All questions of Understanding Economic Development for Class 10 Exam

The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of government

C is correct

D option is correct here....As we all know that primary sector contains those activities which belongs directly to plants , animals nd our earth ...weaving is not a primary activity because when we weave a cloth it is already maintained. only we have to design it ..in this when we collect cotton nd spinning is performed it is called as primary activity..thus , weaving directly not relate to primary sector activities..

Definition of Barter
Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. Barter is a form of trade in which one party exchanges goods or services for another without the use of money.

Explanation
In barter system, people exchange goods or services with each other according to their needs. This was the earliest form of trade and was widely used before the introduction of money. For example, a farmer may exchange a sack of rice for a cow with a cattle farmer. In this way, both parties get what they need without using money.

Advantages of Barter System
- It helps to save money as there is no need to use cash.
- It facilitates direct exchange of goods and services, which can be very convenient.
- It helps to establish good relationships between buyers and sellers.

Disadvantages of Barter System
- It is difficult to find someone who has what you need and wants what you have.
- It is difficult to determine the value of goods and services being exchanged.
- It is difficult to make large transactions using the barter system.

Therefore, barter is not commonly used today but it still exists in some parts of the world as a means of exchange.

Analysis:
To determine which sector has benefited least from globalization in India, we need to evaluate the impact of globalization on each sector individually.
Agriculture Sector:
- Globalization has led to increased competition from imported agricultural products, which has put pressure on Indian farmers.
- The sector has also faced challenges in terms of price fluctuations and market access.
Industrial Sector:
- Globalization has had a positive impact on the industrial sector in India.
- It has opened up opportunities for foreign investment, technology transfer, and market expansion.
- The sector has witnessed significant growth and development, contributing to India's economic progress.
Service Sector:
- The service sector has been one of the major beneficiaries of globalization in India.
- It has experienced rapid growth due to outsourcing and offshoring of services, such as IT, BPO, and telecommunication.
- The sector has created employment opportunities and contributed to India's GDP.
Secondary Sector:
- The secondary sector, which includes manufacturing and construction, has also benefited from globalization.
- It has attracted foreign investment, leading to the establishment of industries and infrastructure development.
Conclusion:
Among the given options, the agriculture sector has benefited least from globalization in India. It has faced challenges such as increased competition and price fluctuations, which have affected the livelihood of Indian farmers. On the other hand, the industrial sector, service sector, and secondary sector have experienced significant growth and development due to globalization.

When globalisation starts it allows foreign companies to bring good and sell in India
Thus it led to competition among Indian and foreign producers to sell their goods

Understanding Trade Barriers
Trade barriers are measures that governments take to control the amount of trade across their borders. These barriers can affect international trade and influence the economy significantly.
Types of Trade Barriers
- Import Taxes (Tariffs):
- Taxes imposed on goods brought into a country.
- They make imported goods more expensive, encouraging consumers to buy domestic products instead.
- This is a common method to protect local industries from foreign competition.
- Export Taxes:
- Taxes on goods sent out of the country.
- Less common and usually used to manage the supply of certain resources.
- Local Taxes:
- Taxes on goods sold within a country.
- These do not directly affect international trade but can impact local industry competitiveness.
- High Income Tax:
- This is not considered a trade barrier.
- It affects individuals and businesses but does not specifically address trade between countries.
Why Tax on Imports is a Trade Barrier
- Protectionism:
- Import taxes are primarily used as protectionist measures.
- They aim to make imported goods less attractive compared to locally produced goods.
- Economic Implications:
- These taxes can lead to higher prices for consumers and can also lead to trade disputes between nations.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'B' (Tax on imports) because it represents a direct measure that restricts trade by increasing the cost of foreign goods, thereby acting as a barrier to free trade.

BMI { Body Mass Index} is a method used to find one's health status which is given by a formula ¶¶ BMI = weight ( kg) / height ²( m)..!! The above formula helps to determine whether we r nourished,malnutrition or over nourished!!

The stiff competition from MNCs made many small scale producers shut down their business

• Agmark: Agmark is a quality certification obtained by agricultural products in India to ensure their quality and conformity to certain standards. However, it is not specific to food processing companies.


• ISI: ISI (Indian Standards Institute) certification is obtained by various products to ensure their quality, safety, and reliability. Although it is important for food processing companies to follow ISI standards, it is not a specific certification for them.


• ISO: ISO (International Organization for Standardization) certification is widely recognized and obtained by food processing companies to demonstrate that they meet international standards for food safety, quality management, and environmental management. It provides assurance to consumers and stakeholders that the company follows best practices in the food processing industry.


• Hallmark: Hallmark certification is obtained by jewelry and precious metal products to ensure their purity and authenticity. It is not relevant to food processing companies.

