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CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - CLAT MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test Additional Study Material for CLAT - CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14

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CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 1

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Every year, Time magazine names a 'Person of the Year', puts their photo on the cover and writes about them and their contribution — good or bad — to the planet. People like Mahatma Gandhi, Angela Merkel, President Obama and even non-people like the computer have been put on the cover.
This year, Time magazine named 15-year-old climate change activist Greta Thunberg as the person of the year. How cool is that? I am planning to walk around with a copy of the magazine with me wherever I go, so that whenever someone says 'What do kids know?' I can stick the magazine in their face!
Well, since the decade is almost over, the cover got me thinking of all the other amazing kids out there who are proof that we know a lot and can change the world. Here are five of them.
I am going to start with Greta Thunberg because I am a huge fan. Greta started skipping school every Friday to protest outside the Swedish parliament on climate emergency. She started a global environmental protest powered by young people, has given speeches at the United Nations, and has the coolest Twitter account.
Tween climate activist Ridhima Pandey was one of the petitioners, along with Greta Thunberg, in a complaint with the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child on government inaction on the climate crisis. She believes that if children all over the world protest for climate justice, then there can be a positive change.
Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. She was shot by the Taliban because they didn't want girls going to school. Later, she became a spokesperson campaigning for girls' right to education. I am not sure what the argument is for not sending girls to school, because they are super smart. Just look how many of them are on this list!
When he was 15, Jack Andraka invented a new, cheap way to detect pancreatic cancer. He won a bunch of International Science Fairs for his creation and said he came up with the idea by reading free science papers he found online.
So, who do you think might be the child change makers of 2020-2030? Well, why not you and me? We might not find a cure for a disease or be allowed to skip school to march outside parliament, but we can start doing something in our neighbourhood or school. Maybe it's feeding stray dogs, speaking up when someone gets teased or bullied in your class, or telling your local burger joint to stop using plastic straws. You might not get on the cover of Time magazine for it, but you sure will make a difference to that puppy, kid or sea turtle.

Q. Based on the author's description of the phenomenon of young people taking centre-stage in promoting change, which of the following would the author most agree with?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 1

The correct answer is option 2. This is apparent from the author's descriptions of Greta Thunberg, Ridhima Pandey, Malala Yousafzai, and Jack Andraka - all of whom are making positive changes in the world. Deserving to be on magazine is not the end goal as the author states in the passage, so option 1 cannot be correct. "Children do not know anything about fostering change" contradicts information in the passage, so option 3 is also incorrect. Bunking school is to describe what Thurnberg did to protest climate change. The author does not recommend this. So, option 4 cannot be correct.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 2

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Every year, Time magazine names a 'Person of the Year', puts their photo on the cover and writes about them and their contribution — good or bad — to the planet. People like Mahatma Gandhi, Angela Merkel, President Obama and even non-people like the computer have been put on the cover.
This year, Time magazine named 15-year-old climate change activist Greta Thunberg as the person of the year. How cool is that? I am planning to walk around with a copy of the magazine with me wherever I go, so that whenever someone says 'What do kids know?' I can stick the magazine in their face!
Well, since the decade is almost over, the cover got me thinking of all the other amazing kids out there who are proof that we know a lot and can change the world. Here are five of them.
I am going to start with Greta Thunberg because I am a huge fan. Greta started skipping school every Friday to protest outside the Swedish parliament on climate emergency. She started a global environmental protest powered by young people, has given speeches at the United Nations, and has the coolest Twitter account.
Tween climate activist Ridhima Pandey was one of the petitioners, along with Greta Thunberg, in a complaint with the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child on government inaction on the climate crisis. She believes that if children all over the world protest for climate justice, then there can be a positive change.
Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. She was shot by the Taliban because they didn't want girls going to school. Later, she became a spokesperson campaigning for girls' right to education. I am not sure what the argument is for not sending girls to school, because they are super smart. Just look how many of them are on this list!
When he was 15, Jack Andraka invented a new, cheap way to detect pancreatic cancer. He won a bunch of International Science Fairs for his creation and said he came up with the idea by reading free science papers he found online.
So, who do you think might be the child change makers of 2020-2030? Well, why not you and me? We might not find a cure for a disease or be allowed to skip school to march outside parliament, but we can start doing something in our neighbourhood or school. Maybe it's feeding stray dogs, speaking up when someone gets teased or bullied in your class, or telling your local burger joint to stop using plastic straws. You might not get on the cover of Time magazine for it, but you sure will make a difference to that puppy, kid or sea turtle.

Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 2

The correct answer is option 1. This is apparent from the information in the final paragraph about doing something in one's neighbourhood or school. Facing hardships by young activists is implied with the description of Malala Yousafzai only, so option 2 cannot be correct. Child activists who create global change are the only ones to be considered heroes finds no mention in the passage, so option 3 is incorrect. Option 4 contradicts the information in the passage, so it too is incorrect.

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CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 3

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Every year, Time magazine names a 'Person of the Year', puts their photo on the cover and writes about them and their contribution — good or bad — to the planet. People like Mahatma Gandhi, Angela Merkel, President Obama and even non-people like the computer have been put on the cover.
This year, Time magazine named 15-year-old climate change activist Greta Thunberg as the person of the year. How cool is that? I am planning to walk around with a copy of the magazine with me wherever I go, so that whenever someone says 'What do kids know?' I can stick the magazine in their face!
Well, since the decade is almost over, the cover got me thinking of all the other amazing kids out there who are proof that we know a lot and can change the world. Here are five of them.
I am going to start with Greta Thunberg because I am a huge fan. Greta started skipping school every Friday to protest outside the Swedish parliament on climate emergency. She started a global environmental protest powered by young people, has given speeches at the United Nations, and has the coolest Twitter account.
Tween climate activist Ridhima Pandey was one of the petitioners, along with Greta Thunberg, in a complaint with the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child on government inaction on the climate crisis. She believes that if children all over the world protest for climate justice, then there can be a positive change.
Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. She was shot by the Taliban because they didn't want girls going to school. Later, she became a spokesperson campaigning for girls' right to education. I am not sure what the argument is for not sending girls to school, because they are super smart. Just look how many of them are on this list!
When he was 15, Jack Andraka invented a new, cheap way to detect pancreatic cancer. He won a bunch of International Science Fairs for his creation and said he came up with the idea by reading free science papers he found online.
So, who do you think might be the child change makers of 2020-2030? Well, why not you and me? We might not find a cure for a disease or be allowed to skip school to march outside parliament, but we can start doing something in our neighbourhood or school. Maybe it's feeding stray dogs, speaking up when someone gets teased or bullied in your class, or telling your local burger joint to stop using plastic straws. You might not get on the cover of Time magazine for it, but you sure will make a difference to that puppy, kid or sea turtle.

Q. What does the author mean when he says that Thunberg's environmental protest is 'powered by young people'?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 3

The correct answer is option 3. The use of the word 'powered' suggests that the movement is supported by young people. There is nothing to suggest that powered means concern over future generations, so option 1 is incorrect. An uprising of youngsters could be implied, but there is nothing to suggest this as a meaning, so option 2 is also incorrect. The description of the movement is that it is led by and supported by young people specifically and not necessarily by new and innovative ideas, so option 4 cannot be correct.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 4

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Every year, Time magazine names a 'Person of the Year', puts their photo on the cover and writes about them and their contribution — good or bad — to the planet. People like Mahatma Gandhi, Angela Merkel, President Obama and even non-people like the computer have been put on the cover.
This year, Time magazine named 15-year-old climate change activist Greta Thunberg as the person of the year. How cool is that? I am planning to walk around with a copy of the magazine with me wherever I go, so that whenever someone says 'What do kids know?' I can stick the magazine in their face!
Well, since the decade is almost over, the cover got me thinking of all the other amazing kids out there who are proof that we know a lot and can change the world. Here are five of them.
I am going to start with Greta Thunberg because I am a huge fan. Greta started skipping school every Friday to protest outside the Swedish parliament on climate emergency. She started a global environmental protest powered by young people, has given speeches at the United Nations, and has the coolest Twitter account.
Tween climate activist Ridhima Pandey was one of the petitioners, along with Greta Thunberg, in a complaint with the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child on government inaction on the climate crisis. She believes that if children all over the world protest for climate justice, then there can be a positive change.
Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. She was shot by the Taliban because they didn't want girls going to school. Later, she became a spokesperson campaigning for girls' right to education. I am not sure what the argument is for not sending girls to school, because they are super smart. Just look how many of them are on this list!
When he was 15, Jack Andraka invented a new, cheap way to detect pancreatic cancer. He won a bunch of International Science Fairs for his creation and said he came up with the idea by reading free science papers he found online.
So, who do you think might be the child change makers of 2020-2030? Well, why not you and me? We might not find a cure for a disease or be allowed to skip school to march outside parliament, but we can start doing something in our neighbourhood or school. Maybe it's feeding stray dogs, speaking up when someone gets teased or bullied in your class, or telling your local burger joint to stop using plastic straws. You might not get on the cover of Time magazine for it, but you sure will make a difference to that puppy, kid or sea turtle.

