All questions of Internet for Class 10 Exam

Explanation:
In simple terms, a browser is a software application used to access and view web pages on the internet. The user types in the web address or URL of the desired web page, and the browser retrieves and displays the content of that web page.

The options given in the question are all popular web browsers, except for option 'C', which is Mozilla. However, this is a bit tricky as Mozilla is actually a software company that produces various internet-related products, including the Firefox web browser. Therefore, option 'C' is incorrect as it is not a web browser on its own.

To further clarify:

- Internet Explorer: A web browser developed by Microsoft and included with Windows operating systems.
- Opera: A web browser developed by Opera Software and available for various operating systems.
- Google: This is not a web browser, but rather a search engine that can be accessed through web browsers.
- Mozilla: A software company that produces various internet-related products, including the Firefox web browser.

Explanation:

Email is a shortened form of Electronic Mail, which is a widely used means of sending and receiving messages electronically over the internet. However, the given question specifically asks for the expansion of the acronym 'EMAIL'. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A', which stands for 'Easy Mail'.

Email is an essential tool for communication nowadays, used by individuals, businesses, and organizations worldwide. It has revolutionized the way people communicate, making it faster, easier, and more convenient than traditional mail. Emails can be sent and received instantly, and they can include various forms of media, such as text, images, and videos.

HTML bullet points:

• Email is an acronym for Easy Mail.
• It is a widely used means of sending and receiving messages electronically over the internet.
• Emails are faster, easier, and more convenient than traditional mail.
• They can include various forms of media, such as text, images, and videos.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the correct expansion of the acronym 'EMAIL' is 'Easy Mail.' It is an essential tool for communication in today's world, providing a faster, easier, and more convenient way of sending and receiving messages electronically over the internet.

Search Engine: Google

A search engine is a software program that searches a database of internet sites and web pages based on the keywords entered by the user. It provides a list of relevant results based on the search query. Google is a search engine that is widely used by internet users around the world.

HTML Bullets:
- Google is a search engine.
- A search engine is a software program that searches a database of internet sites and web pages.
- Google searches a database of web pages based on the keywords entered by the user.
- It provides a list of relevant results based on the search query.

Explanation:
Out of the given options, only Google is a search engine. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transferring files between computers, Archie is an early search engine and ARPANET was a precursor to the internet. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' - Google.

The correct answer is option 'B' HTTP.

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which is used for browsing websites. It is an application layer protocol that allows communication between web servers and web clients.

HTTP works on top of the TCP protocol, which provides reliable transmission of data across the network. When a user requests a web page, the web browser sends an HTTP request to the web server, which then sends an HTTP response containing the requested web page.

The HTTP protocol is based on a client-server model, where the client (web browser) sends requests to the server, and the server responds with the requested data. The protocol is stateless, which means that each request/response message is independent of any previous or subsequent messages.

HTTP uses various methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) to request or submit data to the server. It also supports various status codes (200, 404, 500, etc.) to indicate the success or failure of a request.

In summary, HTTP is the protocol used for browsing websites, and it allows web browsers to communicate with web servers to request and receive web pages.

Boolean logic is a type of logical system used in computer programming and search engines to help users find information quickly and efficiently. It uses specific search expressions, or operators, to narrow down search results and find exactly what the user is looking for. The three main search expressions recognized by Boolean logic are:

1. SEARCH: The search operator allows users to search for specific text within a document, webpage, or database. This operator is used to find exact matches of a word or phrase within a larger body of text. For example, searching for "apple" using the search operator will only return results that contain the exact word "apple."

2. KEYWORD: The keyword operator allows users to search for multiple words or phrases within a document or database. This operator is useful for finding related terms or synonyms that may be relevant to the user's search. For example, searching for "apple OR fruit" using the keyword operator will return results that contain either the word "apple" or the word "fruit."

3. TEXT: The text operator allows users to search for specific words or phrases within a larger body of text, but with added flexibility. This operator allows for variations in spelling, word order, and punctuation, making it useful for finding similar or related terms within a document or webpage. For example, searching for "color AND (favourite OR favorite)" using the text operator will return results that contain the word "color" and either the word "favourite" or "favorite," regardless of spelling or punctuation.