Therefore, the correct answer is ISO, as it is the quality certification obtained by food processing companies to ensure their compliance with international standards.

**Explanation:**

The answer to the given question is option B, which states "High technological development" is not a feature of a developing country. Let's understand why.

**Agriculture as the major occupation:**
- One of the key features of a developing country is that agriculture is the major occupation of the people.
- In developing countries, a large portion of the population is engaged in agriculture and relies on it for their livelihood.
- This is due to the lack of industrialization and the dominance of the agricultural sector in the economy.

**Mass poverty:**
- Developing countries often face the issue of mass poverty.
- The majority of the population in these countries live below the poverty line, struggling to fulfill their basic needs.
- Poverty rates are high due to factors such as limited access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.

**Mass illiteracy:**
- Another characteristic of developing countries is mass illiteracy.
- Due to limited access to education and inadequate infrastructure, a significant portion of the population remains illiterate.
- Illiteracy hinders socio-economic development and limits the opportunities available to individuals.

**High technological development:**
- High technological development is not a feature of a developing country.
- Developing countries often lack the resources and infrastructure required for significant technological advancements.
- Limited access to technology, lack of research and development, and the focus on basic needs make it challenging for these countries to achieve high technological development.

In conclusion, while agriculture as the major occupation, mass poverty, and mass illiteracy are features of developing countries, high technological development is not. Developing countries face various challenges in achieving technological advancements due to limited resources, infrastructure, and focus on basic needs.

• MNCs expand their operations globally to tap into new markets and reach a larger customer base.


• Setting up offices and factories in multiple nations allows them to cater to the specific needs and preferences of different markets.

• MNCs often set up offices and factories in nations where the cost of production is lower.


• This enables them to take advantage of lower labor costs, cheaper raw materials, and favorable tax policies, resulting in cost savings.


• By diversifying their production locations, MNCs can mitigate risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates, inflation, and political instability.

• Establishing operations in multiple nations allows MNCs to access and utilize different resources available in each location.


• This includes skilled labor, technology, infrastructure, and natural resources.


• By leveraging these resources, MNCs can enhance their competitive advantage and improve their overall business performance.

• MNCs set up offices and factories in different nations to strategically position themselves in key markets or regions.


• This enables them to strengthen their global presence, establish a local customer base, and build strong relationships with local suppliers and partners.


• Strategic positioning also allows MNCs to respond quickly to market changes, adapt to local regulations, and stay ahead of competitors.

• MNCs often establish research and development (R&D) centers in multiple nations to access diverse talent pools and foster innovation.


• By having R&D facilities in different locations, MNCs can gather valuable market insights, develop customized products, and adapt to local preferences.


• This helps them stay competitive, improve product quality, and address the specific needs of different markets.

Overall, the establishment of offices and factories in more than one nation allows MNCs to achieve various advantages such as market expansion, cost savings, resource utilization, strategic positioning, and innovation.

Globalisation is called fair globalisation when it benefits all the above: labour, investors, consumers.

The money value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year is called Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The options provided are as follows:
A: Gross domestic product
B: Net domestic product
C: National product
D: Production of secondary sector
To explain why the correct answer is A: Gross domestic product, we can break down the options and provide more information:
Option A: Gross domestic product
- GDP is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific time period, usually a year.
- It includes goods and services produced by both domestic and foreign entities within the country.
- GDP is an important measure of economic activity and is used to analyze the overall health and growth of a country's economy.
Option B: Net domestic product
- Net domestic product (NDP) is a measure of economic output that takes into account depreciation or wear and tear on capital goods.
- NDP is calculated by subtracting depreciation from the gross domestic product.
- While NDP is a useful measure for assessing the sustainability of economic growth, it is not the correct answer in this context.
Option C: National product
- National product refers to the total value of goods and services produced by the residents of a country, regardless of where they are located.
- It includes both domestic production and production by nationals abroad.
- While related to GDP, national product is not the correct term for the specific context described in the question.
Option D: Production of secondary sector
- The secondary sector refers to the part of the economy that includes manufacturing, construction, and other industrial activities.
- While the production of the secondary sector contributes to GDP, it does not encompass the entirety of GDP.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is A: Gross domestic product.

The Right to Information (RTI) Act

The Right to Information (RTI) Act was enacted by the Government of India in October 2005. It is a landmark legislation that empowers citizens to seek information from public authorities, promoting transparency and accountability in governance. The Act is based on the principle that every citizen has the right to access information held by public authorities, subject to certain exemptions and restrictions.

Importance and Objectives of the RTI Act

The RTI Act plays a crucial role in promoting good governance and empowering citizens. It aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. Transparency: The Act seeks to promote transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities by ensuring that citizens have access to information about government policies, decisions, and actions.

