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All questions of Transport in Mammals for A Level Exam

Which of the following engulfs pathogens rapidly?
  • a)
    Basophils
  • b)
    Acidophils
  • c)
    Monocytes
  • d)
    Neutrophils
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Bansal answered
Neutrophils are the type of WBCs which can engulf the pathogen rapidly. Neutrophils are more in number i.e. upto 60% of Total Leukocyte Count. They immediately engulf bacteria and viruses to destroy them by phagocytosis.
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Can you explain the answer of this question below:
The important function of lymph is to
A:Return RBCs to lymph nodes
B:Return interstitial fluid to the blood
C:Transport oxygen to the brain
D:Transport CO2 to the lungs
The answer is b.

Vijay Bansal answered
Lymph is the fluid present in lymphatic system. Its main function is to return interstitial fluid back to the blood. Interstitial fluid is also called extracellular fluid, which is formed from blood due to various factor such as hydrostatic pressure, osmotic gradients, etc.

 Which of the following is a non-granulocyte?
  • a)
    Neutrophils
  • b)
    Monocytes
  • c)
    Basophils
  • d)
    Eosinophils
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjana Chakraborty answered
Non-Granulocytes in Blood

Blood cells are divided into two groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes, on the other hand, lack granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Non-Granulocyte

A non-granulocyte is simply an agranulocyte or a leukocyte that lacks granules in its cytoplasm. Monocytes are non-granulocytes and belong to the agranulocyte group of leukocytes.

Monocytes

Monocytes are the largest leukocytes in the blood, accounting for 2-8% of all leukocytes. They have a large kidney-shaped nucleus and are characterized by their ability to differentiate into macrophages, which are cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body.

Functions of Monocytes

Monocytes have several functions in the body, including:

1. Phagocytosis: Monocytes, when differentiated into macrophages, are capable of phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body.

2. Antigen presentation: Monocytes play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells, which are responsible for activating the immune response.

3. Cytokine production: Monocytes produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response.

Conclusion

In conclusion, monocytes are non-granulocytes and belong to the agranulocyte group of leukocytes. They are characterized by their ability to differentiate into macrophages, which are cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body. Monocytes also play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells and producing cytokines.

Which of these has a closed type of circulatory system :-
  • a)
    Cockroach
  • b)
    Fish
  • c)
    Mollusca
  • d)
    Scorpion
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Gaurav Kumar answered
Phylum Arthropoda and Mollusca include open circulatory system . Fish is member of phylum Chordata which contain close circulatory system.
Cockroach and scorpion are members of class inscecta phylum Arthropoda.

Papillary muscles are found in :-
  • a)
    Haemocoel of cockroach
  • b)
    Auricles of heart
  • c)
    Ventricles of heart
  • d)
    Arm
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Syed Hussain answered
The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction)

The blood during diastole :-
  • a)
    Leaves the heart
  • b)
    Enters the heart
  • c)
    Enters lungs
  • d)
    Leaves the ventricles
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajeev Saxena answered
Diastole This should really be called “ventricular diastole”, but don't worry about this for GCSE. During diastole the thick muscular walls of the ventricles relax. Again, this happens to both sides of the heart. The pressure of the blood in the ventricles falls low enough for the bicuspid valve to open.

Blood circulation take following course in heart of man :-
  • a)
    Left auricle - left ventricle - body - right auricle -right ventricle
  • b)
    Right auricle - left ventricle
  • c)
    Left auricle - left ventricle - lungs-right auricle -right ventricle
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ananya Das answered
The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed onto the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway constitutes the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium. This is the systemic circulation. The systemic circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.
So, the correct answer is option A.

Pulse beat is measured from :
  • a)
    Vein
  • b)
    Artery
  • c)
    Nerve
  • d)
    Capillary
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Bansal answered
Pulse (or the count of arterial pulse per minute) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate. The heart rate can also be measured by listening to the heart beat by auscultation, traditionally using a stethoscope and counting it for a minute. The radial pulse is commonly measured using three fingers.

