trade.

6. Prohibition from using certain objects: The Chandalas were not allowed to use certain objects such as umbrellas, shoes, and vessels made of clay or bronze.

7. Strict purity laws: The Chandalas were subjected to strict purity laws. They had to perform various purification rituals after coming in contact with other castes.

In conclusion, Manusmriti lays down the duties of the Chandalas as a social group that is considered to be at the bottom of the caste system. These duties were designed to keep the Chandalas in a subservient position and to maintain the social hierarchy of the time.

The number of categories into which the Dharmashastras and Dharmasutras divided the ideal occupations were
  • a)
    Two
  • b)
    Three
  • c)
    Four
  • d)
    Five
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Iyer answered
According to Dharmashastras and Dharmasutras, Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach Vedas, Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, Vaishyas to engage in agriculture, pastrolism and trade; while Shudras were assigned only to serve the upper three Varnas.

Assertion (A): The social hierarchy in ancient Tamilakam was significantly influenced by the practice of sharing wealth among chiefs and their communities.
Reason (R): The Tamil Sangam literature reflects a cultural emphasis on generosity, suggesting that social status was derived more from communal sharing than from wealth accumulation.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
- Assertion Analysis: The assertion is true as the social structure in ancient Tamilakam indeed highlighted the importance of wealth sharing among chiefs as a means of establishing status.
- Reason Analysis: The reason is also true; Tamil Sangam literature emphasizes the value of generosity, reinforcing that social esteem was linked to sharing rather than mere accumulation of wealth.
- Explanation of Relationship: The reason correctly explains the assertion since the cultural practice of generosity was a foundational element in shaping the social hierarchy in Tamilakam.

Which statements is/are correct?
Statement I: The Mahabharata was composed over a span of approximately 1,000 years, starting around 500 BCE, and was initially recited by charioteer-bards who accompanied Kshatriya warriors.
Statement II: The project to create a critical edition of the Mahabharata was initiated in 1919 and took 47 years to complete, revealing both common elements and significant regional variations in the text.
Statement III: The Satavahana dynasty strictly adhered to Brahmanical norms, with all women adopting their husband’s gotra upon marriage, reflecting a uniform patrilineal system.
Statement IV: The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras prescribed occupations for the four varnas, with Shudras assigned the role of servitude, serving the three higher varnas.
  • a)
    I, II and IV
  • b)
    III and IV
  • c)
    IV only
  • d)
    All the given statements are correct.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
  • Statement I: This statement is correct. The Mahabharata indeed took around 1,000 years to be composed, beginning around 500 BCE, with initial recitations by charioteer-bards.
  • Statement II: This statement is correct. The critical edition project of the Mahabharata started in 1919 and revealed regional variations, taking 47 years to complete.
  • Statement III: This statement is incorrect. While Brahmanical norms generally emphasized patriliny, the Satavahana dynasty showed variations, including some women retaining their father's gotra, which reflects exceptions to strict patrilineal practices.
  • Statement IV: This statement is correct. The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras indeed prescribed roles for the four varnas, with Shudras typically assigned to serve the higher varnas.
Therefore, the correct option is Option A.