2. Empowerment: By providing citizens with the right to access information, the Act empowers them to actively participate in the democratic process, make informed decisions, and hold public authorities accountable for their actions.

3. Reduction of Corruption: The Act acts as a deterrent to corruption and maladministration by allowing citizens to access information related to government activities, contracts, and expenditures. This enables them to identify and report any irregularities or corruption.

4. Efficiency and Effectiveness: The Act promotes efficiency and effectiveness in governance by ensuring that information is readily available to citizens. This facilitates better decision-making, policy formulation, and implementation.

5. Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Act recognizes the right to information as a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. It strengthens democracy by safeguarding the citizens' right to know and express their opinions.

Enactment and Implementation

The RTI Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in October 2005. It came into effect on 12th October 2005. The Act applies to the whole of India, including the Union territories and states, except for Jammu and Kashmir. The Central Information Commission at the national level and State Information Commissions at the state level were established under the Act to ensure its effective implementation and adjudication of appeals and complaints.

Conclusion

The enactment of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in October 2005 has been a significant step towards promoting transparency, accountability, and citizen empowerment in India. By providing citizens with the right to access information, the Act has played a crucial role in strengthening democracy, reducing corruption, and enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of governance.

The World bank says that countries with per capita income of ₹453000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with per capita income of ₹37,000 are called low income countries.India comes in the category of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just ₹ 28000 per annum, rich countries including the countries of middle east and another small countries are generally called developed countries.
Hence option 'C' is the correct answer.

Explanation:
Life expectancy at birth refers to the average number of years a newborn infant is expected to live if prevailing patterns of mortality are to stay the same in the future. It is an important indicator of health and well-being of a population. Here are some key points to understand the definition of life expectancy at birth:

- Average expected length of life: Life expectancy at birth is the average expected length of life of a person who is born in a particular year or period. It is not a prediction of how long an individual person will live, but rather a statistical measure based on the mortality experience of a population.
- Time of birth: Life expectancy at birth is calculated from the moment of birth. It takes into account all the risks and factors that can affect the survival and health of an infant in the first year of life and beyond.
- Prevailing patterns of mortality: Life expectancy at birth is based on the assumption that mortality rates for different age groups will remain the same in the future as they are at the time of calculation. This means that it reflects the current level of health and medical care, as well as social and economic conditions that affect the life chances of a population.
- Indicator of health and well-being: Life expectancy at birth is a widely used indicator of the overall health and well-being of a population. It can reflect the impact of factors such as infectious diseases, chronic diseases, accidents, violence, poverty, education, and environmental conditions on mortality rates.
- International comparisons: Life expectancy at birth can be compared across different countries and regions to assess the level of development, social inequality, and public health policies. However, it should be interpreted with caution, as different populations may have different age structures, health risks, and cultural values that influence mortality rates.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) authorizes money as a medium of exchange. Here is a detailed explanation:
Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
- The RBI is the central bank of India and is responsible for the issuance and control of the country's currency.
- It is the sole authority that has the power to issue currency notes and coins in India.
- The RBI regulates and supervises the functioning of banks and financial institutions in India.
- It formulates and implements monetary policies to control inflation, stabilize prices, and promote economic growth.
- The RBI manages the supply of money in the economy and ensures that there is an adequate amount of currency in circulation to facilitate transactions.
Other options:
- Self Help Groups (SHGs): SHGs are small groups of people who come together to save and borrow money for their mutual benefit. While they play a role in financial inclusion and empowerment, they do not have the authority to authorize money as a medium of exchange.
- The Central Government: While the central government has the power to regulate currency and monetary policies, the actual authorization of money as a medium of exchange lies with the central bank, which is the RBI in India.
- The President of India: The President of India is the ceremonial head of state and does not have the authority to authorize money as a medium of exchange.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Reserve Bank of India.

Development goal for landless rural labourers

Introduction: Landless rural labourers are those who work on someone else's land for wages. They do not own any land and are dependent on their daily wages for survival.

Development Goal: Raised wages

One of the most important development goals for landless rural labourers is raised wages. Due to their lack of land ownership, they are often at the mercy of their employers who may pay them low wages. This results in a cycle of poverty and dependence on their employers for survival. By raising their wages, landless rural labourers can improve their standard of living, provide better education and healthcare for their families, and save money for the future.

Importance:

Raised wages for landless rural labourers can have a significant impact on their lives. Some of the benefits are:

- Improved standard of living: With higher wages, landless rural labourers can afford better food, clothing, and shelter for themselves and their families. They can also invest in basic household amenities like electricity, water, and sanitation.

- Better education and healthcare: Higher wages can help landless rural labourers provide better education and healthcare for their families. They can afford to send their children to school and pay for healthcare services when needed.