Q. According to the passage, which of the following can be rightly considered examples of a youth activist leader?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 4

The correct answer is option 3. From the passage, we know that young people can make a difference if they do something that will affect others (feeding dogs, stopping a restaurant from using plastic straws, standing up to a bully). From this, it can be inferred that a young person who cleans up their neighbourhood and encourages others to do so is an example of a youth activist leader. Simply walking out of a classroom when something unpleasant is said is not supported in the passage, so option 1 is incorrect. Encouraging others to use a straw that will harm the environment is not what a young activist is supposed to do, so option 3 is also incorrect. A person who writes poems, but does not share them indicates that the person is only concerned, but is not doing anything to evoke change, so option 4 is also incorrect.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 5

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Every year, Time magazine names a 'Person of the Year', puts their photo on the cover and writes about them and their contribution — good or bad — to the planet. People like Mahatma Gandhi, Angela Merkel, President Obama and even non-people like the computer have been put on the cover.
This year, Time magazine named 15-year-old climate change activist Greta Thunberg as the person of the year. How cool is that? I am planning to walk around with a copy of the magazine with me wherever I go, so that whenever someone says 'What do kids know?' I can stick the magazine in their face!
Well, since the decade is almost over, the cover got me thinking of all the other amazing kids out there who are proof that we know a lot and can change the world. Here are five of them.
I am going to start with Greta Thunberg because I am a huge fan. Greta started skipping school every Friday to protest outside the Swedish parliament on climate emergency. She started a global environmental protest powered by young people, has given speeches at the United Nations, and has the coolest Twitter account.
Tween climate activist Ridhima Pandey was one of the petitioners, along with Greta Thunberg, in a complaint with the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child on government inaction on the climate crisis. She believes that if children all over the world protest for climate justice, then there can be a positive change.
Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. She was shot by the Taliban because they didn't want girls going to school. Later, she became a spokesperson campaigning for girls' right to education. I am not sure what the argument is for not sending girls to school, because they are super smart. Just look how many of them are on this list!
When he was 15, Jack Andraka invented a new, cheap way to detect pancreatic cancer. He won a bunch of International Science Fairs for his creation and said he came up with the idea by reading free science papers he found online.
So, who do you think might be the child change makers of 2020-2030? Well, why not you and me? We might not find a cure for a disease or be allowed to skip school to march outside parliament, but we can start doing something in our neighbourhood or school. Maybe it's feeding stray dogs, speaking up when someone gets teased or bullied in your class, or telling your local burger joint to stop using plastic straws. You might not get on the cover of Time magazine for it, but you sure will make a difference to that puppy, kid or sea turtle.

Q. Which of the following best sums up the author's main point in the given passage?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 5

The correct answer is option 3. This is apparent from the author's description of how young people are changing the world by taking action. The author provides several examples in this case. Option 1 is incorrect as it confuses young leaders of change for leaders in the government. Option 2 is incorrect because it goes against the passage. Option 4 is too broad and not the focus of the passage.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 6

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

In June 1965, I was a seventh standard student of King George’s School, Belgaum (now Military School, Belagavi). Straight from a village in Haryana, with little knowledge of English, here I was just about 13 years old among children from all walks of life. Initially, I was lost and cried often, feeling out of place. But, soon, I was on my feet and rubbing shoulders with children from privileged backgrounds. All this, thanks to our visionary Principal, R.S. Mani.

Seeing my shyness and poor English, he called me to his office.

Handing me a copy of Reader’s Digest with an essay on Gandhiji, he said, “Ripu, next week you will narrate that essay in the Assembly.” “Nothing is impossible,” he added.

I took it as a challenge and decided to memorise the whole essay. Shivering, I stood in front of the assembly, and rattled out the essay like a parrot. Loud clapping ensued.

Here began my journey. Principal Mani asked me to read newspapers daily and make note of important events. I took a dictionary and sat with an English daily. In one hour, I could finish no more than half a page, but I did not lose heart. The output kept increasing every day. My vocabulary kept on expanding, so did the general awareness.

Mr. Mani put me in the declamation team. By the time I was in the 10th standard, I was the best debater of the school. I still remember how we defeated a Pune school in an inter-school debate which was presided over by none other than Nani Palkhiwala. “Why don’t you start writing when you can speak so well,” Mr. Mani asked. And there I was in the school magazine editorial team.

He reposed faith in me as a moral guide, and put me in charge of the small children in Pratap House. It enriched me spiritually as I had to lead young minds on the righteous path.

No wonder, even today at 66, when I get on my bicycle, I remember him and pedal on to do my bit for the under-privileged.