Which statements is/are correct?
Statement I: The Mahabharata was initially composed by charioteer-bards, who celebrated the victories and achievements of Kshatriya warriors.
Statement II: The Satavahana rulers, while practicing polygyny, strictly followed the Brahmanical norm of patriliny without any exceptions.
Statement III: The Manusmriti categorizes eight forms of marriage, with a clear distinction between those that are considered "good" and those that are "condemned."
Statement IV: The critical edition project of the Mahabharata, completed in 47 years, documented both common and regional variations of the text, revealing the dynamic nature of its transmission.
  • a)
    I and III
  • b)
    II and IV
  • c)
    III only
  • d)
    I, III and IV
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • Statement I: This statement is correct. The Mahabharata was indeed initially composed by charioteer-bards who celebrated the victories and achievements of Kshatriya warriors.
  • Statement II: This statement is incorrect. While the Satavahana rulers did practice polygyny, they also showed variations in patriliny, with some women retaining their father's gotra, challenging strict adherence to Brahmanical norms.
  • Statement III: This statement is correct. The Manusmriti does categorize eight forms of marriage, distinguishing between those considered "good" and "condemned," reflecting the evolving social norms.
  • Statement IV: This statement is correct. The critical edition project of the Mahabharata documented common and regional variations, reflecting the text's dynamic transmission.
Therefore, the correct option is Option D.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. The Mahabharata was composed over a period of approximately 1,000 years, starting around 500 BCE.
ii. The critical edition of the Mahabharata was completed in 1919 and spans over 13,000 pages.
iii. Patriliny in early Indian society was primarily concerned with tracing descent from mother to daughter.
iv. The project to create a critical edition of the Mahabharata involved collecting manuscripts written in various scripts from different regions.
  • a)
    i, ii and iv
  • b)
    i and iii
  • c)
    ii and iv
  • d)
    i and iv
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
- Statement i is correct as the Mahabharata was indeed composed over approximately 1,000 years starting around 500 BCE.
- Statement ii is incorrect; while the project began in 1919, the critical edition was completed after 47 years, thus it was finalized in 1966, not 1919.
- Statement iii is incorrect; patriliny specifically refers to tracing descent through the male line, not from mother to daughter.
- Statement iv is correct, as the critical edition involved collecting manuscripts in various scripts from different regions to document variations.
Thus, the correct statements are i and iv, making Option D the accurate answer.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. Jatis were often organized into guilds (shrenis), facilitating social mobility within specific professions.
ii. The Mandasor inscription provides details on the social roles of a guild of silk weavers, highlighting their investment in communal projects.
iii. Brahmanical texts uniformly classified all new groups into jatis without exception.
iv. The story of Ekalavya illustrates the conflict between Brahmanical norms and the practices of marginalized communities.
  • a)
    i and ii
  • b)
    ii and iii
  • c)
    i, iii, and iv
  • d)
    i, ii, and iv
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
- Statement i is correct as it reflects the organization of jatis into guilds (shrenis), facilitating social mobility within specific professions.
- Statement ii is also correct because the Mandasor inscription indeed highlights the roles of silk weavers and their communal investments.
- Statement iii is incorrect; it misrepresents the classification of jatis, as Brahmanical authorities adapted their classifications to include new groups rather than applying a uniform standard.
- Statement iv is correct; the story of Ekalavya demonstrates the tensions between established Brahmanical norms and the practices of marginalized communities, showcasing the complexities of social integration.
Thus, the correct answer is Option D, which accurately encompasses the valid statements.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
i. Exogamy was commonly practiced among high-status families to forge alliances and avoid close kin marriages.
ii. The Manusmriti recognized only one form of marriage, which was the gift of a daughter to a learned man.
iii. Women in early Indian society were expected to adopt their husband's gotra upon marriage, reflecting patrilineal norms.
iv. The Dharmasutras prescribed the ideal occupation for Brahmanas as engaging in agriculture and trade.
  • a)
    i and iii
  • b)
    ii and iv
  • c)
    i, iii, and iv
  • d)
    i, ii, iii, and iv
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
- Statement i is correct because exogamy (marrying outside one's kin group) was indeed a common practice among high-status families for forming alliances and preventing close kin marriages.
- Statement ii is incorrect as the Manusmriti outlined eight forms of marriage, not just one. These included various types that reflected different societal values.
- Statement iii is correct as it accurately represents the practice of women adopting their husband's gotra upon marriage, highlighting the patrilineal norms of the society.
- Statement iv is incorrect. The Dharmasutras prescribed specific roles for each varna, with Brahmanas primarily tasked with religious and educational duties, not agriculture and trade, which were assigned to Vaishyas.
Therefore, the correct options are those including statements i and iii, making the answer Option A.

  • a)
    1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c
  • b)
    1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
  • c)
    1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a
  • d)
    1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • V.S. Sukthankar led the project for the critical edition of the Mahabharata (1-b).
  • Charioteer-bards are credited with the original composition of the Mahabharata (2-d).
  • B.B. Lal conducted excavations at Hastinapura (3-a).
  • Vyasa is traditionally considered the compiler of the Mahabharata (4-c).

Assertion (A): The Satavahana rulers were identified through metronymics, suggesting the importance of mothers.
Reason (R): Satavahana rulers followed a strict matrilineal system, where inheritance was traced through the mother.
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
  • The assertion is true because the use of metronymics, or names derived from the mother, indicates that mothers played a significant role in Satavahana society.
  • However, the reason is false. Although metronymics were used, the Satavahanas did not follow a strict matrilineal system. Inheritance and succession were generally patrilineal, with sons or male relatives succeeding the throne. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C.

Arrange the following texts in chronological order of their composition:
i) Manusmriti
ii) Rigveda
iii) Mahabharata
iv) Ashtadhyayi by Panini
  • a)
    i, iii, ii, iv
  • b)
    ii, iv, i, iii
  • c)
    ii, iv, iii, i
  • d)
    ii, i, iii, iv
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
  • Rigveda is the oldest text (c. 1500–1200 BCE).
  • Manusmriti was composed later (c. 200 BCE–200 CE).
  • Mahabharata took its final form around c. 500 BCE–400 CE.
  • Ashtadhyayi by Panini was composed around c. 500 BCE.