- Savings for the future: With increased wages, landless rural labourers can save money for the future. They can invest in small businesses, buy assets like livestock or land, or save money for emergencies.

Conclusion:

Raised wages for landless rural labourers is a crucial development goal that can help break the cycle of poverty and dependence. It can improve their standard of living, provide better education and healthcare for their families, and enable them to save money for the future. Therefore, it is important for governments and policymakers to focus on this goal and take steps to ensure that landless rural labourers are paid fair wages for their work.

Consumer Movement in India:
The consumer movement in India has gained significant momentum and has led to the formation of various organizations that work towards protecting the rights and interests of consumers. These organizations include:
1. Consumer Protection Councils:
- These are local organizations that aim to promote and protect consumer rights.
- They work towards creating awareness among consumers about their rights and responsibilities.
- Consumer Protection Councils also play a vital role in resolving consumer grievances and ensuring fair trade practices.
2. COPRA (Consumer Protection Act):
- COPRA stands for the Consumer Protection Act, which was enacted in 1986.
- This act provides a legal framework for the protection of consumer rights in India.
- It establishes consumer forums at the district, state, and national levels to address consumer complaints and grievances.
3. Resident Welfare Associations (RWA):
- RWAs are local associations formed by residents of a particular locality or housing society.
- While their main focus is on the welfare and development of the locality, they also address consumer-related issues.
- RWAs often work in collaboration with other consumer organizations to safeguard the interests of consumers.
4. None of them:
- This option implies that there are no organizations formed as a result of the consumer movement in India, which is incorrect.
Conclusion:
The consumer movement in India has led to the establishment of various organizations such as Consumer Protection Councils, COPRA, and Resident Welfare Associations. These organizations play a crucial role in protecting consumer rights, resolving grievances, and promoting fair trade practices.

Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Unfair Trade Practices
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 aims to protect the rights and interests of consumers in India. It prohibits unfair trade practices that may deceive, mislead, or exploit consumers. However, there are certain activities that are not considered unfair trade practices under this act. Let's explore them in detail:
1. False or misleading representations: This refers to any form of false or deceptive information provided by a seller or service provider about their product or service. It includes false advertising, misleading claims, or misrepresentation of facts.
2. Bargain price: Bargain price refers to the sale of goods or services at a significantly reduced price compared to the market value. However, this provision does not apply to goods or services that are offered at a bargain price due to special circumstances, such as clearance sales or discontinuation of the product.
3. Non-compliance of product safety standard: Non-compliance with product safety standards is considered an unfair trade practice. It means selling products that do not meet the required safety standards, posing a risk to the health and safety of consumers.
4. Offering discounts or rebates: Offering discounts or rebates is a common marketing strategy used by businesses to attract customers. However, if these discounts or rebates are falsely advertised or if the terms and conditions are misleading, it can be considered an unfair trade practice.
Conclusion:
According to the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, unfair trade practices involve false or misleading representations, non-compliance of product safety standards, and offering discounts or rebates. Bargain price, on the other hand, is not considered an unfair trade practice unless it is falsely advertised or misleading. It is important for consumers to be aware of their rights and report any unfair trade practices to the appropriate authorities for redressal.

Consumer International
- Consumer International is the correct answer to the given question.
- It is a global federation of consumer organizations that works towards promoting and protecting consumer rights.
- It serves as a platform for consumer organizations from different countries to collaborate and advocate for consumer rights at the international level.
- Consumer International provides resources, support, and training to its member organizations to empower them in their consumer advocacy work.
- It campaigns for issues such as product safety, fair trade, sustainable consumption, and access to essential services.
- Through its collective efforts, Consumer International aims to influence policies and practices that impact consumers globally.
COPRA (Consumer Protection Act)
- COPRA is not the correct answer to the given question.
- COPRA refers to the Consumer Protection Act, which is a legislation enacted by the government of India to protect the rights of consumers in the country.
- While COPRA is significant at the national level in India, it does not have a global reach or serve as the foundation for the consumer movement globally.
Consumer Forums
- Consumer Forums are not the correct answer to the given question.
- Consumer Forums, also known as Consumer Dispute Redressal Commissions, are quasi-judicial bodies established in India to resolve consumer disputes.
- These forums operate at the district, state, and national levels within India and provide a platform for consumers to seek redressal for grievances against sellers or service providers.
- While Consumer Forums are important for consumer protection within India, they do not have a global impact or serve as the foundation for the consumer movement worldwide.
None of the above
- This option is incorrect as Consumer International is the correct answer to the given question.
- Consumer International plays a crucial role in the global consumer movement and serves as the foundation for consumer advocacy at the international level.
- It brings together consumer organizations from different countries to collectively work towards protecting and promoting consumer rights globally.

• Grant of timely loans: Self-help groups often provide timely loans to their members, helping them meet their financial needs and start small businesses.


