Class 6 Polity NCERT Based-2 - UPSC Based Tests Free MCQ Test with solutions

• Representative democracy is a system of government in which all eligible citizens vote on representatives to pass laws for them.

• The presidential system is a form of government in which the president is the chief executive and is elected directly by the people. In this system all three branches – executive, legislative, and judiciary – are constitutionally independent of each other, and no branch can dismiss or dissolve any other.

• The president is responsible for enforcing laws, the legislature for making them, and the courts for judging. Each is given specific powers to check and balance the others. This system was invented by America’s founders to provide an alternative to the parliamentary form of government.

• It became known as ‘presidential’ because a directly elected president was its most salient difference. This doesn’t mean that the president holds supremacy like the prime minister or parliament. In fact, power in the presidential system is divided among many, so no individual or institution can ever become supreme. In principle, the characteristics of the presidential system are the following:

  1. The Executive Power is undivided. It is deposited in a president who is both the head of State and the head of government.

  2. The president is elected by the people and not by the Legislative Branch, which gives him independence before this branch.

  3. The president freely appoints and removes the secretaries of State.

  4. Neither the president nor the secretaries of State are politically responsible before Congress.

  5. Neither the president nor the secretaries of State, as a general rule, can be members of congress.

  6. The president can be affiliated to a political party different to that of the congress majority.

  7. The president cannot dissolve the congress, but the congress can give him a vote of censure.

A) Right to Equality is given from Article 14 to Article 18
B) Rights against Exploitation are covered under Article 23 and Article 24
C) Right to Religious Freedom is provided under Article 25 to Article 28
D) Right to Cultural and Educational Rights are covered under Article 29 and Article 30

Articles 20 to 22 deal with protection in respect of conviction for offences, protection of life and personal liberty, and protection against arrest and detention, which come under the Right to Freedom, not Rights against Exploitation

Therefore, Correct Answer is Option B.

• One-third posts (for both the member and the chief) are reserved for women. As per provisions contained in Article 243 D of the Constitution, 1/3rd of the Seats of Panchayati Raj Institutions and 1/3rd offices of the Chairperson at all levels of Panchayati Raj Institutions covered by Part IX of the Constitution are reserved for women.

• The following states have made legal provision for 50% reservation for women among members and Sarpanches: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tripura and Uttarakhand.

• A statement giving the position about the Elected Women Representatives in all States and UTs as per the State of Panchayat Report 2007-08 commissioned by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj is given in Annexure.

a) Zila Parishad is directly elected by the people.
False – In the standard Panchayati Raj system , Zila Parishad members are mostly elected indirectly.

b) Gram Panchayat cannot levy taxes on anything.
False – Gram Panchayats can levy local taxes (like on houses, markets, water, etc.).

c) The State Election Commission conducts the Panchayat elections.
True – As per the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Panchayat elections are conducted by the State Election Commission.

d) Panchayat Samitis function at district level.
False – Panchayat Samitis function at the block (intermediate) level, not district level.

Therefore , Correct Answer : Option C.

• Nagaland, Meghalaya & Mizoram there are no any Panchayati Raj as because they exempted under Article 243M(2) and also enjoying Special Constitutional Provision under Article 371A, 371B, 371C,371F,371G,371H by the Constitution of India.

A sarpanch, gram pradhan, mukhiya, or president is a decision-maker, elected by the village-level constitutional body of local self-government called the gram sabha (village government) in India

First of all the Panchayati Raj system was established in Rajasthan (2 October 1959) after which Andhra Pradesh adopted this system.

Hence, the correct option is 'B'.

• The Gram Sabha is the fulcrum of the Panchayati Raj and village development. People use the forum of the Gram Sabha to discuss local governance and development, and make need- based plans for the village.

• The Panchayat implements development programs under the overarching mandate, supervision and monitoring of the Gram Sabha. All decisions of the Panchayat are taken through the Gram Sabha and no decision is official and valid without the consent of the Gram Sabha.

Three tier system is arranged i.e. Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad. Panchayati Raj is the oldest system of local government in the Indian subcontinent.

• Urban Local Government’ in India means the governance of a specific urban area, demarcated for this purpose by the state government, by the people through their elected representatives.

• Evolution of urban local bodies - It was during the British rule that the institutions of urban local government originated and developed in modern India. 1687-88 - First municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras.

• The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth, such as raw materials and basic foods.

• Activities associated with primary economic activity include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying.

• Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are unemployed at particular times of the year when demand for labour is lower than usual.

• The Central Council of Local Government was set up in 1954.It was established under Article 263 of the Constitution of India by an order of the President of India. The original name was Central Council of Local Self-Government. In 1980’s ‘self-government’ was replaced by the term ‘government’.

• Municipal corporations are established for administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad etc. They are established in the states by the acts of State Legislatures, and in the union territories by the acts of the Parliament.