Overall, understanding these three search expressions and how to use them in Boolean logic can greatly improve a user's ability to find the information they need quickly and efficiently.

Application Level Protocols

Application level protocols are the set of rules and formats that govern the communication between two or more devices over the internet. These protocols are used to transmit data over the internet and enable users to access various services and applications.

Different types of application-level protocols are available, and some of the most commonly used ones are:

1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): FTP is a protocol that is used to transfer files between two devices over the internet.

2. S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions): S/MIME is a protocol that is used to secure and authenticate email messages.

3. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy): PGP is a protocol that is used to encrypt and decrypt email messages.

4. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP is a protocol that is used to transfer data between web servers and clients.

Which is not the application level protocol?

The correct answer is option 'A' (FTP) because FTP is a transport-level protocol that operates at a lower level than the application layer. FTP is used to transfer files between two devices, but it does not define the format of the data being transmitted.

Conclusion

In conclusion, application level protocols are essential for enabling communication between devices over the internet. Different types of application-level protocols are available, and each has its unique features and functions. FTP is not an application-level protocol but a transport-level protocol that operates at a lower level than the application layer.

Explanation:
The application of the internet refers to the various ways in which the internet is used in our daily lives. The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, conduct business, and access information. However, there are certain activities that are not considered as applications of the internet.
Here, the option "D: Sleeping" is not an application of the internet. Sleeping is a biological process and does not involve the use of the internet. The internet cannot be directly used for sleeping purposes.
Applications of the Internet:
A: Communication
- The internet allows people to communicate with each other through various means such as email, instant messaging, video calls, and social media platforms.
- It enables people to connect with others globally, facilitating communication in real-time.
B: Banking
- The internet is widely used for online banking services, allowing individuals to access their bank accounts, make transactions, and manage their finances online.
- It provides convenience and accessibility to banking services from anywhere at any time.
C: Shopping
- Online shopping has become increasingly popular with the advent of the internet.
- It allows consumers to browse and purchase products from various online retailers, making shopping more convenient and accessible.
In summary:
The internet has numerous applications, including communication, banking, and shopping. However, sleeping is not an application of the internet as it does not involve the use of online services or activities.

Google Earth is the service that provides a 3D view of the Earth. It is a virtual globe, map, and geographical information program that was originally called EarthViewer 3D when it was developed by Keyhole, Inc., a company that was acquired by Google in 2004. Google Earth allows users to explore the Earth by navigating a virtual globe using satellite imagery, aerial photography, and GIS 3D globe.

Features of Google Earth:
1. Satellite Imagery: Google Earth provides high-resolution satellite imagery that allows users to zoom in and explore different areas of the Earth. This imagery is constantly updated to provide the most recent views of the planet.

2. 3D Globe and Terrain: Google Earth also offers a 3D view of the Earth, allowing users to tilt and rotate the globe to see the terrain and topography of different regions. This feature provides a more immersive and realistic experience compared to traditional mapping services.

3. Street View: Another notable feature of Google Earth is Street View, which allows users to explore and navigate through street-level imagery. This feature provides a unique perspective and allows users to virtually visit different locations around the world.

4. Layers and Information: Google Earth offers various layers and information overlays, including borders, roads, landmarks, and even real-time weather data. This provides users with additional context and information about the places they are exploring.

5. Historical Imagery: Google Earth also allows users to view historical imagery of certain locations, enabling them to see how an area has changed over time. This feature is particularly useful for researchers, historians, and those interested in tracking environmental changes.

Advantages of Google Earth:
- User-friendly Interface: Google Earth has a simple and intuitive interface, making it easy for users to navigate and explore the globe.

- Wide Range of Features: Google Earth offers a wide range of features, including 3D viewing, street view, layers, and historical imagery, providing users with a comprehensive and immersive experience.

- Educational and Research Applications: Google Earth is widely used in educational and research settings to teach geography, geology, environmental studies, and other related subjects. It allows users to visualize and understand complex concepts in a more interactive and engaging manner.

- Global Coverage: Google Earth covers the entire planet and provides detailed imagery and information about almost any location. This makes it a valuable tool for both personal and professional use.

Overall, Google Earth is a powerful tool for exploring and understanding our planet. Its 3D view, satellite imagery, and extensive features make it an indispensable resource for anyone interested in geography, travel, education, or research.

