All questions of Climate for Grade 9 Exam

It can be atmospheric too.

Importance of Relief in Determining Climate

Relief, also known as topography, plays a major role in determining the climate of a place, along with other factors such as latitude, altitude, wind patterns, ocean currents, and distance from the sea. Relief refers to the physical features of the land, such as mountains, valleys, and plateaus, which affect the distribution of temperature, precipitation, and vegetation.

Elevation and Temperature

One of the most important ways in which relief affects climate is through elevation. As altitude increases, temperature decreases, and vice versa. This is because air becomes thinner and less dense at higher altitudes, which means that it can hold less heat. Therefore, mountainous regions tend to be cooler than low-lying areas at the same latitude. For example, the Himalayas in Asia and the Andes in South America are much colder than the surrounding regions.

Mountain Barriers and Precipitation

Relief also affects precipitation patterns because mountains can act as barriers to the movement of air masses. When warm, moist air from the ocean encounters a mountain range, it is forced to rise and cool, which causes the water vapor to condense and form clouds. These clouds can then produce precipitation on the windward side of the mountain, which is the side facing the prevailing winds. The leeward side of the mountain, on the other hand, tends to be dry because the descending air is warmed and dries out.

Coastal vs. Inland Climate

Another way in which relief affects climate is through its influence on the proximity of a place to the sea. Coastal areas tend to have milder and more moderate climates than inland areas, which are subject to greater temperature extremes. This is because the sea has a moderating effect on temperature, which means that it takes longer to warm up and cool down than the land. Therefore, coastal areas have cooler summers and warmer winters than inland areas at the same latitude. Additionally, coastal areas tend to have higher humidity and more precipitation than inland areas because of the presence of moist sea air.

In conclusion, relief plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. It affects temperature, precipitation, and vegetation by influencing factors such as elevation, mountain barriers, and proximity to the sea. Therefore, it is important to consider relief when studying and predicting climate patterns.

It is because weather always keeps changing,it is not the same for the whole day that's why it is referred to as a state of the atmosphere

India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.

Tropic of Cancer and its location in India

What is Tropic of Cancer?

Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line that circles the Earth at 23.5 degrees north of the Equator. This line marks the farthest northern point at which the Sun appears directly overhead at noon.

Location of Tropic of Cancer in India

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India, dividing it into two halves. It enters India through the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat in the west and moves towards the east passing through Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Tripura before leaving the Indian mainland at Mizoram.

Incorrect statements about Tropic of Cancer

Option A states that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of Kerala, which is incorrect. Kerala is located south of the Tropic of Cancer.

Option C states that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of Delhi to Arunachal Pradesh, which is also incorrect. While the Tropic of Cancer does pass through the state of Arunachal Pradesh, it does not pass through Delhi.

Correct statement about Tropic of Cancer

Option B states that the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from Rann of Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east, which is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Explanation:

The answer to the question is option B, which is "Rabi".

Explanation:

1. Rabi Crops:
Rabi crops are the crops that are sown in the winter season, which typically starts in October or November and lasts until March or April. These crops are associated with the winter rainfall, also known as the "northeast monsoon" or the "retreating monsoon". The winter rainfall is crucial for the growth and development of these crops.

Rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats, gram, mustard, peas, etc. These crops are well-adapted to the prevailing weather conditions during the winter season, and they require cool weather and a sufficient amount of water for their growth.

2. Kharif Crops:
Kharif crops, on the other hand, are sown in the rainy season, typically around June or July. These crops are associated with the southwest monsoon, which brings heavy rainfall to the regions during the summer season. Kharif crops include rice, maize, millet, cotton, etc.

3. Zaid Crops:
Zaid crops are the crops that are grown in the summer season, between the harvesting of the rabi crops and the sowing of the kharif crops. These crops are mainly grown in regions with sufficient irrigation facilities and are not dependent on monsoon rainfall. Zaid crops include watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, bitter gourd, etc.

Conclusion:
Based on the above explanation, it is clear that the crop associated with winter rainfall is the "Rabi" crop. Rabi crops are sown in the winter season and require the winter rainfall for their growth and development.

It is an apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The coriolis force is responsible for deflection of winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere. It is also known as Ferrel’s law, and is responsible for deflection of the south-east trade winds which enter the Indian peninsula as the south-west monsoon.

