Important Questions (1 Mark): Manufacturing Industries - UPSC MCQ

Economic Strength of a Country
Measuring Economic Strength
- The economic strength of a country can be measured by various indicators, including the development of the following:
1. Agriculture: Agriculture plays a significant role in the economy of many countries. The development of agriculture can contribute to economic growth and stability.
2. Infrastructural facilities: The presence of well-developed infrastructure, such as transportation networks, communication systems, and energy facilities, is crucial for economic development. It facilitates trade, attracts investment, and supports various industries.
3. Manufacturing industries: The presence of strong and diverse manufacturing industries indicates a country's ability to produce goods for domestic consumption and export. These industries contribute to employment, innovation, and economic growth.
4. Export trade: The volume and value of a country's exports are important indicators of its economic strength. A strong export trade sector can generate foreign exchange, increase employment, and promote economic growth.
Conclusion
- While all the factors mentioned above contribute to the economic strength of a country, the development of manufacturing industries has a significant impact. Manufacturing industries not only create jobs and generate income but also contribute to technological advancements, innovation, and exports. Therefore, the development of manufacturing industries is often considered a key indicator of a country's economic strength.

How can industrialisation assist in bringing in foreign exchange?

Industrialisation can play a significant role in generating foreign exchange for a country. Here are some ways in which industrialisation can assist in bringing in foreign exchange:

• Export of manufactured goods: Industrialisation allows a country to produce a wide range of manufactured goods, which can be exported to other countries. By exporting these goods, a country can earn foreign exchange through international trade.



• Attracting foreign investment: Industrialisation often attracts foreign investors who are interested in setting up manufacturing facilities in the country. This foreign investment can bring in foreign exchange in the form of capital, technology, and job creation.



• Creating employment: Industrialisation leads to the establishment of various industries, which in turn creates employment opportunities for the local population. This reduces unemployment and increases income levels, resulting in higher purchasing power and potential for import of goods.



• Technology transfer: Industrialisation involves the adoption and development of advanced technologies. This leads to technology transfer from developed countries to the industrialising country, which can be monetized through licensing agreements and the sale of intellectual property rights, contributing to foreign exchange earnings.



• Inward remittances: Industrialisation attracts foreign workers who may send remittances back to their home countries. These inward remittances contribute to the foreign exchange reserves of the country.

In conclusion, industrialisation can assist in bringing in foreign exchange through the export of manufactured goods, attracting foreign investment, creating employment opportunities, technology transfer, and inward remittances. By developing a strong industrial sector, a country can enhance its economic growth and reduce its dependence on agriculture while increasing its foreign exchange earnings.

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. This change can be due to the rapid industrialization for which the people may migrate.

In the pre-independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places suitable for overseas trade like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. The reason was to reduce the cost of ​manufacturing (due to low transportation costs to bring-in raw materials) and transportation from manufacturing units to seaport.

Correct Answer :- a

Explanation : Many industries tend to come together to make use of the

advantages offered by the urban centres. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry.

According to economic theory, there are four main factors of production - land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship. In the given options, first three are the factors of production while the fourth option of Product is not the main factor of production.

Private Sector Industries:
- Dabur is a private sector company.

Joint sector are owned jointly by the government and private individuals who have contributed to the capital. In joint sector, both public sector and private sector join hands to establish new enterprise.

Example - Oil India Limited, Gujarat Alkalies

Heavy Industries
There are several industries that can be categorized as heavy industries. These industries typically involve the production of large-scale machinery, equipment, and infrastructure. Let's analyze each option to determine which one belongs to the category of heavy industries:
A: Watches
- Watches are not considered heavy industries as they involve the production of small-scale consumer goods.
B: Shipbuilding
- Shipbuilding is a classic example of a heavy industry as it involves the construction of large ships and vessels.
C: Electric bulbs
- Electric bulbs are not considered heavy industries as they involve the production of small-scale consumer goods.
D: Knitting needles
- Knitting needles are not considered heavy industries as they involve the production of small-scale consumer goods.
Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, the industry that belongs to the category of heavy industries is shipbuilding (Option B). This industry involves the construction of large-scale ships and vessels, which aligns with the characteristics of heavy industries.