Search Engine:
- A search engine is a software program that enables users to search for information on the internet by entering keywords or phrases.
- It retrieves and displays a list of relevant websites, documents, or other resources based on the search query.
Options:
A:
- Macromedia Flash is a multimedia software program used for creating and delivering interactive content on the web, such as animations and games.
- It is not a search engine.
B:

Google

- Google is a search engine and is one of the most popular and widely used search engines worldwide.
- It allows users to search for information, images, videos, news, and more.
- Google uses complex algorithms to index and rank web pages, providing users with relevant search results.
C:
- Netscape is a web browser that was popular in the early days of the internet.
- It is not a search engine.
D:
- Librarians' Index to the Internet is a directory of websites selected and evaluated by librarians.
- While it helps users find reliable and quality websites, it is not a search engine.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, only Google is a search engine.
- Macromedia Flash, Netscape, and Librarians' Index to the Internet are not search engines but serve different purposes.

Internet uses:
- Packet switching: This is a method of transmitting data over a network by breaking it into small packets and sending them individually to their destination. The packets are then reassembled at the receiving end. This is the primary method used in the internet for data transmission.
- Circuit switching: This is a method of establishing a dedicated communication path between two parties before any data transmission takes place. It is commonly used in traditional telephone networks, where a circuit is established for the duration of the call. However, it is not commonly used in the internet.
- Telephone switching: This refers to the process of connecting telephone calls between different telephone lines. It involves the use of switches to route calls from the originating telephone line to the destination line. While the internet can support voice communication, it does not rely on traditional telephone switching methods.
- Telex switching: Telex was a telegraphy network used for sending text-based messages between telex machines. It utilized circuit switching to establish a dedicated connection between two machines. However, telex networks have largely been replaced by more modern and efficient communication methods, including the internet.
In conclusion, the primary method used in the internet for data transmission is packet switching, while circuit switching, telephone switching, and telex switching are used in other communication networks but are not commonly used in the internet.

Explanation:

In the context of computer networks, the application layer is the topmost layer in the OSI model and is responsible for providing network services to user applications. Various protocols operate at this layer to enable communication between different applications.

Let's analyze the given options and identify the application layer protocol:

a) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTTP is a widely used application layer protocol for communication between web browsers and web servers. It is responsible for the transfer of hypertext, which includes HTML documents, images, videos, etc. HTTP operates on top of the transport layer protocols like TCP or UDP.

b) IP (Internet Protocol)
IP (Internet Protocol) is not an application layer protocol. It is a network layer protocol responsible for routing packets across different networks. IP provides the necessary addressing and routing functions for data transmission.

c) TELNET
TELNET is an application layer protocol that enables remote login to a computer system. It allows users to access and control a remote computer over a network. TELNET operates on top of TCP and provides a command-line interface to interact with the remote system.

d) FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP is an application layer protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server over a network. It provides functionalities like file upload, download, and directory listing. FTP operates on top of TCP and uses separate control and data connections.

Conclusion:

Among the given options, IP (Internet Protocol) is not an application layer protocol. It is a network layer protocol responsible for routing packets across networks. The correct answer, therefore, is option 'b'.

Explanation:

ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. ICMP is a protocol responsible for sending error messages and operational information about network conditions.

When a network device encounters an error, it uses ICMP to send an error message back to the source IP address of the original packet. This message is known as an ICMP error message. ICMP error messages are used to notify the sender of a problem with the packet or the network.

For example, if a packet is sent to a non-existent IP address, the router or host will send an ICMP error message back to the source IP address indicating that the destination is unreachable. Similarly, if a packet is too big to be transmitted over the network, ICMP will send a message back to the source IP address indicating that the packet needs to be fragmented.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a protocol responsible for establishing a reliable connection between two devices and ensuring data is received accurately. IP (Internet Protocol) is a protocol responsible for routing packets across networks. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for sending email messages.

In conclusion, ICMP is the protocol used to report error messages back to the sender of a packet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server on a computer network. It allows users to connect to a remote server, browse and transfer files, and perform various file management tasks.

FTP can be run on various operating systems, including Unix, Linux, and Dos/Windows. However, the correct answer for this question is option 'B' - Linux. Let's explore why.

