KVS PGT Biology Mock Test - 2 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

The correct answer is 'peaceful citizens seldom violate the law'.
Key Points

• The given passage clearly describes that good citizens obey the laws by their own will.
• Let us refer to the last line of the first paragraph 'Now the good citizen, of his own free will, obeys these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well-being of others'.

From the above lines, we can infer that according to the author peaceful and good citizens seldom violate the law.

The correct answer is 'to maintain peace during extraordinary circumstances'.
Key Points

• The police force is not responsible for maintaining peace in abnormal or extraordinary situations because in the first line it is written that 'it is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times'.
• The other three options are correct because in the passage it is given that it is the duty of the police to check violent activities, ensure peace among citizens, and to protect the privileges of all the citizens.

So, we can infer that it is the duty of the army to maintain peace during extraordinary circumstances like wars and tension between countries.

The correct answer is TransmitExplanation

• The above question is of synonym.
• The meaning of export is to send things or messages at the other places.
• Let's consider the usage of the words given in the options:

• The words similar in meaning to one another are export and transmit.

Thus the correct answer is: Transmit

सही उत्तर है - "आदर्श चरित्र" lव्याख्या

• संपूर्ण वाक्य:-
  • 'सभ्यता का विकास आदर्श चरित्र से ही संभव है।'
• जिस समाज में चरित्रवान लोग अधिक होते हैं, वह समाज सभ्य समाज कहलाता है और उन्नति की ओर अग्रसर होता है l
• अन्य विकल्प :-
  • सभ्यता के विकास के संदर्भ में गलत उत्तर है l

अन्य संबंधित बिंदु

• मनुष्य के भीतर अनेक शक्तियाँ निहित है, उन सभी में सबसे सर्वोत्तम स्थान चरित्र का है l
• मनुष्य जिनसे अपने अन्दर अच्छे आचरण और गुणों का विकास करता है वह शक्ति चरित्र ही है l इसलिए चरित्र के सम्बन्ध में किसी ने यह उल्लेखनीय बात कही है कि, जिनके चरित्र से शील का आलोक प्रकट होता है, उनके लिए अग्नि शीतल हो जाती है, समुद्र नाली के समान हो जाता है, सुमेरु एक शिला तुल्य हो जाता है, सिंह मृग के सदृश्य हो जाता है, सर्प माला जैसा बन जाता है तथा विष अमृत के रूप में परिणित हो जाता है l

The correct answer is - "Orderly".
Explanation

• Let us see the meaning of "Clumsy":
  • Clumsy :- careless, someone who drop or break things, offend to people
    • Example: My brother is a clumsy person as he never do things ready on time.
• Orderly - things kept in sequence, well organized that is easy to recognize.

Thus, the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word is Orderly.

So the correct option is Option 1
Other Related PointsLet us see the meanings of the given options:

• Angry - feeling or showing not in agreement and stay against someone/something
• Shabby - unfair, not good, thing not in tidy condition as it was used too much.
• Creaky - old fashioned, a sound like when a large slab of wood moved and it creates a creaky sound.

According to given information:
Two persons A and B, stand at the same point.

• A walks 5 km East, takes a right turn and walks 4 km and turns left and walks 3 km.

​

• B walks 3 km towards west, turns right and walks 5 km; turns right again and walks 11 km.

​

Thus, A is 9 km far from B.
Hence, the correct answer is "9 km".

Statements :

• All Bats are balls.
• Some balls are Balloons.
• The least possible diagram for the given statements is as follows :

Conclusions :

• i) Some Bats are Balloons → False (Because there is no direct relation between 'Bats' and 'Balloons' so it is possible but not definite)
• ii) Some balls are Bats → True (Because 'All Bats are balls', so some 'Balls' are 'Bat' is definitely true)
• Thus, 'Only (ii) conclusion follows'.
• Hence, the correct answer is "B".

Renewable Energy Development is not listed as a primary area of focus for the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). Instead, IORA centers its efforts on maritime safety, trade facilitation, disaster risk management, and fostering academic cooperation among member states to enhance regional stability and growth.

