All questions of Nomadic Empires for Humanities/Arts Exam

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In the 1290s, the Mongol ruler of Iran Ghazan Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan’s youngest son Toluy, warned family members and other generals to avoid pillaging the peasantry.

Yam was a courier system which conveys
message and it was organised by Genguis Khan and Khan.It also provides the food and basic necessities to army.

Qanats: The Underground Canals of the Arid Iranian Plateau

Introduction
In the arid Iranian plateau, a remarkable system of underground canals known as qanats has been developed to supply water for agriculture and domestic use. Qanats are an ancient technology that dates back thousands of years and have played a crucial role in sustaining human settlements in this harsh environment. In this answer, we will delve into the details of what qanats are and how they function.

Definition and Purpose
Qanats are underground water channels that tap into groundwater sources and transport water from higher elevations to lower-lying areas. They have been designed to overcome the scarcity of surface water in the arid regions of Iran. The primary purpose of qanats is to provide a reliable and sustainable water supply for agriculture, drinking water, and other uses.

Structure and Construction
The construction of a qanat involves several key components and techniques:

1. Mother Well: The qanat begins with a vertical shaft called the mother well, which is dug deep into the ground until it reaches the water table.

2. Tunneling: From the mother well, a tunnel is excavated horizontally along the contour line to intersect the underground water source. This tunnel is known as the qanat itself.

3. Access Shafts: At regular intervals along the qanat, access shafts are constructed to provide ventilation, maintenance access, and water extraction points.

4. Slope and Gradient: The qanat is designed with a slight downward slope, typically around 1 meter per kilometer, to allow the water to flow naturally by gravity.

5. Filtration System: To filter out sediment and impurities, a filtration system is incorporated into the qanat. This usually consists of a series of wells or underground reservoirs where the water is temporarily stored, allowing suspended particles to settle before continuing its journey.

Advantages and Sustainability
The qanat system offers several advantages and contributes to the sustainability of water resources in the arid Iranian plateau:

1. Efficient Use of Water: By tapping into groundwater sources and utilizing gravity, qanats allow for the efficient distribution and utilization of water resources.

2. Reduced Evaporation: Since qanats are underground, water loss due to evaporation is minimized compared to open surface channels.

3. Conservation of Water: Qanats have a self-regulating nature, with the flow of water adjusting according to the demand. This reduces the risk of overuse and depletion of water sources.

4. Resistance to Drought: Qanats provide a reliable water supply even during periods of drought when surface water sources may dry up.

Conclusion
Qanats are a remarkable example of ancient engineering and ingenuity. These underground canals have sustained human settlements in the arid Iranian plateau for centuries, providing a reliable and sustainable water supply. The qanat system demonstrates the resourcefulness and adaptability of human civilizations in overcoming environmental challenges.

Temujin restored old alliances with the ruler of the kereyits, Ong Khan, his father’s old blood-brother.

One man had escaped from Bukhara after its capture and had come to Khurasan.

Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai is the Chinese minister who muted some of Ogedei's more rapacious instincts.

Explanation:
Ogedei Khan was the third son of Genghis Khan and the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. During his reign, he expanded the empire and was known for his aggressive and often ruthless military campaigns. However, Ogedei's rapacious instincts were sometimes curbed by the influence of his ministers, one of whom was Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai.

1. Who is Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai?
Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai was a prominent Chinese statesman and a trusted advisor to Ogedei Khan. He served as the Minister of Finance and was responsible for managing the empire's finances and economic policies. Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai was known for his administrative skills and his ability to temper Ogedei's more aggressive tendencies.

2. How did Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai mute Ogedei's rapacious instincts?
Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai's role as a minister was crucial in curbing Ogedei's rapacious instincts. He advocated for policies that promoted stability and economic prosperity within the empire. He emphasized the importance of trade and commerce, encouraging the expansion of the Silk Road and establishing diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms and empires.

Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai also played a significant role in managing the empire's finances. He implemented policies to ensure fair taxation and efficient collection of revenue, which helped finance Ogedei's military campaigns without excessively burdening the population. By maintaining a stable economy and preventing excessive exploitation of conquered territories, Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai effectively muted Ogedei's more rapacious instincts.

3. Impact of Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai's influence
Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai's influence on Ogedei's reign had a significant impact on the Mongol Empire. His emphasis on stability and economic prosperity helped consolidate the empire's control over vast territories and fostered positive relationships with neighboring states. By curbing Ogedei's rapacious instincts, Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai contributed to the longevity and stability of the Mongol Empire.

In conclusion, Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai, as the Chinese minister, played a crucial role in muting some of Ogedei's more rapacious instincts by implementing policies that focused on stability, economic prosperity, and fair governance. His influence helped ensure the longevity and success of the Mongol Empire during Ogedei's reign.

Mongols ruled over sophisticated urban societies with their respective histories, cultures, and laws.