Techniques of Cotton Textile Production after the 18th Century:
The technique of cotton textile production underwent significant changes after the 18th century. One of the key developments was the introduction of powerlooms, which revolutionized the industry. Here are the techniques that came into use after the 18th century:
1. Powerlooms:
- Powerlooms were introduced during the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.
- They were mechanized looms powered by steam engines or later by electricity.
- Powerlooms increased the speed and efficiency of textile production, leading to higher productivity.
2. Hand-spinning:
- Hand-spinning, also known as hand spinning or hand twisting, was a traditional method of spinning cotton fibers into yarn using a spinning wheel or a drop spindle.
- While hand-spinning was practiced for centuries, it gradually declined in popularity after the 18th century with the advent of more efficient spinning technologies.
3. Handloom weaving:
- Handloom weaving refers to the process of weaving fabric on a handloom, which is a manually operated device.
- Handloom weaving was a common technique before the Industrial Revolution and continued to be practiced after the 18th century alongside powerloom weaving.
- However, with the rise of powerlooms, handloom weaving became less prevalent in industrial textile production.
4. Zari embroidery:
- Zari embroidery is a decorative technique that involves the use of metallic threads, usually made of gold or silver.
- While zari embroidery has a long history in textile production, it is not directly related to the production of cotton textiles.
- Zari embroidery is typically used for embellishing garments rather than the actual production of cotton fabric.
Therefore, after the 18th century, the technique of cotton textile production primarily saw the introduction of powerlooms, which significantly transformed the industry. Hand-spinning, handloom weaving, and zari embroidery were techniques that existed before the 18th century and continued to be used, although their prominence in industrial cotton textile production declined.

First Successful Textile Mill in India
The first successful textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854. Here is a detailed explanation of the historical background and significance of this event:
1. Historical Context:
- Before the establishment of the textile mill, India had a rich tradition of textile production, including handloom weaving and spinning.
- However, the Industrial Revolution in Europe brought about mechanized textile production, which India struggled to compete with initially.
2. The Vision of Jamsetji Tata:
- Jamsetji Tata, a visionary industrialist, recognized the need for industrialization in India and the potential of the textile sector.
- He founded the Tata Group and aimed to set up a textile mill that could rival the mills in Europe.
3. The Establishment of the Mill:
- In 1854, Jamsetji Tata established the first successful textile mill in India, known as "The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company."
- The mill was located in Mumbai (then known as Bombay) and started with 40,000 spindles and 250 looms.
4. Technological Advancements:
- The mill introduced modern machinery and techniques, including power looms and steam engines, which greatly increased production efficiency.
- This marked a significant shift from traditional handloom production to mechanized textile manufacturing in India.
5. Impact and Significance:
- The establishment of the first successful textile mill in India laid the foundation for the growth of the textile industry in the country.
- It served as a catalyst for industrialization and played a crucial role in the economic development of India.
- The mill provided employment opportunities and contributed to the overall modernization of the Indian textile sector.
In conclusion, the first successful textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854. This event marked a turning point in the country's textile industry, paving the way for industrialization and economic growth.

Answer:
To determine which states have the highest concentration of sugar mills, we need to analyze the options provided and examine the sugar production in each state.
Punjab and Haryana:
- Punjab and Haryana are known for their agricultural activities, including sugar production. However, the percentage of sugar mills in these states is not mentioned in the options.
Maharashtra and Gujarat:
- Maharashtra and Gujarat are major sugar-producing states in India.
- Maharashtra alone accounts for around 35% of the total sugar production in the country, with a large number of sugar mills.
- Gujarat also has a significant number of sugar mills but does not have as high a concentration as Maharashtra.
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar:
- Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugar in India and has the highest concentration of sugar mills.
- Bihar also has a significant number of sugar mills but not as many as Uttar Pradesh.
West Bengal and Orissa:
- West Bengal and Odisha have a moderate number of sugar mills, but they do not have the highest concentration in the country.
Based on the analysis, the correct answer is option C: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. These states have the highest concentration of sugar mills in India.

Iron and Steel Industry Classification:
The iron and steel industry is classified as a Heavy industry based on the following factors:
1. Character of Raw Material:
- The iron and steel industry uses heavy raw materials such as iron ore, coal, and limestone.
- These raw materials require large-scale extraction and transportation processes.
2. Character of Finished Product:
- The production process involves heavy machinery and equipment, including blast furnaces, rolling mills, and smelters.
- The finished products, such as steel bars, sheets, and rods, are heavy and require specialized handling and transportation.
3. Capital Intensive:
- The iron and steel industry requires significant investments in infrastructure, machinery, and technology.
- The production facilities are large-scale and complex.
4. Energy Intensive:
- The production process involves high energy consumption due to the need for heating, melting, and shaping the raw materials.
- The industry relies on the availability of a stable and continuous energy supply.
5. Employment and Economic Impact:
- The iron and steel industry creates a substantial number of jobs, both directly and indirectly, in mining, manufacturing, and related sectors.
- It contributes significantly to the national economy through export earnings, tax revenues, and foreign investments.
Therefore, due to the heavy nature of the raw materials and finished products, the capital and energy-intensive production process, and the significant economic impact, the iron and steel industry is classified as a heavy industry.