MULTI-LEVEL planning, as the term indicates, is an integration of planning at various levels. In multi-level planning, the various levels of planning provide bases for higher-level planning. In such plans, there is the direct participation of the people in the planning process.ExplanationIn India following five stages of multi-level planning have been recognized for community development, including:

• National level - sectored cum inter-state/inter-regional planning.
• State-level - sectored cum inter-district/ inter-regional planning.
• District/ metropolitan level - regional planning.
• Block level-village planning
• Panchayati level

Thus, it is concluded that Nation is the highest level in the multi-level planning framework for community development in India.

Hearing impairment is the inability of an individual to hear sounds adequately. It affects the ability of a person to communicate freely and effectively with hearing persons, share ideas and feelings, and express oneself.

ExplanationIdentification of hearing impairment can be done by several tests such as -

• A neuropsychological test - It is a performance-based method to assess cognitive functioning used to examine the cognitive consequences of brain damage, brain disease, and severe mental illness. It is used to test hearing impairment.
• Development scale - It is a scale that tests the child's age-appropriate developmental milestones. It is used to test for impairment during the infancy and early childhood period.
• Case Study of the child - It includes a comprehensive study of a child over a long developmental period of time.
• Electroencephalogram - It is a recording of brain activity that is used to help diagnose and monitor a number of conditions affecting the brain.

Hence we conclude that neuropsychological tests, a development scale, a case study of the child can be used for the identification of hearing impairment in children.

• Principle of Continuity: - Process of development starts in the mother’s womb and continues till the last breath of the person. Development never stops. Even after the person is matured, the development process still continues.
• Principle of integration: - It denotes a combination of several smaller units into bigger ones. For example, Child first starts to learn hand movement then finger movement, and then learns the movement of both hand and finger together this process is called integration.
• Principle of interaction: - Development of a person depends on the interaction of heredity and environment.
• Principle of interrelation: - Various dimensions of one’s development are interrelated, including physical, social, and mental aspects.

• Principle of lack of uniformity in the developmental rate.
• Principle of uniformity pattern.
• Principle of individual differences.
• Principle of interaction between heredity and environment.
• Principle of predictability.
• Principle of proximodistal.

• The Convention defined childhood as a separate space from adulthood and recognized that what is appropriate for an adult may not be suitable for a child.
• As such, childhood means much more than just the space between birth and the attainment of adulthood. It refers to the state and condition of a child’s life, to the quality of those years.
• This growth rate in childhood is slower than that of infancy and is accompanied by a reduced appetite between the ages of 2 and 6. Physical growth slows down between five and eight years of age, while body proportions and motor skills become more refined.
• Physical development during middle childhood is less dramatic than in early childhood or adolescence.
• Growth is slow and steady until the onset of puberty when individuals begin to develop at a much quicker pace.
• As with physical development, the cognitive development of middle childhood is slow and steady.
• Children in this stage are building upon skills gained in early childhood and preparing for the next phase of their cognitive development.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that in childhood the rate of physical development is slowest.
Other Related Points

Development is the pattern of progressive, orderly, and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life. Development mostly involves changes — both growth and decline, as observed during old age. Stages of development in children are as follows:

ExplanationLater childhood is the time period from the age of 'seven to twelve years'. The signs of puberty usually begin to appear in this stage. It is also known as troublesome age, gang age, play age, etc.
Developmental task of Late childhood

• Learning to get along with age-mates: At this age, children begin to participate in team sports and gain a sense of team success as well as personal success. They should describe close friends as people, who like the same activities, share common interests, enjoy each other’s company, and can count on each other for help. They should develop three important characteristics of team members such as interdependence, division of labor, and competition.
• Learning appropriate masculine or feminine social roles.
• Developing fundamental skills according to their culture for example skills in reading, writing and calculating: Skills are the basis of intellectual competence.
• They combine knowledge and practice directed toward identifying and solving significant and meaningful problems. Developing these concepts are necessary for everyday life.
• Developing conscience-a sense of morality and a scale of values.
• Developing attitude towards social groups and institutions.