1. Unix:
- FTP can be run on Unix operating systems, which include various versions such as AIX, Solaris, HP-UX, and more.
- Unix provides built-in support for FTP, allowing users to connect to remote servers and transfer files using FTP commands or graphical FTP clients.
- FTP servers like vsftpd (Very Secure FTP Daemon) are commonly used on Unix systems.

2. Linux:
- Linux is an open-source operating system that is derived from Unix.
- Like Unix, Linux provides support for FTP and allows users to connect to remote servers, browse directories, and transfer files using FTP.
- Linux distributions often come with FTP server software, such as vsftpd or proftpd, which can be easily installed and configured to enable FTP services.

3. Dos/Windows:
- Although FTP can be run on Dos/Windows operating systems, it is not the best choice compared to Unix or Linux.
- Dos/Windows systems do provide support for FTP through command-line FTP clients or graphical FTP programs.
- However, Dos/Windows FTP implementations may lack certain features or security enhancements that are available in Unix or Linux systems.

4. All of these:
- While FTP can be run on Unix, Linux, and Dos/Windows, the correct answer for this question is 'B' - Linux.
- Linux is a widely used operating system in server environments, and it provides robust support for FTP.
- Many organizations and web hosting providers rely on Linux-based servers to offer FTP services to their clients.

In summary, FTP can indeed be run on Unix, Linux, and Dos/Windows operating systems. However, the correct answer for this question is 'B' - Linux, as Linux is known for its strong support and popularity in the FTP server realm.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Uniform Resource Locator, commonly known as URL, is a unique address that identifies a web page or resource on the internet. It is a web address used to locate a resource on the internet, such as a web page, an image, a video, or any other file.

URL Syntax

URLs are comprised of different parts, including protocol, domain name, path, and parameters. The general syntax of a URL is as follows:

protocol://domain/path?parameters

For example:

https://www.edurev.in/learn/url

In this URL, "https://" is the protocol, "www.edurev.in" is the domain, "/learn/URL" is the path, and there are no parameters.

Uniform Resource Locator vs. Universal Resource Locator

Universal Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Universal Resource Locator (URL) was the original name for web addresses, but it was later changed to Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to reflect the fact that URLs are now used for more than just locating web resources.

The term "universal" implies that URLs can be used to locate any resource, regardless of its format or location. However, this was not entirely true, as URLs were originally designed to locate resources on the World Wide Web only. Therefore, the term "uniform" was chosen to reflect the fact that URLs are now used for a wide range of resources, including email addresses, FTP servers, and more.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a web address used to locate a resource on the internet, such as a web page, an image, a video, or any other file. URLs are comprised of different parts, including protocol, domain name, path, and parameters. The term "Uniform" in URL reflects the fact that URLs are now used for a wide range of resources, including email addresses, FTP servers, and more.

IP addresses are converted to a hierarchy of domain names.


IP addresses are numerical labels assigned to devices connected to a computer network. They serve the purpose of identifying and locating devices on a network, enabling communication between them. IP addresses are essential for the functioning of the internet and are a fundamental aspect of networking.


Domain names, on the other hand, are user-friendly names used to identify websites and resources on the internet. They provide a more memorable and meaningful way to access online content. A domain name consists of two main parts: the top-level domain (TLD) and the second-level domain (SLD). For example, in the domain name "example.com," "com" is the TLD, and "example" is the SLD.


The Domain Name System (DNS) is responsible for converting domain names into IP addresses. When a user enters a domain name in their web browser, the DNS system is queried to find the corresponding IP address of the requested domain. This process is known as domain name resolution.


The hierarchy of domain names is based on a tree-like structure, with the root at the top and different levels of domains branching out below it. This hierarchy helps organize and manage domain names efficiently. The hierarchy consists of the following levels:

1. Root Domain
At the top of the hierarchy is the root domain, represented by a single dot (.). It is the starting point for all domain names and is not visible in normal usage.

2. Top-Level Domains (TLDs)
Below the root domain are the top-level domains (TLDs), which are divided into two categories:
- Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs): These consist of generic domain extensions such as .com, .org, .net, etc.
- Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs): These represent specific countries or territories, such as .us, .uk, .fr, etc.