Explanation:

In the upper parts of the Himalayas, precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall. This can be attributed to several factors:

1. Elevation:
The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world, with many peaks exceeding 8,000 meters in height. As one climbs higher in elevation, the temperature decreases. At higher altitudes, the average temperature is below freezing point throughout the year. This cold temperature favors the formation and maintenance of snow.

2. Orographic Lifting:
The Himalayas act as a barrier to the moisture-laden winds coming from the Indian Ocean. As the warm and moist air approaches the mountains, it is forced to rise due to the topography. This upward movement causes the air to cool, leading to condensation and the formation of clouds. These clouds then release moisture in the form of snowfall when the temperature is below freezing.

3. Cold and Dry Climate:
The Himalayas create a rain shadow effect on the northern side, resulting in a cold and dry climate. As the moisture-laden air moves towards the Himalayas, it releases most of its moisture on the southern side, leaving less moisture for the northern side. This reduces the amount of rainfall and increases the likelihood of snowfall.

4. Monsoon Season:
During the monsoon season, the Indian subcontinent receives heavy rainfall. However, as the moist air encounters the Himalayas, it is forced to rise and cool. This cooling leads to the condensation of moisture, which falls as snowfall in the upper regions of the mountains.

5. Snowfall Benefits:
The prevalence of snowfall in the upper parts of the Himalayas has several benefits. It contributes to the formation and maintenance of glaciers, which act as a natural water source for rivers in the region. Snowfall also helps to regulate the temperature in the surrounding areas and provides habitat and moisture for various flora and fauna.

In conclusion, the upper parts of the Himalayas experience snowfall as the primary form of precipitation due to their high elevation, orographic lifting, cold and dry climate, interaction with monsoonal winds, and numerous associated benefits.

Winter Rainfall in India

India is a diverse country with different climatic conditions in different regions. The winter rainfall in India is mainly received in southern parts of the country.

States receiving winter rainfall in India

The states which receive winter rainfall in India are:

Tamil Nadu - Tamil Nadu receives winter rainfall from the northeast monsoon which lasts from October to December. The average rainfall during this season is around 440mm.

Andhra Pradesh - Andhra Pradesh also receives winter rainfall from the northeast monsoon which lasts from October to December. The average rainfall during this season is around 200mm.

Therefore, option B which states Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh as the states receiving winter rainfall is correct.

It is important to note that other states such as Kerala, Karnataka, and parts of Maharashtra also receive some amount of winter rainfall. However, the rainfall received in these states is not as significant as that received in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

The Thar Desert experiences extreme temperature variations between day and night because of the high daytime temperatures which cause rapid cooling once the sun sets. This significant difference is due to the desert's dry conditions and lack of moisture to retain heat. Interestingly, such temperature swings are typical of desert climates, where the absence of cloud cover allows for swift heat loss at night.

The Coriolis force deflects winds towards the right in Northern Hemisphere and towards the left in Southern Hemisphere .

Hence the statement , 

**Explanation:**

**Climate** refers to the average weather conditions that prevail in a particular region over a long period of time, typically 30 years or more. It is not the same as weather, which refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions observed at a specific time and place.

**Climate is a statistical data of weather condition:**

- Climate is a statistical representation of the average weather conditions observed in a particular region over a long period of time. It takes into account various parameters such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind patterns, and atmospheric pressure.

- Climate data is collected over many years and is used to determine the typical weather patterns and trends in a specific area. This data is essential for understanding the climate of a region and predicting future weather conditions.

- Climate data is collected using various instruments and techniques such as weather stations, satellites, and climate models. These data sources provide information on temperature, rainfall, wind speed, and other atmospheric variables.

- By analyzing climate data, scientists can identify long-term trends and patterns in weather conditions. This information is crucial for understanding how climate change is impacting different regions and for making predictions about future climate scenarios.

**Climate is a data related to the atmosphere:**

- Climate is closely related to the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet and plays a vital role in regulating its temperature and weather patterns.

- The composition and properties of the atmosphere have a direct impact on the climate of a region. For example, the concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere can influence the Earth's temperature and lead to changes in climate.