Hence, we can conclude that Jatin is showing the developmental task of the Late childhood stage of development.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process, thus there are some principles that need to be followed for a better understanding of the concept.

Important PointsPrinciple of individual differences: ​Each individual grows at his own unique pace because of the wide individual differences that exist among the children with respect to their growth and development.

Educational implications

• In any group, there are individuals who deviate from the norms of the group.
• Every teacher should try to have the desired knowledge of the abilities, capacities, interests, attributes, intelligence, aptitudes, learning styles, and other personality traits of his pupils and in the light of this knowledge should render individual guidance to children for the maximum utilization of their potentialities.
• It is wrong to expect uniformity in gaining proficiency or success in a particular field from a group of students on account of their subnormal intelligence, previous knowledge, background, lack of proper interest, aptitude and attitude, etc. some students lay behind in one or the other area of achievement.
• All students cannot be benefited from a particular method of instruction and a uniform and rigid curriculum.

Hence, we can conclude that from the above if the teacher observes students in her class have different bits of intelligence and learning styles. In this situation, a teacher will follow the principle of individual difference in her teaching.

Other Related Points

• Principle of continuity: This principle defines that development is a life-long process as it does not stop at maturation and continues gradually until reaching its maximum growth.
• Development proceeds from general to specific responses: The child's responses are of the general sort before they become specific. The general activity precedes the specific activity i.e., the child moves his hands first randomly and then starts using his fingers specifically and takes complete control of his hand movements.
• Principle of Sequentiality: It states that every individual follows the same sequence of change. In the prenatal stage of development, a genetic sequence is followed appearing at fixed intervals with specific characteristics. For example, the cephalocaudal(head to toe) and proximodistal (centre of the body to outward direction) tendencies are found to be followed in keeping sequence and direction of growth.

Lev Vygotsky is a Russian Psychologist who proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development. In this theory, Vygotsky emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child.

Explanation Vygotsky also proposed three basic needs of students during learning, these are:

• ZPD (zone of proximal development): The difference between the learning of a child by self and the learning of a child with the help of others(society, culture, etc).
• Scaffolding: Scaffolding is the term, given by Vygotsky, in which he proposed that the temporary help given by the teachers, family, friends, etc. to the children in his learning.
  • ​When students enter the lab for the first time, the teacher assists them in identifying the equipment. Lev Vygotsky claimed that the teacher's role symbolizes scaffolding.
• MKO (more knowledgeable others)- Vygotsky defined the “More Knowledgeable Other” (MKO) as anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, particularly in regard to a specific task, concept, or process. MKO could be teachers, parents, tutors, and even peers.

​As a result, the teacher helps the students identify the equipment when they enter the lab for the first time. According to Lev Vygotsky, the role of the teacher represents a Scaffolding person.

Important Points According to Vygotsky, there are three main factors that affect the learning of the child and these are- Social interaction, Culture, and Language:

• Social interaction: ​​Children try to interact with people.
  • Example: Peer groups, family members, etc.
• Culture: ​Children adopt the culture through interaction.
• Language: Children can easily intimate their primary language through interaction or communication.

The correct answer is Cellulose.

Explanation

• Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and is the most abundant organic substance in the plant kingdom.
• It is a predominant constituent of the cell wall of plant cells.
• Cellulose is a straight-chain polysaccharide composed only of β-D-glucose units which are joined by the glycosidic linkage between C1 of one glucose unit and C4 of the next glucose unit.
• Polysaccharides contain a large number of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic linkages.
• These are the most commonly encountered carbohydrates in nature.
• They mainly act as food storage or structural materials.

Image of Cellulose

Concept:

• Morphologically a plant shows two main structures - Vegetative structures and Reproductive structures
• Stem, leaves, and roots form the part of vegetative structures of a plant.
• Flowers, fruits, and seeds are reproductive structures.
• Various parts of the plant like roots, stem, and leaf undergo different modifications.
• These modifications are essential for the existence of the plant. These modifications help the plant to adapt to the changing environment in its surroundings.
• Each modification has a different function to perform according to the need of the plant.