3. Second-Level Domains (SLDs)
Below the TLDs are the second-level domains (SLDs), which are chosen by individuals, organizations, or businesses to create unique and identifiable domain names. Examples include "google" in google.com and "facebook" in facebook.com.

4. Subdomains
Subdomains are optional extensions of the SLD and can be used to further organize and categorize websites. For example, in the domain name "blog.example.com," "blog" is a subdomain of "example.com."


When a user enters a domain name in their web browser, the DNS system performs a series of lookups to convert the domain name into its corresponding IP address. This conversion process involves traversing the hierarchy of domain names, starting from the root domain and moving down to the specific domain.

The DNS system uses a combination of authoritative DNS servers, which hold the information about specific domain names, and recursive DNS servers, which perform the lookups on behalf of the user. By following the hierarchy of domain names, the DNS system can accurately resolve the domain name to its corresponding IP address.

In conclusion, IP addresses are converted to a hierarchy of domain names through the DNS system. This hierarchy allows for the

Server Side Programming Language

Server side programming languages are used to create dynamic websites and web applications. These languages are executed on the server and generate HTML code that is sent to the client's web browser. Some popular server-side programming languages are JSP (Java Server Pages), ASP (Active Server Pages), PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor), and Python.

Not a Server Side Programming Language

JavaScript is a client-side programming language that is executed on the client's web browser. It is used to add interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages. JavaScript code can be embedded within HTML code or included in external files.

Conclusion

In conclusion, JavaScript is not a server-side programming language. It is a client-side programming language used for adding interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages. On the other hand, JSP, ASP, PHP, and Python are some popular server-side programming languages used to create dynamic websites and web applications.

False Statement: c) TFTP relies on TCP.

Explanation:
TFTP, or Trivial File Transfer Protocol, is a simplified version of FTP (File Transfer Protocol) that is commonly used for simple file transfers. One key difference between TFTP and FTP is the underlying transport protocol that they rely on.

TFTP uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) as its transport protocol, not TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee the delivery or sequencing of packets. It is often used in situations where speed and efficiency are more important than reliability, as there is no need to establish a connection before transferring data.

On the other hand, TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable and ordered delivery of packets. It establishes a connection between the sending and receiving hosts before data transmission and guarantees that all packets are delivered in the correct order.

TFTP's reliance on UDP makes it faster and more lightweight compared to FTP, but it also means that it lacks some of the features provided by TCP, such as error checking, flow control, and congestion control. As a result, TFTP is commonly used for simple file transfers in network environments where reliability is not a critical factor, such as booting diskless workstations or updating firmware on network devices.

In summary, the false statement is c) TFTP relies on TCP. TFTP actually relies on UDP as its transport protocol.

Extranet - Definition and Explanation

Definition: An extranet is a private network that connects the intranets of two or more co-operating organizations via a secure leased line.

Explanation: An extranet facilitates collaboration between two or more organizations by providing secure access to each other's intranets. This allows the organizations to share data and resources in a controlled and secure manner. The extranet is usually created by interconnecting the intranets of the organizations via a secure leased line. The leased line provides a dedicated and secure connection between the two intranets.

The extranet is designed to provide a secure and controlled environment for the exchange of information between the organizations. The access to the extranet is restricted to authorized users only. The users are authenticated and authorized before they are allowed to access the extranet.

The extranet provides a number of benefits to the organizations. These benefits include:

- Improved collaboration between the organizations
- Secure exchange of data and resources
- Cost-effective sharing of resources
- Improved efficiency and productivity
- Enhanced customer service

In conclusion, an extranet is a private network that connects the intranets of two or more co-operating organizations via a secure leased line. It facilitates collaboration between the organizations by providing secure access to each other's intranets. The extranet is designed to provide a secure and controlled environment for the exchange of information between the organizations.

The correct answer is option 'B' - (i) Electronic mail, (ii) Remote login, and (iii) File transfer.

Explanation:
The facilities available on the internet are numerous and varied, allowing individuals to communicate, access information, and perform various tasks. Here is a detailed explanation of the facilities mentioned in the given options:

(i) Electronic Mail:
Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a service that allows users to send and receive messages electronically over the internet. It has become one of the most widely used communication methods, enabling people to send text, attachments, and multimedia content to individuals or groups of recipients. Email has revolutionized communication, making it quick, efficient, and cost-effective.