• Reasonable interests: Self-help groups usually charge lower interest rates compared to traditional lenders, making it more affordable for members to borrow money.


• A platform to discuss various issues: Self-help groups serve as a platform for members to come together, share their experiences, discuss various issues, and support each other.


• Does not help women to become self-reliant: This statement is incorrect. Self-help groups empower women by providing them with opportunities to learn new skills, gain financial independence, and become self-reliant.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D: Does not help women to become self-reliant. Self-help groups play a crucial role in empowering women and promoting self-reliance among its members.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Silver coins. Here's why:
- Paper notes: Paper notes, also known as banknotes or bills, are a widely accepted form of money in modern economies. They are issued by central banks and are used as a medium of exchange for goods and services.
- Demand deposits: Demand deposits refer to the funds held in checking accounts at banks. This form of money is commonly used for daily transactions. It can be accessed through various means, such as debit cards or online banking.
- Silver coins: While silver coins were historically used as a form of money, they are not commonly used in modern economies. The value of silver coins is primarily based on the metal content rather than the face value. They are more often collected as bullion or for numismatic purposes.
- None of the above: This option is incorrect because silver coins are not a modern form of money.
In conclusion, silver coins are not considered a modern form of money as they are not widely used for transactions in contemporary economies.

The workers in the agricultural sector can be classified as underemployed. Here is a detailed explanation:
Underemployment in the Agricultural Sector:
- Underemployment refers to a situation where individuals are employed in jobs that are insufficient in terms of hours worked or income earned.
- In the agricultural sector, underemployment is a common issue. Many agricultural workers do not have access to full-time employment throughout the year.
- Factors contributing to underemployment in agriculture include seasonal variations in demand for labor, weather conditions, and fluctuations in crop cycles.
- Agricultural workers often face a lack of job security, as their employment is dependent on external factors such as weather and market conditions.
- Due to the nature of agricultural work, many workers may only be employed for specific periods, such as during planting or harvesting seasons.
- Additionally, agricultural workers may also face low wages and limited access to social security benefits.
Explanation of Other Options:
- Overemployed: This option is incorrect as overemployment refers to a situation where individuals work more hours than necessary or desired. In the agricultural sector, underemployment is more prevalent.
- Unemployed: This option is incorrect as unemployed individuals are those who are actively seeking work but are unable to find employment. Agricultural workers are employed, although their employment may be limited or insufficient.
- None of these: This option is incorrect as the correct answer is option A, underemployed.
To summarize, workers in the agricultural sector are considered underemployed due to factors such as seasonal variations, limited hours of work, and low job security.

Statement: Government owns the assets.
Explanation:
The true statement in respect of the Public Sector is that the government owns the assets. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition of Public Sector:
The Public Sector refers to the part of the economy that is owned and controlled by the government. It includes organizations and enterprises that are owned and operated by the government at various levels, such as central, state, and local government bodies.
Ownership of Assets:
In the Public Sector, the assets are owned by the government. This means that the government has legal ownership and control over the resources and properties that are utilized by public sector organizations. The assets can include land, buildings, infrastructure, equipment, and other tangible and intangible resources.
Role of Government:
The government's ownership of assets in the Public Sector is an essential aspect of its role in providing public goods and services. The government uses these assets to establish and operate various public sector organizations, such as schools, hospitals, transportation systems, utilities, and other essential services.
Benefits of Government Ownership:
There are several benefits of government ownership in the Public Sector. These include:
1. Accountability: As the government owns the assets, it is accountable to the public for their management and utilization. This ensures transparency and public scrutiny.
2. Social Welfare: Government ownership allows the resources to be utilized for the benefit of society as a whole. The government can prioritize the provision of essential services and address societal needs.
3. Regulation and Control: Government ownership enables the government to regulate and control the operations of public sector organizations. This ensures compliance with laws, regulations, and standards.
4. Long-term Planning: With ownership of assets, the government can engage in long-term planning and investment for the benefit of the country. This includes infrastructure development and strategic initiatives.
In conclusion, the true statement in respect of the Public Sector is that the government owns the assets. This ownership allows the government to fulfill its role in providing public goods and services, ensuring accountability, and promoting social welfare.

Explanation:
Formal sector in the context of loans refers to banks and other financial institutions that are regulated by the government. The households that take more loans from the formal sector are:

Well-off households:

- These households have a higher income and are more likely to have a good credit score, making it easier for them to get loans from the formal sector.
- They are also more likely to have assets that they can use as collateral for loans.

Rich households:

- Rich households have a significant amount of wealth and assets, making it easier for them to get loans from the formal sector.
- They can also use their assets as collateral for loans.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D - well-off households and rich households.