The specialised patch of modified heart muscles from where contraction initiates, is/are :
  • a)
    Pacesetter of heart
  • b)
    both SAN and AVN together
  • c)
    Pacemaker of heart
  • d)
    none of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Gaurav Kumar answered
  • The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli.
  • The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute varies at different parts of the nodal system.
  • The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potentials and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart.
  • Therefore, it is called the pacemaker.

Lymph can be defined as :-
  • a)
    Blood minus corpuscles
  • b)
    Blood minus Plasma
  • c)
    Blood minus WBC
  • d)
    Blood minus RBC & Platlates
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Shah answered
Lymph is a colorless fluid, containing specialized lymphocytes, which are responsible for the immune responses of the body. 
Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients, hormones, etc. Fats are absorbed through lymph in the lacteals present in the intestinal villi. 
Lymph lacks RBCs and platelets. Lymph contains white blood cells. So option D is correct.

Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Plasma = Blood − Lymphocytes
  • b)
    Neuron = Cyton + Dendron + Axon + Synapse
  • c)
    Lymph = Plasma + WBCs + RBCs
  • d)
    Blood = Plasma + RBCs + WBCs + Platelets
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.

pH of blood in arteries and veins is :-
  • a)
    More in veins and less in arteries
  • b)
    More in arteries and less in veins
  • c)
    same
  • d)
    Not definite
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Shah answered
pH is a measure of the amount of hydrogen ion present in a solution. Thus, a high level of H+ is a low pH (or an acid environment) while a low level of H+ is a high pH (or an alkali or basic environment).
Veins have a slightly lower pH than arteries. This is because the blood circulates through working tissues in our bodies, and drops off oxygen, and picks up carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide in water forms a weak acid. In arteries, they carry oxygenated blood, and less carbon dioxide, so the pH is more.
In veins, there is less oxygen and more carbon dioxide which is acidic so the blood in veins has less pH.
So, the correct answer is option B.

 In human beings, the duration of the cardiac cycle is
  • a)
    8.0 second
  • b)
    0.5 second
  • c)
    0.8 second
  • d)
    0.08 second
Correct answer is 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohan Singh answered
Cardiac cycle a complex process which involves a sequence of activities and that too within 0.8 sec. The cardiac cycle consists of a systole and a diastole. The cardiac cycle begins with a joint diastole (relaxation of all four chambers of the heart).

Role of spleen in mammals is :-
  • a)
    To control Blood pressure
  • b)
    To assist liver
  • c)
    To assist kidneys
  • d)
    To act as haemopoitic tissue in embryo
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Prisha Singh answered
Ans.

The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, and also recycles iron. As a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system, it metabolizes hemoglobin removed from senescent red blood cells (erythrocytes). The globin portion of hemoglobin is degraded to its constitutive amino acids, and the heme portion is metabolized to bilirubin, which is removed in the liver.

The maximum surface area of the circulatory system is seen in
  • a)
    Heart
  • b)
    Capillaries
  • c)
    Arterioles
  • d)
    Veins
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Raghav Bansal answered
An adult human has been estimated to have some 60,000 miles (96,560 km) of capillaries with a total surface area of some 8001000 m2. The total volume of this system is roughly 5 liters, the same as the total volume of blood.

 Antigens are present
  • a)
    Inside the cytoplasm
  • b)
    Inside the nucleus
  • c)
    On the nuclear membrane
  • d)
    On the cell surface
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ayush Joshi answered
Cell markers, also known as cell surface antigens, serve as monograms to help identify and classify cells. The majority of them are molecules or antigens within cell's plasma membrane. Unique to different cell types, there exist specific combinations of markers or antigens.

All arteries carry oxygenated blood except :-
  • a)
    Systemic
  • b)
    Hepatic
  • c)
    Pulmonary
  • d)
    Cardiac
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from left ventricle of heart to all body parts and return of blood from all body parts to the right auricle. The pathway of systemic circulation can be summarised as:
Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs to the left auricle.
From the left auricle blood passes to left ventricle through bicuspid valve.
From the left ventricle, blood is pumped into aorta.
Aorta divides into many arteries and supply blood to body tissues.
The oxygen in blood is utilised by tissues and deoxygenated blood is collected by veins.
The vena cava brings this deoxygenated blood into the right atrium from where it passes to right ventricle through tricuspid valve.
From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is carried to lungs by the pulmonary artery where it is gets oxygenated and returns to left auricle through pulmonary vein.
Hence, in this way, the cycle starts again.