Explanation:
STEMS:

• Stems are the aerial part of a plant. It is the main axis of the plant that forms the shoot system of plant.
• Stems are responsible for the production of branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
• Conduction of water and minerals and transportation of food to plant parts takes place through stems.

MODIFICATIONS OF STEM:

• The stem undergoes modifications to carry out additional or accessory functions.
• The various modifications seen in the stem are summarized below:

• The thorns in a Bougainvillea are the modification of the stem. The axillary buds of the stem are modified into the thorns in Bougainvillea.
• These curved thorns which are a modification of the stem help the plant in climbing.
• It also protects the plant from grazing animals (enemies).

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 4.

Concept:

• The ecosystem consists of all the biotic factors (plants, animals, and microorganisms) and the physical environment (abiotic factors) that they interact with.
• The organisms that live together interact with each other and influence each other's life directly or indirectly.
• Vital processes like growth, survival, nutrition and reproduction are depended on these interactions.
• The major interactions seen among the organisms in an ecosystem are - Predation, Parasitism, Commensalism, Amensalism, Mutualism, Competition, etc.

Important Points

MYCORRHIZAE:

• Mycorrhizae are fungi that live in symbiotic association with plants. They are found either inside the roots or on the surface of higher plants.
• The mycorrhizae form mycorrhizal structures inside of the roots or on the surface of the plant for the symbiotic association.
• In this association, both the fungi and plant benefit.
• Fungi provide the plant with water and minerals that it absorbs.
• On the other hand, plants provide fungi with food in the form of carbohydrates that it produces by photosynthesis.
• Depending on the function, mycorrhizae are of two types -

1. Ectomycorrhiza:
   • Here the fungal mycelium forms a mantle on the outside of the roots.
   • This increases the absorptive surface of the roots enabling higher uptake and water and minerals.
   • Pines, oaks, hickories, etc. are the trees on which commonly ectomycorrhizae are found.
2. Endomycorrhiza:
   • Here the fungal mycelium grows in between and within the cortical cells of roots.
   • Red maple, orchids, etc. are the plants on which commonly endomycorrhizal are found.

Explanation:

Option 1: Mutualism - CORRECT​

• In mutualism, both the organisms involved are benefitted from this type of interaction.
• It is a (+/+) kind of interaction.
• It is also called symbiosis.
• Mutualism is an interaction between two organisms of different species where both organisms are benefitted. Neither of the two organisms can survive separately.
• Eg: Lichens, mycorrhiza, female wasp and fig trees, etc.

Option 2: Fungistasis - INCORRECT

• ​Fungistatic is the phenomenon of inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungi in soil.
• The soil itself inhibits the growth of fungi under optimal conditions like ideal temperature, pH, moisture, etc.

Option 3: Amensalism - INCORRECT

• ​Amensalism is a type of biological interaction between two organisms of different species.
• In this type of interaction, one of the organisms is inhibited or harmed while the other is unaffected.
• It is a (-/0) kind of interaction.
• Eg: Grazing cattle and insects. While grazing on the grass, cattle expose various insects to birds. Birds feed on these insects. Thus cattle are unaffected by this interaction, whereas insects are harmed.

Option 4: Antibiosis - INCORRECT

• ​It is a type of amensalism, in which one organism is affected and the other remains unaffected.
• In this interaction, one of the two organisms involved is killed by the toxic chemicals produced by the other organism (remains unaffected).
• Eg: Penicillium (fungus) and Staphylococcus (bacteria). Penicillium produces a chemical called penicillin. Penicillin is toxic to Staphylococcus and kills it. Thus one is benefited and the other is harmed in this interaction.

So the correct answer is option 1.

Explanation

• Population size keeps changing with time due to a number of factors.
• The basic factors that contribute towards the fluctuations in population density are:
  • Immigration (I) is the number of individuals of the same species that have come into the habitat from elsewhere during the time period under consideration.
  • Emigration (E) is the movement of a few individuals of a population from one habitat to another during the time period under consideration.
  • Natality (B) is the number of births in the given population for a given period of time.
  • Mortality (D) is the number of deaths in the given population during a given period of time.