Explanation:

Terms of credit:
- Terms of credit refer to the conditions or terms under which credit is granted by a lender to a borrower.
- These terms include various aspects such as interest rate, collateral, mode of repayment, etc.

Interest rate:
- The interest rate is the cost of borrowing the principal amount. It is expressed as a percentage of the principal amount.

Collateral:
- Collateral is an asset that the borrower offers to the lender as security for the loan. It helps mitigate the risk for the lender in case the borrower defaults on the loan.

Cheque:
- A cheque is a written order from an account holder to their bank to pay a specified amount of money to a recipient.

Mode of repayment:
- The mode of repayment refers to the method through which the borrower will repay the loan amount. It could be through monthly installments, lump-sum payments, etc.

Conclusion:
- In this question, terms of credit do not include "cheque" as it is not a condition or term under which credit is granted by a lender to a borrower. Cheque is a method of payment, not a term of credit.

Correct, option A is not true regarding the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO allows for free trade among its member countries, but it also allows for certain trade barriers, such as tariffs, to be applied in certain circumstances. The aim of the WTO is to liberalize international trade and establish rules for fair and predictable trade among its member countries. The organization works to promote free trade by encouraging member countries to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers, but it does not force countries to remove trade barriers entirely. Developing countries, in particular, have some flexibility to maintain trade barriers to protect their domestic industries and economies.

Answer:
To determine the number of countries that were members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) by 2006, we need to refer to the information provided in the question.
By 2006, the number of WTO member countries was:
A: 139

B: 149

C: 159

D: 169
Since the correct answer is option B, we can conclude that by 2006, there were 149 countries that were members of the World Trade Organisation.

Government of India's Enacted Law: Right to Information Act
The Government of India enacted a law in October 2005, known as the Right to Information Act. This act was a significant step towards promoting transparency and accountability in governance.
Key Points:
1. Objective: The Right to Information Act aims to empower citizens by providing them with the right to access information held by public authorities. It promotes transparency, accountability, and participation in the decision-making process.
2. Salient Features:
- Applicability: The act is applicable to all states and union territories of India, except Jammu and Kashmir.
- Public Authorities: It covers all public authorities, including government departments, public sector undertakings, and NGOs substantially financed by the government.
- Right to Information: It grants every citizen the right to seek information from public authorities.
- Obligations of Public Authorities: Public authorities are required to maintain records, publish certain information proactively, and provide information upon request.
- Timeframe: The act stipulates a maximum time limit of 30 days for providing information, with certain exceptions.
- Information Exemptions: Certain categories of information, such as national security, personal privacy, and commercial confidence, are exempted from disclosure.

3. Role of Central Information Commission (CIC): The Central Information Commission was established under the act to ensure the proper implementation of the right to information. It is responsible for hearing appeals and complaints regarding non-compliance with the act.
4. Benefits:
- Empowering Citizens: The act enables citizens to actively participate in governance and hold public authorities accountable.
- Curbing Corruption: By increasing transparency, the act helps in curbing corruption and promoting good governance.
- Strengthening Democracy: It strengthens the democratic fabric of the country by promoting citizen engagement and informed decision-making.
In conclusion, the Government of India enacted the Right to Information Act in October 2005 to promote transparency, accountability, and citizen empowerment. This act has played a crucial role in ensuring access to information and fostering a more transparent and accountable governance system in India.

Answer:
The main source of credit for rich households is Formal credit. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition:
- Formal credit refers to credit that is provided by financial institutions such as banks, credit unions, and other regulated lenders.
- Informal credit, on the other hand, refers to credit that is provided by individuals or non-regulated lenders, such as family members, friends, or moneylenders.
Explanation:
- Rich households have a higher income and wealth compared to other households, which makes them more creditworthy.
- They often have access to a wide range of financial products and services provided by formal financial institutions.
- These institutions offer various types of credit, such as loans, credit cards, lines of credit, and mortgages, that are tailored to the needs of wealthy individuals.
- Rich households can easily meet the eligibility criteria and requirements set by formal lenders, which makes it easier for them to obtain credit.
- They can provide collateral or security for the loans, which further reduces the risk for the lenders.
- Moreover, formal credit offers advantages such as lower interest rates, longer repayment periods, and better legal protections for both the borrower and lender.
In conclusion, the main source of credit for rich households is Formal credit provided by financial institutions.

The correct answer to the question is option 'B', which states that banks keep 15% of deposits for their day-to-day transactions. This means that when individuals or businesses deposit money in a bank, the bank sets aside a certain percentage of those deposits to meet its daily operational needs.

Here is a detailed explanation of this answer:

1. Definition of deposits:
- Deposits refer to the money that individuals or businesses entrust to banks for safekeeping and use as per their requirements.
- Banks offer various types of deposit accounts, such as savings accounts, current accounts, fixed deposit accounts, etc.