Heart of Man is :-
  • a)
    Myogenic
  • b)
    Neurogenic
  • c)
    Cardiogenic
  • d)
    Digenic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rocky Handsome answered
The muscles of the human heart are stimulated to contract by nerve impulses generated by the Sino Atrial(SA) node. It is a cluster of cells which are part of the heart muscle.

•Hence the human heart is myogenic.

Pace maker influences :-
  • a)
    Contraction of heart muscles
  • b)
    Flow of blood in heat
  • c)
    Rate of heart beat
  • d)
    Formation of nerve impulse
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Mamta Sharma answered
Sa node represents the pacemaker of our heart which is specialised in generating impluses and initiation of heart beat. it maintains the rhythmic contractile activity of heart. so it can only determine rate of heart beat and not contraction of heart muscles. contraction of heart muscles depends on how intense the impulse is which mainly decided by the conducting fibres.

In the systemic circulation, blood vessel that carries blood from the intestine to liver is named :
  • a)
    Hepatic portal arch
  • b)
    none of these
  • c)
    Hepatic portal artery
  • d)
    Hepatic portal vein
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Bansal answered
Lienal vein is an old term for splenic vein. The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents.

In a normal man blood pressure is :-
  • a)
    120/80mm of Hg
  • b)
    80/100 mm of Hg
  • c)
    80/120 mm of Hg
  • d)
    100/80 mm of Hg
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Harshitha Reddy answered
Normal Blood Pressure

The normal blood pressure in a man is 120/80 mm of Hg.

Explanation

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The two numbers in blood pressure readings represent systolic pressure (the top number) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number).

The normal blood pressure reading for an adult is 120/80 mm of Hg. The systolic pressure represents the pressure when the heart beats and pumps blood into the arteries. The diastolic pressure represents the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.

If the blood pressure reading is consistently higher than normal, it may indicate hypertension or high blood pressure. Hypertension can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.

On the other hand, if the blood pressure reading is consistently lower than normal, it may indicate hypotension or low blood pressure. Hypotension can cause dizziness, fainting, and other health problems.

It's important to monitor blood pressure regularly and take necessary steps to maintain normal blood pressure. A healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management can help maintain normal blood pressure levels.

The course of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called
  • a)
    Systemic circulation
  • b)
    Double circulation
  • c)
    Pulmonary circulation
  • d)
    Single circulation
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Vipe Saga answered
The blood circulation from heart to lungs and back to heart is pulmonary circulation and the circulation between heart to tissue and back to heart is systematic circulation and both are included in double circulation.

What would be the cardiac output of a person having 72 heart beats per minute and a stroke volume of 50 ml?
  • a)
    360 ml
  • b)
    7200 ml
  • c)
    5000 ml
  • d)
    3600 ml
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
 (d) Cardiac Output (i) The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called the cardiac output. It is 500 mL or 5 liters in a healthy individual. It is determined by multiplying the heart rate with the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during each beat, which is called as stroke volume. Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume = 72 beats/min x 0.08 litre/beat = 5.5 litre/min (iii) Cardiac index is the minute volume per sq. m. of body surface area. Its normal value is 3.3 lit/min/sq.m. 

In which of the following charactor a vein differs from an artery :-
  • a)
    Having valves to control flow of blood
  • b)
    Having narrow lumen
  • c)
    Having muscular wall
  • d)
    Having pigmented wall to give dark look
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Nandita Rane answered
Difference between Vein and Artery:

Vein and artery are two types of blood vessels that play an important role in the circulation of blood in the body. Although both of them have similar functions, there are some key differences between them. One of the main differences between veins and arteries is the presence of valves.

Presence of Valves in Veins:

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood from the body back to the heart. They have thin walls and are located closer to the surface of the skin. One of the main features of veins is the presence of valves. These valves are one-way flaps that prevent the backflow of blood. They work by opening and closing as the blood flows through them. This helps to maintain the flow of blood towards the heart and prevents the blood from flowing back into the veins.