Answer:
Public Sector Steel Plants in India:
- Durgapur
- Vijaynagar
- Bhadravati
- Vishakhapatnam
Location of Public Sector Steel Plants:
- Durgapur: This steel plant is located in Durgapur, West Bengal. It is not near a port.
- Vijaynagar: This steel plant is located in Vijaynagar, Karnataka. It is not near a port.
- Bhadravati: This steel plant is located in Bhadravati, Karnataka. It is not near a port.
- Vishakhapatnam: This steel plant is located in Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. It is near a port.
Conclusion:
The public sector steel plant of India that is located near a port is Vishakhapatnam.

Correct Answer :- d

Explanation : Liberalisation help our country's steel industries as it bring up with new technologies and better method of production.

Organic chemistry covers practically all the carbon-containing compounds, while inorganic chemistry (inorganic matter) relates to the other elements of the periodic table and their compounds. Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from crude oil and natural gas.

The inorganic chemical used for the making of glass, soaps, detergents, and paper is soda ash.

1. Soda ash:
- Soda ash, also known as sodium carbonate, is a white crystalline powder.
- It has a wide range of applications in various industries, including glass, soaps, detergents, and paper manufacturing.
- It is used as a flux in glass production, helping to lower the melting point and improve the clarity of the glass.
- In soaps and detergents, soda ash acts as a water softener, helping to remove mineral deposits and improve cleaning effectiveness.
- In the paper industry, soda ash is used in the pulping process to break down lignin and separate fibers.
2. Sulphuric acid:
- Sulphuric acid, also known as H2SO4, is a strong acid commonly used in various industries.
- It is primarily used for the production of fertilizers, dyes, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
- While it has many industrial applications, it is not directly involved in the making of glass, soaps, detergents, or paper.
3. Nitric acid:
- Nitric acid, also known as HNO3, is a highly corrosive acid commonly used in the production of fertilizers, explosives, and dyes.
- It is not directly used in the making of glass, soaps, detergents, or paper.
4. Alkalies:
- Alkalies refer to a group of chemicals that are soluble in water and have a pH greater than 7.
- While alkalies such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) are used in soap and detergent manufacturing, they are not specifically used in the making of glass or paper.
Conclusion:
Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is the inorganic chemical that is used for the making of glass, soaps, detergents, and paper. It has various applications in these industries, contributing to the production and improvement of different products.

The correct option is C.
The chemical industry itself is the largest purchaser of chemical products. Crude oil has a tremendous impact on the chemicals industry because many plastics and polymers are manufactured from it

Answer:
The expansion of the fertilizer industry can be attributed to the following factors:
1. The Green Revolution: The Green Revolution, which took place in the 1960s and 1970s, aimed to increase agricultural productivity through the use of modern farming techniques and technologies. This included the widespread adoption of chemical fertilizers to supplement soil nutrients and enhance crop yields.
2. Liberalization and foreign direct investment (FDI): Liberalization policies and the opening up of economies to foreign direct investment have played a significant role in the expansion of the fertilizer industry. This has allowed for increased investments, technology transfer, and access to global markets, leading to the growth and development of the industry.
3. Multinational corporations (MNCs): Multinational corporations have played a crucial role in the expansion of the fertilizer industry. MNCs have brought in capital, technology, and expertise, leading to the establishment of modern and efficient production facilities. They have also contributed to the distribution and marketing of fertilizers on a global scale.
Overall, the expansion of the fertilizer industry can be attributed to the Green Revolution, liberalization policies, foreign direct investment, and the involvement of multinational corporations. These factors have collectively contributed to the growth, development, and modernization of the industry, leading to increased agricultural productivity and food security.

In recent years there is a tendency among the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states especially in Maharashtra because of the following reasons:The sugarcane produced here has a higher sucrose content thus yields greater quantity of sugar.The cooler climate here ensures longer crusting season as it prevents drying of cane.Sugar mills are best suited for the cooperatives that are more successful in these states.