2. Purpose of keeping a portion of deposits:
- Banks need to maintain a certain level of liquidity to meet the demands of their customers for cash withdrawals, loan disbursements, and other transactions.
- To ensure that they have sufficient funds available for these operations, banks retain a portion of the deposits.

3. Reserve requirement:
- The percentage of deposits that banks are required to keep as reserves is known as the reserve requirement.
- Reserve requirements are set by the central bank or regulatory authority of a country to maintain stability in the banking system and control the money supply.
- The reserve requirement can vary from country to country and may be periodically adjusted by the central bank.

4. Calculation of the portion of deposits kept by banks:
- In this case, the correct answer states that banks keep 15% of deposits for their day-to-day transactions.
- This means that for every $100 deposited in the bank, $15 will be set aside as reserves.
- The remaining $85 can be used by the bank for lending, investment, and other operational purposes.

5. Importance of reserve requirement:
- The reserve requirement serves as a safety net for banks, ensuring that they have sufficient funds to meet their obligations.
- It also helps in maintaining the stability of the banking system by preventing excessive lending and potential bank runs.
- By controlling the reserve requirement, the central bank can influence the money supply in the economy, which in turn affects inflation and interest rates.

In conclusion, banks keep a portion of deposits for their day-to-day transactions, and in this case, the correct answer is 15%. This reserve requirement helps banks maintain liquidity, meet customer demands, and ensures the stability of the banking system.

Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure used to assess the overall development and well-being of a country's population. It takes into account various factors such as per capita income, life expectancy, and literacy rate. The HDI is calculated by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and is used to compare the development levels of different countries.

The correct answer to the question is option D, which states that the poverty rate is not a component of the Human Development Index. Let's explore why this is the case:

1. **Per capita income**: This component of the HDI measures the average income of individuals in a country. It is calculated by dividing the total national income by the population. Per capita income reflects the economic prosperity and living standards of a country's citizens.

2. **Life expectancy**: This component of the HDI measures the average number of years a person is expected to live in a country. It is an indicator of the overall health and well-being of the population. Higher life expectancy indicates better access to healthcare, nutrition, and overall quality of life.

3. **Literacy rate**: This component of the HDI measures the percentage of the population above a certain age (typically 15 years and above) who can read and write. Literacy rate reflects the educational attainment and intellectual development of a country's population. Higher literacy rates are associated with better employment opportunities, higher incomes, and improved overall human development.

4. **Poverty rate**: While poverty rate is an important indicator of development, it is not included as a component of the HDI. The HDI focuses on broader measures of development such as income, health, and education. However, poverty rate is often considered as a separate indicator and is used in conjunction with the HDI to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a country's development.

In conclusion, the Human Development Index (HDI) consists of components such as per capita income, life expectancy, and literacy rate. The poverty rate, although an important indicator of development, is not included as a component of the HDI.

Public Services
Public services refer to services that are provided by the government or public sector to the general public. These services are usually funded through taxes or other government revenues and are aimed at promoting the welfare and well-being of the citizens.
Examples of Public Services
- Postal services: Postal services are one of the essential public services provided by the government. They involve the collection, sorting, and delivery of mail and packages to individuals and businesses.
- Healthcare services: Healthcare services, including hospitals, clinics, and public health programs, are provided by the government to ensure access to quality healthcare for all citizens.
- Educational services: Public schools, colleges, and universities are examples of public services that aim to provide education to the general public.
- Transportation services: Public transportation systems, such as buses, trains, and subways, are provided by the government to facilitate the movement of people within a city or region.
- Emergency services: Police, fire, and ambulance services are examples of emergency services provided by the government to ensure public safety and respond to emergencies.
- Social welfare services: Social welfare programs, such as unemployment benefits, welfare assistance, and food stamps, are provided by the government to support individuals and families in need.
- Environmental services: Public services also include environmental protection and conservation measures, such as waste management, water treatment, and air quality control.
Not Covered under Public Services
- Mobile repair services: Mobile repair services are typically provided by private businesses and are not considered public services.
- Washing machine after-sale services: After-sale services for washing machines, including repairs and maintenance, are typically provided by the manufacturer or authorized service centers and are not considered public services.
In conclusion, postal services are covered under public services, while mobile repair services and washing machine after-sale services are not. Public services are essential for the functioning of a society and aim to meet the needs of the general public in areas such as communication, healthcare, education, transportation, emergency response, social welfare, and environmental protection.

The classification of sectors into organized and unorganized sectors is based on:

- Organized sector: Includes activities that are regulated by the government and are governed by specific rules and regulations.
- Unorganized sector: Includes activities that are not regulated by the government and are not governed by specific rules and regulations.