Explanation:

• Among these factors, immigration and natality leads to an increase in population, while emigration and mortality leads to the decrease.
• We can express the relation between these factors in the following equation:

Nt+1 = Nt + [(B + I) - (D + E)]
where, N = Population density

Concept:

• MALT stands for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
• It is comprised of T cells, B cells, and macrophages.
• It is found in association with mucosal tissue.

Explanation:

• Lymphoid tissues are cells and tissues involved with the lymphatic system.
• Bone marrow and thymus are said to be the primary lymphoid tissues and they are also the lymphocyte development sites.
• The secondary lymphoid organs consist of lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer patches.
• Mucosa-associated tissues (MALT) are those lymphoid tissues that are related to mucosal surfaces of almost any organ, but primarily those of the digestive, urogenital tracts, and respiratory tracts,
• The mucosal surfaces of these organs are exposed to a wide range of potentially harmful microorganisms and thus need their own antigen capture and lymphocyte presentation system.
• MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue accounts for 50% of the lymphoid tissue present in the human body.

So, the correct answer is option 2.

Concept:

• The variations between individuals belonging to the same species are termed Organic or natural variations. These may be caused due to genetic changes or environmental changes

Explanation:

Mutation:

• It is defined as the change of gene sequence in the organism’s genome by deletion, addition, or translocation such that it alters the genetic message carried by that gene.
• Mutations are permanent irreversible inheritable changes i.e. they are carried forward in the next generation & cannot be reversed thus, mutations are referred to as the ultimate source of organic variation

Other Related Points

• Natural selection was given by Charles Darwin, according to it those populations which are a better fit (reproductively fit) in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more.
• Hormones are chemical messengers that the endocrine glands produce & release directly into the bloodstream. Hormones help regulate many bodily processes, such as hunger, sleep, and growth. They are not responsible for natural variations
• Sexual reproduction: Involves the formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex.

• Pectoral and pelvic girdles represent the shoulder and hip joints respectively.
• These joints usually have a ball and socket type of joint to allow for a range of movement.
• These joints have a rounded ball-like bone end that fits into a cup-like end of another bone.

Important Points

• Both the pectoral and pelvic girdles in a frog have 2 equal halves called ‘ossa innominata’ and consist of 3 bones each.
• The pelvic girdle has a depression called acetabulum at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones. The head femur of the hind limb articulates into the acetabulum and forms a ball and socket structure.
• The pectoral girdle has a concavity called glenoid cavity formed at the junction of the scapule and coracoid bones. The head of lumerus of the forelimb articulates into the cavity and forms the ball and socket joint.

Other Related Points

• The joints are divided into 3 classes:
  • Fibrous Joint - are held together by fibrous connective tissue and do not show any movement. E.g.- Skull bones.
  • Cartilaginous Joint - where the bones are connected by cartilages and allow little movement. E.g.- Joints between vertebrae.
  • Synovial Joint - with fluid-filled cavity in between the bones that allows maximum movement. E.g.- Knees, shoulders.
• Synovial Joints are again of the following 6 types:
  • Hinge - is found in elbow.
  • Pivot - is found in first and second vertebrae of neck.
  • Saddle - is found in the thumb joint.
  • Ball and Socket - is found in shoulder and hip joints and allows maximum flexibility.
  • Condyloid/Ellipsoidal - is found in the joints of wrist and fingers.
  • Planar/Gliding - is found in the carpal bones in hand.

The correct answer is option 4.Explanation

• Glands are organs that synthesize or secrete any substances like hormones, digestive juices, or secretions like tears, sweat, milk, etc.
• Depending on the mode by which the secretion is released, these glands may be endocrine or exocrine.
• The endocrine glands release their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood stream. (Examples: thyroid and adrenal)
• The secretion of exocrine glands are released into ducts that carry them to their target organ.
• Apocrine glands are an example of modified exocrine glands.
• Mammary glands are a type of apocrine glands.