• There may be one common act or separate acts for all the municipal corporations in a state.

• A municipal corporation has three authorities - the council, the standing committees and the municipal commissioner.

• The Council is the deliberative and legislative wing and consists of the Councilors directly elected by the people.

• Tenure of Mayors of cities in India varies from 1 year to 5 years.

Explanation:
The correct answer is Intermediate Level Panchayat (B).
- Anchalic Panchayats, Janpad Panchayats, and Anchal Samities are all names of Intermediate Level Panchayats.
- Panchayats are a system of local self-governance in India, which exist at different levels - Village, Intermediate, and District levels.
- Village Level Panchayat (A) refers to the lowest level of Panchayat, which is responsible for governing a single village or a group of villages.
- Intermediate Level Panchayat (B) is the middle level of Panchayat, which is responsible for governing a group of villages or a block.
- District Level Panchayat (C) is the highest level of Panchayat, which is responsible for governing an entire district.
- Judicial Body or Nyaya Panchayat (D) is a separate body responsible for resolving disputes and delivering justice at the Panchayat level.
Therefore, the correct answer is (B) Intermediate Level Panchayat.

Urban local government bodies play a crucial role in managing various services and infrastructure in cities and towns. Here’s a brief overview of the types of bodies that qualify as urban local government entities:

• Township: A designated area that provides local governance and services.
• Town Area Committee: Responsible for specific urban areas, managing local issues.
• Urban Development Authorities: Focused on planned development and management of urban areas.

While Pollution Control Boards and Port Trusts are essential for environmental management and port operations, respectively, they do not fall under the category of urban local government bodies.

In summary, the urban local government bodies include Townships, Town Area Committees, and Urban Development Authorities.

• Rajiv Gandhi government in 1986 appointed a committee on ‘Revitalisation of Panchayati Raj Institutions for Democracy and Development’.

• It was under the chairmanship of L. M. Singhvi.

• Its recommendations were -

1. Constitutional recognition to the Panchayati Raj institutions.

2. For it, a new chapter should be added in the Constitution of India.

3. Thus their identity and integrity will be reasonably and substantially inviolate.

4. Constitutional provisions to ensure regular, free and fair elections to the Panchayati Raj bodies.

5. Nyaya Panchayats should be created for a cluster of villages.

6. Reorganize villages to make Gram Panchayats more viable.

7. Emphasized the importance of the Gram Sabha; called it as the embodiment of direct democracy.

8. More financial resources for Village Panchayats

9. Judicial tribunals in each state to adjudicate controversies about election to the Panchayati Raj institutions, their dissolution and other matters related to their functioning.

• Recommendations of the Balwantrai Committee -In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee under chairmanship of Balwant Rai G. Mehta to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953).

• It was to suggest measures for better working of the programs. While submitting its report in November 1957, it recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’.

• This finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj.

• It recommended -

1. Establishment of a 3-tier Panchayati Raj system - gram panchayat at the village level, panchayat samiti at the block level and zila parishad at the district level.

2. Linking these tiers should be organic i.e. through indirect elections.

3. The village panchayat should be constituted by directly elected representatives.

4. The panchayat samiti and zila parishad should be constituted by indirectly elected members.

5. All planning and development activities should be entrusted to these bodies.

6. Panchayat samiti should be the executive body.

7. Zila parishad should be the advisory, coordinating and supervisory body.

8. District collector should be the chairman of the zila parishad.

9. There should be a genuine transfer of power and responsibility to these democratic bodies.

10. Adequate resources should be transferred to these bodies to enable them to discharge their functions and fulfill their responsibilities.

The Federal System in India is based on the model of Canada.
Explanation:
The federal system of government in India is modeled after the system in Canada. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Similarities with Canada:
- Distribution of powers: Both India and Canada have a division of powers between the central government and the state/provincial governments.
- Written Constitution: Both countries have a written constitution that outlines the powers and responsibilities of the federal and state governments.
- Dual polity: India and Canada both have a dual polity, where powers are divided between the central and state/provincial governments.
- Independent Judiciary: Both countries have an independent judiciary that interprets the constitution and resolves disputes between the central and state governments.
- Bicameral Legislature: Both India and Canada have a two-tier legislative system, with a lower house (Lok Sabha in India and House of Commons in Canada) and an upper house (Rajya Sabha in India and Senate in Canada).
2. Differences with Canada:
- Presidential vs. Parliamentary system: While India follows a parliamentary system with a President as the ceremonial head of state, Canada follows a parliamentary system with a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch is the ceremonial head of state represented by the Governor General.
- Number of levels of government: India has three levels of government - central, state, and local, while Canada has two levels - federal and provincial.
Conclusion:
The federal system in India is based on the model of Canada, with a division of powers, a written constitution, independent judiciary, and a dual polity. However, there are also some differences between the two countries' systems of government.