- Organized sector: Includes activities that are owned and operated by large-scale enterprises, corporations, or government bodies.
- Unorganized sector: Includes activities that are owned and operated by small-scale enterprises, individuals, or self-employed individuals.

- Organized sector: Provides formal employment with fixed working hours, regular wages, social security benefits, and other employment benefits.
- Unorganized sector: Provides informal employment with flexible working hours, irregular wages, limited or no social security benefits, and other employment benefits.

- Organized sector: Generally has a larger number of workers employed in the enterprise.
- Unorganized sector: Generally has a smaller number of workers employed in the enterprise.
Based on the options given, the correct answer is C. Employment conditions as the basis for classifying sectors into organized and unorganized sectors.

The correct answer is option 'B': Democratic political process.

Explanation:
The development goals of different sections of society can be achieved through the democratic political process. Here's why:

1. **Inclusiveness**: The democratic political process ensures that all sections of society have a voice and representation. It allows for diverse perspectives and interests to be considered and incorporated into decision-making processes. This inclusiveness is crucial for addressing the development goals of all sections of society.

2. **Participation**: In a democratic political process, citizens have the opportunity to actively participate in shaping policies and decisions that affect them. This participation allows for the identification of specific development goals and the formulation of strategies to achieve them. It ensures that the needs and aspirations of different sections of society are taken into account.

3. **Peaceful Resolution**: The democratic political process provides a peaceful platform for addressing grievances and resolving conflicts. Through dialogue, negotiations, and the rule of law, issues can be discussed, debated, and resolved in a peaceful manner. This is in stark contrast to options like force, violent agitation, and terrorism, which often lead to further violence and destruction.

4. **Accountability and Transparency**: Democracy promotes accountability and transparency in governance. Elected representatives are accountable to the people and can be held responsible for their actions and decisions. This accountability ensures that the development goals of different sections of society are taken seriously and that progress is monitored and evaluated transparently.

5. **Policy Formulation**: The democratic political process allows for the formulation of policies and laws that address the development goals of different sections of society. Through the involvement of various stakeholders, including experts, civil society organizations, and citizens, policies can be crafted to meet the specific needs and challenges faced by different sections of society.

6. **Social Cohesion**: Democracy fosters social cohesion by promoting mutual respect, tolerance, and understanding among different sections of society. By engaging in democratic processes, individuals and communities can work together towards common goals, overcoming divisions and building a more inclusive and harmonious society.

In conclusion, the democratic political process is the most effective and desirable means to achieve development goals for different sections of society. It ensures inclusiveness, participation, peaceful resolution, accountability, transparency, policy formulation, and social cohesion. Other options like force, violent agitation, and terrorism are counterproductive and often lead to further divisions and conflicts.

Developmental Goal for Industrialists: To get more electricity

Explanation:
Industrialists, or individuals who own or manage industrial enterprises, have various developmental goals that they aim to achieve in order to sustain and expand their businesses. One such goal is to obtain more electricity.

1. Importance of Electricity in Industries:
a) Power source: Electricity is a crucial source of power for industries. It is used to operate machinery, equipment, and other electrical systems necessary for production.
b) Productivity: Adequate and reliable electricity supply is essential for maintaining smooth operations and maximizing productivity in industries.
c) Efficiency: Having access to more electricity allows industrialists to optimize their processes and utilize advanced technologies, leading to increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
d) Expansion: Industries often require additional electricity to support expansion plans, such as establishing new production units or increasing the scale of existing operations.

2. Challenges in Accessing Electricity:
a) Insufficient supply: In many developing countries, there is a shortage of electricity supply, which hinders industrial growth and development.
b) Power cuts: Even in regions with electricity infrastructure, frequent power cuts or load shedding can disrupt industrial operations, leading to financial losses.
c) High costs: Industrialists may face high tariffs or charges for electricity consumption, making it financially burdensome to access the required amount of power.

3. Developmental Goal: To get more electricity:
Industrialists strive to obtain more electricity to overcome the challenges mentioned above and achieve their developmental goals. By securing a reliable and sufficient electricity supply, industrialists can:
a) Increase production: With more electricity, industrialists can enhance their production capacity, meet growing demand, and explore new markets.
b) Improve quality and competitiveness: Access to adequate electricity enables industrialists to invest in modern machinery and technologies, leading to improved product quality and increased competitiveness in the market.
c) Generate employment: Expansion of industries due to increased electricity availability creates new job opportunities, contributing to economic growth and development.
d) Contribute to the economy: Industries play a crucial role in the overall development of a country by generating revenue, contributing to the GDP, and attracting investments.

Conclusion:
Obtaining more electricity is a crucial developmental goal for industrialists as it enables them to overcome challenges, increase productivity, improve competitiveness, generate employment, and contribute to the overall economic growth of a nation.