(ii) Remote Login:
Remote login, also known as remote access, allows users to connect to and control a computer or network remotely. This facility enables individuals to access their files, programs, and resources from any location, as long as they have an internet connection. It is particularly useful for individuals who need to work on their office or personal computers while away from the physical location.

(iii) File Transfer:
File transfer refers to the ability to send and receive files over the internet. It allows users to share documents, images, videos, and other types of files with others. File transfer can be done through various methods, including email attachments, file-sharing platforms, and file transfer protocol (FTP) services. This facility has greatly simplified the process of exchanging information and collaborating on projects.

(iv) Word Processing:
Word processing is not mentioned in the given options. However, it is a computer-based facility that allows users to create, edit, format, and print documents. While word processing software is commonly used on personal computers, it is not a facility directly provided by the internet itself.

In conclusion, the facilities available on the internet are not limited to electronic mail, remote login, and file transfer. However, among the given options, the correct answer is option 'B' as it includes all three mentioned facilities.

The correct answer is option 'C' (i, ii, iii, iv, v).

Explanation:

(i) Source address: The source address is the IP address or the network address of the device or computer from which the packet is being sent. It is used to identify the sender of the packet.

(ii) Destination address: The destination address is the IP address or the network address of the device or computer to which the packet is being sent. It is used to identify the receiver of the packet.

(iii) Serial number of packets: Each packet in a data transmission is assigned a unique serial number. This helps in ensuring that the packets are received in the correct order and can be reassembled at the destination.

(iv) Message bytes: The message bytes contain the actual data or payload that is being transmitted. It can be any type of data such as text, images, audio, video, etc.

(v) Control bits for error checking: Error checking is an important aspect of data transmission. Control bits are used to detect and correct errors in the packet data. They can include checksums, parity bits, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), etc.

(vi) Path identification bits: Path identification bits are used to identify the specific route or path that the packet should follow through the network. This is particularly useful in situations where there are multiple possible paths or routes for the packet to reach the destination.

In summary, the Internet packet data structure consists of the source address, destination address, serial number of packets, message bytes, and control bits for error checking. Path identification bits are not typically included in the basic packet structure. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' (i, ii, iii, iv, v).

HTTPS:
HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It is the secure version of HTTP, which is the protocol used for transmitting data over the internet.
What does the 'S' in HTTPS stand for?
The 'S' in HTTPS stands for:
- Secured: The 'S' in HTTPS stands for 'Secured'. It indicates that the communication between the web browser and the web server is encrypted and secure.
How does HTTPS work?
HTTPS works by using SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) protocols to encrypt the data transmitted between the web browser and the web server. Here is a brief overview of how HTTPS works:
1. Handshake: The web browser sends a request to the web server to establish a secure connection.
2. Server authentication: The web server sends its SSL/TLS certificate to the web browser to prove its identity.
3. Encryption: The web browser and the web server negotiate an encryption algorithm and exchange encryption keys.
4. Data transmission: The web browser and the web server encrypt and decrypt the data using the shared encryption keys, ensuring that the data cannot be intercepted or tampered with during transmission.
Why is HTTPS important?
HTTPS is important for several reasons:
- Data security: HTTPS ensures that the data transmitted between the web browser and the web server is encrypted and secure, protecting it from unauthorized access.
- Authentication: HTTPS verifies the identity of the web server, ensuring that the user is connecting to the intended website and not a malicious imposter.
- Trust and credibility: Websites that use HTTPS are often seen as more trustworthy and credible by users, as they prioritize data security.
Conclusion:
In summary, the 'S' in HTTPS stands for 'Secured'. HTTPS is crucial for ensuring the security and integrity of data transmitted over the internet, providing encryption, authentication, and trustworthiness.

Not the requirement of the Internet: DOS

Explanation:
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows for the exchange of information and communication between users. It requires several components to function properly. Let's discuss each of these components in detail:

1. Operating System:
An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It is a crucial requirement for the Internet as it controls the computer's operations and allows users to interact with various applications and services on the Internet.