Concept:​​​​​​

• Apocrine glands release a part of their cytoplasm into their secretions. 
• Hence the colostrum secreted from the mammary gland contains fat droplets.
• Other examples of apocrine glands include the ciliary glands in the eyelids and the ceruminous glands in the ear which produce ear wax.

Other Related PointsExocrine glands are of three major types:

• Merocrine:
  • ​The secretions are contained in vesicles that are directly released into the ducts and are also called eccrine glands.
  • Examples include sweat glands and salivary glands.
• Holocrine:
  • ​These glands comprise cells that undergo complete rupture and the cell contents form the secretion.
  • Sebaceous glands that form sebum and give rise to acne are holocrine glands.
• Apocrine glands:
  • ​Only a segment or part of the cytoplasm is released in the form of secretions.
  • Example: mammary glands.

Explanation

• Globular proteins are named such for their spherical shapes.
• They are the most abundant proteins of all.
• They are formed of polypeptides like other proteins but are folded into tertiary structures.
• They may form a variety of structures containing α-helices and β-sheets folded into 3D structures.
• This gives them a roundish structure which gains stability by the intrachain bonds.
• They are usually water-soluble because of the hydrophilic amino acid side chains that lie on the surface.
• The diversity of the structures help them to perform diverse functions in organisms.

Explanation:

• Most of the enzymes are globular proteins which have specific functions because of their tertiary structures.
• They can also act as hormones. Example- Insulin hormone.
• Antibodies belong to a group of globular proteins called immunoglobulins. Example- IgA, IgE.
• Haemoglobin is another globular protein present in the blood that helps to bind and transport oxygen in the body.
• But globular proteins do not function as structural molecules.
• The fibrous proteins, which have a linear structure, function as structural proteins. Example- Keratin in hair and nails.

• Heroin or smack is a strong opioid narcotic drug.
• Chemical Name - Diacetylmorphine or diamorphine.
• Chemical Formula - C21H23NO5
• Origin - It is obtained from the dried latex of unripe flower pods of Papaver somniferum (poppy) plant.
• Physicochemical properties:
  • Colour - White or brown
  • Texture - Crystalline
  • Odour - Odourless
  • Taste - Bitter
• Pharmacological uses - It is used as an analgesic in extreme pain management for myocardial infarction, severe trauma, post-surgical pain and terminal illnesses like cancer.
• Action mechanism - It binds to the receptors in central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract.
• Physiological effects - It acts as a depressant and is known to slow down body processes, causing drowsiness, euphoria and sense of detachment.
• Heroin is a drug that is often abused as a recreational drug that leads to addiction.
• Mode of usage - It is abused by snorting or injections.

Other Related Points

• Cannabis sativa - It is the source of cannabinoids like marijuana, ganja, charas and hashish which affects the cardiovascular system.
• Erythroxylum coca - It is the source of cocaine which causes hallucinations and euphoria.
• Atropa belladona - It is the source of various alkaloids like atropine that can cause hallucinations.

Concept-

• The human skeleton- skeletal system consists of a framework of bones and a few cartilages and has a significant role in movement shown by the body.
• Skeletal is divided into two parts-
  • Axial skeleton- It includes the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column.
  • Appendicular skeleton- It includes two girdles, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the limb bones.

Explanation-

• 80 number of bone in the axial skeleton present at the median longitudinal axis of the body. It is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.
  • Skull and associate bone- is the bony framework of the head and composed of 29 bones.
  • Vertebral column-is a curved lying in the mid-dorsal line of the neck and trunk and consists of 26 bones.
  • Sternum- consists of 1 bone.
  • Ribs- has 12 pairs.

Important Points

• The skull is composed of 22 bones.

Concept:

• Phylogeny is the study of ancestral relationship, lineages and evolutionary history of groups of organisms.
• Phylogenetic analysis is also known as cladistic analysis.
• A dendogram or branching diagram constructed by cladistic method is called as phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
• A cladogram serves the basis of phylogenetic classification.