Assertion (A): The use of metronymics in identifying Satavahana rulers suggests a significant role for women in succession.
Reason (R): Satavahana kings were often chosen based on maternal lineage rather than paternal.
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The assertion is true because the use of metronymics does indicate that women, specifically mothers, held a notable status in Satavahana society. However, the reason is false. Despite the use of metronymics, succession in the Satavahana dynasty was generally patrilineal, with sons or male relatives inheriting the throne. Thus, the correct answer is Option C.

Assertion (A): Patriliny was an important aspect of social organization in early Indian society.
Reason (R): The Rigveda contains mantras that emphasize the importance of daughters in continuing the family lineage.
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
  • The assertion is true because patriliny, or the tracing of lineage through the male line, was a central feature of social organization in early Indian society. The importance of sons in continuing the family lineage is emphasized in many ritual texts.
  • The reason, however, is false. The Rigveda does not emphasize the importance of daughters in lineage continuation; rather, it highlights the significance of sons. Hence, the correct answer is Option C.

Assertion (A): The Mahabharata’s composition reflects a dialogue between dominant traditions and local ideas.
Reason (R): The Mahabharata was entirely composed by Brahmanas from the fifth century BCE onwards.
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
  • The assertion is true as the Mahabharata’s composition over centuries involved a dialogue between dominant traditions (like Brahmanical norms) and local ideas, contributing to its rich and diverse content.
  • However, the reason is false. While Brahmanas did play a role in the later stages of its composition, the Mahabharata was initially composed by charioteer-bards (sutas) who were not Brahmanas. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C.

Assertion (A): The Manusmriti outlines eight forms of marriage, categorized into "good" and "condemned" types.
Reason (R): The Manusmriti aimed to enforce Brahmanical norms across all sections of society.
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
  • The assertion is true because the Manusmriti indeed categorizes marriages into different types, reflecting societal norms and values. These categorizations were designed to guide the behavior of different varnas and maintain social order.
  • The reason is also true as the Manusmriti was a key text in enforcing Brahmanical norms across society, dictating appropriate behaviors and roles for each varna. However, the reason does not directly explain the specific categorization of marriages, making Option B the correct answer.

Which statements is/are correct?
Statement I: The practice of polyandry, as depicted in Draupadi's marriage to the Pandavas, was common among ruling elites and widely accepted in early Indian society.
Statement II: The use of metronymics in the Satavahana dynasty, where rulers were identified through their mother's name, highlights the significant role of women in succession practices.
Statement III: The Dharmasutras emphasized the importance of exogamy among high-status families, where marriage outside one's kin group was practiced to forge alliances and avoid close kin marriages.
Statement IV: The critical edition of the Mahabharata, led by V.S. Sukthankar, documented the dynamic transmission of the text across the subcontinent, including both common elements and significant regional variations.
Options:
  • Option A: i, ii and iii
  • Option B: ii only
  • Option C: ii and iii
  • Option D: All the given statements are true.
  • a)
    II and III 
  • b)
    II only
  • c)
    II, III and IV
  • d)
    III and IV
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • Statement I: This statement is incorrect. Polyandry, as seen in Draupadi's marriage, was not a common practice and was unusual, even controversial, in early Indian society.
  • Statement II: This statement is correct. The use of metronymics in the Satavahana dynasty indicates that women, particularly mothers, played a significant role, although succession remained largely patrilineal.
  • Statement III: This statement is correct. Exogamy was indeed emphasized in the Dharmasutras, particularly among high-status families, to form strategic alliances and avoid close kin marriages.
  • Statement IV: This statement is correct. The critical edition led by V.S. Sukthankar did document both common elements and regional variations in the Mahabharata, reflecting the dynamic nature of its transmission.
Therefore, the correct option is Option C.

  • a)
    1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
  • b)
    1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d
  • c)
    1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a
  • d)
    1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
  • Patriliny refers to tracing descent through the male line.
  • Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one’s own kin group.
  • Stridhana refers to the wealth accumulated by a woman during her marriage..
  • Matriliny refers to tracing lineage through the female line.

Arrange the following events or texts in chronological order:
i) Composition of the Ramayana
ii) Formation of the Maurya Empire
iii) Composition of the Vedas
iv) Invasion of Alexander the Great
  • a)
    iii, i, iv, ii
  • b)
    i, iii, ii, iv
  • c)
    iii, ii, iv, i
  • d)
    iii, iv, ii, i
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • Vedas are the oldest texts, composed around 1500–500 BCE.
  • Ramayana was composed after the Vedas, traditionally dated between 500 BCE and 100 BCE.
  • Alexander the Great's invasion of India occurred in 326 BCE.
  • Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya around 321 BCE.

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