Absence of Valves in Arteries:

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick walls and are located deeper in the body. Unlike veins, arteries do not have valves. This is because the flow of blood in the arteries is maintained by the pumping action of the heart. The blood flows in one direction only, from the heart to the rest of the body.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' which states that veins differ from arteries in having valves to control the flow of blood.

Coronary heart disease is due to
  • a)
    Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscles
  • b)
    Weakening of the heart valves
  • c)
    Inflammation of pericardium
  • d)
    Streptococci bacteria
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Shah answered
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.

Blood enters the heart because muscles of the
  • a)
    Ventricles contract
  • b)
    Ventricles relax
  • c)
    Atria contract
  • d)
    Atria relax
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Shah answered
Atrial diastole is characterized by the relaxation of the atrial muscles. During this stage, the blood enters into the atria, as the volume of the blood in the atria increases the pressure within it decreases.
So, the correct answer is option D.

Where is the pace maker situated  :-
  • a)
    In left auricle near opening of pulmonary vein
  • b)
    In right auricle near eustachian valve
  • c)
    On inter - auricular septum
  • d)
    On inter-ventricular septum
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Janani Chopra answered
Location of Pacemaker in Heart

The pacemaker is a small device that helps regulate the heartbeat. It is usually implanted in the chest or abdomen, and it sends electrical signals to the heart to help it beat at a regular pace. However, in the context of this question, the pacemaker being referred to is the natural pacemaker of the heart, also known as the sinoatrial (SA) node.

The Correct Answer is B - In the Right Auricle Near Eustachian Valve

The SA node is located in the right atrium of the heart, near the opening of the superior vena cava. It is a small group of cells that generate electrical impulses that spread throughout the heart, causing it to contract and pump blood. The impulses generated by the SA node travel through the atria and then to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is located in the interatrial septum.

From the AV node, the impulses are conducted to the bundle of His, which is located in the interventricular septum. The bundle of His then divides into the left and right bundle branches, which spread the impulses throughout the ventricles and cause them to contract.

In summary, the location of the pacemaker in the heart is as follows:

- The natural pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial (SA) node.
- The SA node is located in the right atrium of the heart.
- The SA node is located near the opening of the superior vena cava.
- The SA node is located in the right auricle near the eustachian valve.

 Rh factor is present in
  • a)
    All reptiles
  • b)
    All mammals
  • c)
    Man and rhesus monkey only
  • d)
    All vertebrates
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
Rh factor was discovered by K Landsteiner and A S Wiener (1940) from rabbits immunized with the blood of monkey Macaco, rhesus. It is found is man and rhesus monkey only.

 Red cell count is carried out by
  • a)
    Haemoglobinometer
  • b)
    Haemocytometer
  • c)
    Electrocardiogram
  • d)
    Sphygmomanometer
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
The haemocytometer is a device used to count red blood cells. It consists of a thick glass microscopic slide with a rectangular indentation which creates a chamber. This chamber is engraved with a laser-etched of perpendicular lines. It is therefore possible to count the number of cells or particles in a specific volume of fluid, and thereby calculate the concentration of cells in the fluid.

Which has no muscular walls :-
  • a)
    Capillary
  • b)
    Arteriole
  • c)
    Veins
  • d)
    Artery
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

sankalp raj answered
Yes capillary has no muscular wall because it is smallest blood vessels and made up of single layer wall not that of muscular type...

Carotid artery carries the blood which is :-
  • a)
    Impure blood to kidneys
  • b)
    Oxygenated blood to brain
  • c)
    Oxygenated blood to heart
  • d)
    Impure blood from brain
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Neha Joshi answered
The most important artery running up the side of your neck is called the common carotid artery. It splits into two branches. One of the branches is called the external carotid artery, which supplies your neck and face with oxygenated blood. The other branch of the common carotid artery, which supplies the brain with oxygenated blood, is the internal carotid artery. The internal carotid artery, again, is a branch of the common carotid artery that supplies the brain with oxygenated blood. Each side of your body, more specifically, each side of your neck and head, has one internal carotid artery supplying blood to the brain.

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