Important Points

• Monophyletic group -
  • It includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor.
• Paraphyletic group -
  • It includes a common ancestor and only some of the descendants.
  • It does not include all the known descendants.
• Polyphyletic group -
  • It consists of two or more ancestors.
  • Thus, it includes two or more separate groups, each having a separate common ancestor.

Explanation:
The given data suggests a paraphyletic group because:

• It has one common ancestor - species T.
• Species X, Y, Z, U and V are all descendants of the common ancestor T.
• The grouping does not include all the descendants as species U and V are excluded.

Concept:

• The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to stigma is known as pollination.
• Pollination is essential for fertilization in plants.
• There are two types of pollination- self-pollination, and cross-pollination.

Explanation:

• Pollination occurs by different pollinating agents such as wind, water, birds, insects, and bats.
• Pollination in water hyacinth occurs by insects. Pollination by insects is known as entomophily.
• They are pollinated by insects as they have colorful flowers.
• Wind pollination is known as anemophily and it occurs in water lilies.
• They produce many pollens, so they are pollinated by winds.

So, the correct answer is option 3.

Concept-

• Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, are hydrophobic molecules that diffuse freely into and act within all cells.
• Therefore, there is no need for a receptor bound to the cell membrane, instead, there is a mobile receptor protein in the cytoplasm.

Explanation

• Testosterone can easily cross cell membranes.
• Cells do not need to invest in a trans-membrane delivery system if they can do the same for their intracellular receptors.
• The signal gain may be lower (shorter signal steps mean fewer gain steps).
• This means that the signalling pathway is less sensitive and/or slower, but is ideal for transmitting hormonal signals where transmission speed and specificity (in terms of precise location) are not very important.
• It is intended to affect systems in the most cost-effective way at the right time.

Other Related PointsTSH

• TSH binds to the thyroid hormone (TR) receptor, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family.
• TR acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor that binds to the cognate thyroid hormone response element (TRE) in the promoter of the target gene.

PTH

• The receptor binds to parathyroid hormone and belongs to the GPCR family of transmembrane proteins.
• The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a classical PTH receptor that is expressed at high levels in bone and kidney and modulates calcium ion homeostasis by activating adenylic acid cyclase and phospholipase C.

FSH

• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), a glycoprotein hormone. , an essential component of the endocrine system that regulates gonad function and fertility.
• FSH must bind to a receptor (FSHR) on Sertoli cells of the testis and granulosa cells of the ovary to transmit a signal.

Concept

• A population can be referred to as a group of individuals that occupy a specific geographical area, share or compete for the same resources and interbreed with each other.
• The important characteristics that need to be considered while studying a population of an area are its size, density, birth rate (natality), the death rate (mortality), immigration, emigration, etc.
• A population shows positive growth when more individuals are added than lost. It is considered to be a negative growth if more individuals are lost than added.
• A rapid decline in the death rate - IMR and MMR - and an increase in the number of people belonging to the reproductive age has contributed to an increase in the population throughout the world.

Explanation

• Option 1: Decline in the death rate - INCORRECT
  • The decline in the death rate will increase the population.
  • Thus decline in the death rate is one of the factors of the population explosion in India.
• Option 2: Decline in maternal mortality rate - INCORRECT​
  • According to WHO Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is defined as the number of deaths of mothers in a given period per 100000 live births in the same period.
  • A decrease in MMR will cause an increase in the growth rate of the population.
  • Thus decline in maternal mortality rate is one of the factors of the population explosion in India.
• Option 3: Decline in Infant mortality rate - INCORRECT​
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of infant deaths (within 1 year of age) per 1000 live births.
  • A decrease in IMR will cause an increase in the growth rate of the population.
  • Thus decline in the infant mortality rate is one of the factors of the population explosion in India.
• Option 4: Decline in number of people in reproducible age - CORRECT
  • ​People belonging to reproducible ages contribute to the growth rate of the population.
  • A decline in the number of people belonging to reproducible age will cause a decrease in population growth.
  • Thus decline in the number of people in reproducible age is not a factor contributing to the population explosion in India.

So the correct answer is option 4.