- Climate data includes information about atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind patterns. These variables are important for understanding the climate of a region and how it may change over time.

**Conclusion:**

In conclusion, climate refers to the long-term average weather conditions observed in a particular region. It is a statistical representation of weather data collected over many years. Climate data is related to the atmosphere and includes information about various atmospheric variables. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Climate is a statistical data of weather condition.

The seasonal reversal in wind direction during a year is called monsoon. Monsoon tends to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall; which means that there are wet and dry spells in between. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time and then come the rainless intervals.

An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences.

Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter. A number of separate jet streams have been identified. The most constant are the mid-latitude and the subtropical jet stream.

Introduction:
Climate and weather are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific area, such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the long-term pattern of weather conditions in a particular region. It takes into account the average weather conditions, variations, and extremes over a period of several decades or more.

Explanation:
The statement "Climate is described as the long-term pattern of weather" is true. Climate is the average weather conditions of a region over a long period of time, usually at least 30 years. It is determined by various factors such as latitude, altitude, ocean currents, and prevailing wind patterns.

Key Points:
Here are some key points to further explain why the statement is true:

- Climate is often characterized by the average temperature and precipitation patterns of a region. For example, a tropical climate is typically hot and humid, while a polar climate is cold and dry.

- Climate is influenced by long-term atmospheric phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns on a global scale.

- Climate can also be influenced by human activities, such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and contribute to global warming.

- Unlike weather, which can change from day to day or even hour to hour, climate changes slowly over time. It is measured and analyzed using historical weather data collected over many years.

- Climate data is used to create climate models, which are used to predict future climate conditions and assess the potential impacts of climate change.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, climate is indeed described as the long-term pattern of weather. It encompasses the average weather conditions, variations, and extremes of a region over a period of several decades or more. Understanding climate is essential for studying and predicting weather patterns, as well as for assessing the potential impacts of climate change.

(i) The part of South-West Monsoons which blows over Arabian sea is responsible for high rainfall on the Western coast of India.

The western coast of India receives very heavy rainfall during the monsoon season due to its location on the windward side of the Western Ghats. As the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds hit the Ghats, they rise and cool, leading to heavy rainfall on the western coast.

Mango showers are those experienced prior to the arrival of the monsoon. They are common in the states of Kerala, Karnataka and also some parts of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.

The houses with thick walls and flat roofs are formed in Rajasthan.

Explanation:
Rajasthan, the largest state in India, is known for its extreme climatic conditions, with scorching hot temperatures during the summer and cold winters. The traditional houses in Rajasthan are designed to withstand these harsh weather conditions and provide maximum comfort to the residents. One of the key features of these houses is their thick walls and flat roofs.

Thick Walls:
The houses in Rajasthan have thick walls made of locally available materials such as stone, mud, and clay. These thick walls act as natural insulators, helping to maintain a comfortable temperature inside the house. They provide excellent insulation against the heat during summers and keep the interior cool. Similarly, during winters, they help retain the heat inside the house, keeping it warm.

Flat Roofs:
Another distinctive feature of these houses is their flat roofs. The flat roof design is suitable for the arid climate of Rajasthan as it prevents rainwater from accumulating on the roof. The absence of sloping roofs reduces the chances of leakage and damage caused by heavy rainfall. Additionally, the flat roofs can be utilized as additional living spaces or for various purposes such as drying clothes, storage, or recreational activities.

Advantages:
The houses with thick walls and flat roofs offer several advantages in the climate of Rajasthan. Some of these advantages include:

1. Thermal insulation: The thick walls help in maintaining a comfortable temperature inside the house by acting as insulators against extreme heat or cold.

2. Rainwater management: The flat roofs prevent water accumulation and minimize the risk of leakage and structural damage caused by heavy rain.

3. Additional space utilization: The flat roofs provide additional usable space for various purposes, making the most of the limited land area.

4. Cost-effective construction: The locally available materials and traditional construction techniques used in these houses make them relatively affordable compared to modern construction methods.

In conclusion, the houses with thick walls and flat roofs are a traditional architectural feature of Rajasthan, designed to withstand the extreme climatic conditions of the region. These houses provide thermal insulation, effective rainwater management, and additional usable space.