2. Web Browser:
A web browser is a software application that allows users to access and view websites on the Internet. It interprets the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code of a webpage and displays the content in a user-friendly manner. Web browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge are widely used to access the Internet.

3. Modem:
A modem is a device that connects a computer or a network to the Internet. It modulates and demodulates digital data into analog signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines or cable lines. It plays a crucial role in establishing a connection between the user's device and the Internet service provider (ISP).

4. DOS (Disk Operating System):
DOS is an early operating system developed by Microsoft that was widely used in the 1980s and early 1990s. It was primarily designed for personal computers and lacked graphical user interfaces. However, DOS does not provide the necessary functionalities to connect to and browse the Internet. It requires additional software such as a terminal emulator or a TCP/IP stack to establish an Internet connection, which makes it an unsuitable choice for accessing the Internet directly.

In conclusion, the requirement of the Internet includes an operating system, a web browser, and a modem. However, DOS is not a requirement as it does not provide the necessary functionalities to connect to and browse the Internet.

A) One is public, the other is private

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Definition:
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address used to locate a webpage or resource on the internet. It is a standardized naming convention used to identify the location of a resource, such as a webpage, image, or document, on a computer network.

Components of a URL:
A URL consists of several components that provide specific information about the location and access method of the resource. These components include:

1. Protocol: The protocol specifies the method or rules that are used to access the resource. Common protocols include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), HTTPS (HTTP Secure), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).

2. Domain: The domain or hostname identifies the specific computer or server where the resource is located. It can be a combination of letters, numbers, and hyphens, and is followed by a top-level domain (TLD) such as .com, .org, or .net.

3. Path: The path indicates the specific location of the resource on the server. It can include directories and subdirectories separated by slashes (/). For example, /images/logo.png refers to the image file "logo.png" located in the "images" directory.

4. Query Parameters: Query parameters are used to pass additional information to the server. They are appended to the URL after a question mark (?) and are in the form of key-value pairs. For example, ?id=123&name=John specifies the parameters "id" with a value of 123 and "name" with a value of John.

5. Fragment Identifier: The fragment identifier refers to a specific section or anchor within a webpage. It is indicated by a hash symbol (#) followed by the identifier. For example, #section1 refers to the section with the ID "section1" on the webpage.

Importance of URLs:
URLs play a crucial role in the functioning of the internet. They provide a standardized way to access and locate resources, allowing users to navigate the vast network of interconnected computers and servers. URLs are used in web browsers, search engines, hyperlinks, and various internet protocols to retrieve and display information from specific webpages or resources.

Conclusion:
In summary, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a standardized address used to locate webpages and resources on the internet. It consists of various components, including the protocol, domain, path, query parameters, and fragment identifier. URLs are essential for accessing and navigating the internet, allowing users to find and retrieve specific information from websites and servers.

Explanation:

In order for a computer to connect to the internet, it must have a unique IP address. The IP address serves as a unique identifier for each device connected to the internet. Without a unique IP address, it would not be possible for data to be sent and received correctly.

IP Address:
- An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network.
- It acts as an identifier for the device and allows it to communicate with other devices on the internet.
- The IP address consists of four sets of numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.0.1.

Unique IP Address:
- Each device connected to the internet must have a unique IP address.
- This is because IP addresses are used to route data between devices.
- If multiple devices had the same IP address, data would not be able to reach the intended device.

Example:
- Imagine a scenario where two computers have the same IP address.
- When data is sent to that IP address, it would be impossible to determine which computer should receive the data.
- This would result in data loss or incorrect data delivery.

Compatibility:
- While it is not necessary for a computer to be an IBM PC to connect to the internet, it must be internet compatible.
- This means that the computer's hardware and software must support internet connectivity.
- Most modern computers, regardless of their brand or operating system, are internet compatible.

Modem Connection:
- While modems were commonly used in the past to connect computers to the internet, they are not the only means of connection.
- Nowadays, computers can connect to the internet through various methods such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or cellular data.
- Therefore, having a modem connection is not a requirement for internet connectivity.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'B' - Each computer connected to the internet must have a unique IP address. This is because IP addresses are essential for routing data between devices on the internet. The other options, such as being an IBM PC or having a modem connection, are not necessary for internet connectivity.