They disturb the calm and quiet weather of north and north western India by causing cyclonic rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

Coriolis Force: An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as ‘Ferrel’s Law’.

The Southwest Monsoon winds are crucial in shaping India's monsoon climate. These winds, originating from the southern Indian Ocean, carry moisture and bring widespread rainfall to the Indian subcontinent. The monsoon's arrival and intensity are influenced by the reversal of these winds' direction from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean to the low-pressure areas over India.

The statement, "The rainfall decreases from West to East in Northern India" is false. The correct answer is option 'B'.

Explanation:
Rainfall patterns in India are influenced by various factors such as the monsoon winds, topography, and geographical location. Northern India experiences distinct seasons, including a monsoon season and a dry season.

Monsoon Season:
During the monsoon season, which typically lasts from June to September, Northern India receives the majority of its rainfall. The monsoon winds, known as the southwest monsoon, blow from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the Indian subcontinent. These winds bring moisture-laden clouds and result in heavy rainfall in many parts of India.

Regional Variations:
While it is true that some regions in Northern India receive less rainfall compared to others, it is not accurate to say that the rainfall decreases from west to east uniformly across the entire region. There are regional variations in rainfall patterns due to the influence of different factors.

Himalayan Region:
The Himalayan region in the northernmost part of India receives the highest amount of rainfall. This is because the mountains act as a barrier, forcing the moist monsoon winds to rise and condense, leading to heavy precipitation. Areas like Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and parts of Jammu and Kashmir receive significant rainfall.

Gangetic Plains:
Moving south of the Himalayas, the Gangetic Plains experience moderate to high rainfall during the monsoon season. The Gangetic Plains include states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal, which receive a significant amount of rainfall due to their proximity to the Himalayas and the influence of the monsoon winds.

Thar Desert and Arid Regions:
On the western side of Northern India lies the Thar Desert and other arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat. These areas receive relatively less rainfall compared to other parts of Northern India. This is because the Thar Desert lies in the rain shadow region, where the moisture-laden monsoon winds lose their moisture while crossing the Aravalli Range, resulting in reduced rainfall.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the rainfall patterns in Northern India are not uniform from west to east. Instead, they vary due to factors such as proximity to the Himalayas, the influence of monsoon winds, and topographical features. Therefore, the statement that the rainfall decreases from west to east in Northern India is false.

The dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates so dew point is a temperature at which the air becomes saturated.

Option A: (a) Monsoon - Derived from the Arabic word 'mausim': This option is correctly matched. The word 'monsoon' is indeed derived from the Arabic word 'mausim', which means season. Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.

Temperature in Drass, Jammu and Kashmir during winter nights can touch -45 degrees Celsius.

Explanation:
Drass, a small town located in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, is known as the second coldest inhabited place in the world. It experiences extremely harsh winters with freezing temperatures.

Drass lies at an altitude of around 3,280 meters (10,760 feet) above sea level, which contributes to its extremely cold climate. The town is surrounded by mountains, and its geographical location makes it susceptible to cold air sinking and getting trapped.

The winter months in Drass, particularly from December to February, are extremely cold. The temperature during these months can drop significantly, and on some nights, it can touch -45 degrees Celsius. This extreme cold is primarily due to the high altitude and the freezing winds that blow through the region.

The freezing temperatures in Drass have earned it the nickname "The Gateway to Ladakh" and "The Frozen Hell." The severe cold poses many challenges for the residents, including the need for proper insulation and heating systems to survive the harsh winters.

It is worth mentioning that Drass also holds the record for the lowest recorded temperature in India, which stands at an astonishing -60 degrees Celsius. This extreme temperature was recorded on January 9, 1995.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'D' (-45 degrees Celsius), as Drass in Jammu and Kashmir can experience such bone-chilling temperatures during winter nights.

In the hot weather season sun rays more or less directly fall in this region. Temperature becomes very high. Hot and dry winds called loo, blow during the day.

Winter rainfall caused by them locally known as ‘Mahawat’ is of immense importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops.

Mawsynram, located in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills, holds the record for the highest average annual rainfall in the world, receiving more than 467 cm of rain per year. This extreme rainfall is due to its position on the windward side of the Western Ghats, which causes orographic lift, increasing precipitation.