Q. What can be inferred from the sentence “even today at 66, when I get on my bicycle, I remember him and pedal on to do my bit for the under privileged”?

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 7

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

In June 1965, I was a seventh standard student of King George’s School, Belgaum (now Military School, Belagavi). Straight from a village in Haryana, with little knowledge of English, here I was just about 13 years old among children from all walks of life. Initially, I was lost and cried often, feeling out of place. But, soon, I was on my feet and rubbing shoulders with children from privileged backgrounds. All this, thanks to our visionary Principal, R.S. Mani.

Seeing my shyness and poor English, he called me to his office.

Handing me a copy of Reader’s Digest with an essay on Gandhiji, he said, “Ripu, next week you will narrate that essay in the Assembly.” “Nothing is impossible,” he added.

I took it as a challenge and decided to memorise the whole essay. Shivering, I stood in front of the assembly, and rattled out the essay like a parrot. Loud clapping ensued.

Here began my journey. Principal Mani asked me to read newspapers daily and make note of important events. I took a dictionary and sat with an English daily. In one hour, I could finish no more than half a page, but I did not lose heart. The output kept increasing every day. My vocabulary kept on expanding, so did the general awareness.

Mr. Mani put me in the declamation team. By the time I was in the 10th standard, I was the best debater of the school. I still remember how we defeated a Pune school in an inter-school debate which was presided over by none other than Nani Palkhiwala. “Why don’t you start writing when you can speak so well,” Mr. Mani asked. And there I was in the school magazine editorial team.

He reposed faith in me as a moral guide, and put me in charge of the small children in Pratap House. It enriched me spiritually as I had to lead young minds on the righteous path.

No wonder, even today at 66, when I get on my bicycle, I remember him and pedal on to do my bit for the under-privileged.

Q. What was the author’s reaction when Mr Mani handed him a copy of Reader’s Digest and told him narrate the essay on Gandhiji in the school assembly next week?

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 8

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

In June 1965, I was a seventh standard student of King George’s School, Belgaum (now Military School, Belagavi). Straight from a village in Haryana, with little knowledge of English, here I was just about 13 years old among children from all walks of life. Initially, I was lost and cried often, feeling out of place. But, soon, I was on my feet and rubbing shoulders with children from privileged backgrounds. All this, thanks to our visionary Principal, R.S. Mani.

Seeing my shyness and poor English, he called me to his office.

Handing me a copy of Reader’s Digest with an essay on Gandhiji, he said, “Ripu, next week you will narrate that essay in the Assembly.” “Nothing is impossible,” he added.

I took it as a challenge and decided to memorise the whole essay. Shivering, I stood in front of the assembly, and rattled out the essay like a parrot. Loud clapping ensued.

Here began my journey. Principal Mani asked me to read newspapers daily and make note of important events. I took a dictionary and sat with an English daily. In one hour, I could finish no more than half a page, but I did not lose heart. The output kept increasing every day. My vocabulary kept on expanding, so did the general awareness.

Mr. Mani put me in the declamation team. By the time I was in the 10th standard, I was the best debater of the school. I still remember how we defeated a Pune school in an inter-school debate which was presided over by none other than Nani Palkhiwala. “Why don’t you start writing when you can speak so well,” Mr. Mani asked. And there I was in the school magazine editorial team.

He reposed faith in me as a moral guide, and put me in charge of the small children in Pratap House. It enriched me spiritually as I had to lead young minds on the righteous path.

No wonder, even today at 66, when I get on my bicycle, I remember him and pedal on to do my bit for the under-privileged.

Q. What is the central theme of the passage?

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 9

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Probably too late to ask, but was the past year the moment we lost our technological innocence? The Alexa in the corner of the kitchen monitoring your every word? The location-betraying device in your pocket? The dozen trackers on that web page you just opened? The thought that a 5G network could, in some hazily understood way, be hardwired back to Beijing? The spooky use of live facial recognition on CCTV cameras across London.
With privacy there have been so many landmarks in the past 12 months. The $5bn Federal Trade Commission fine on Facebook to settle the Cambridge Analytica scandal? The accidental exposure of a mind-blowing 1.2 billion people's details from two data enrichment companies? Up to 50m medical records spilled?
Even people whose job it is to think deeply about technology have begun to come out with forms of belated protest or dissent. The Washington Post's tech columnist, Geoffrey A Fowler, concluded 2019 by writing: "Learning how everyday things spy on us made me, at times, feel paranoid. Mostly, my privacy project left me angry. Our cultural reference points – Big Brother and tinfoil hats – don't quite capture the sickness of an era when we gleefully carry surveillance machines in our pockets and install them in our homes."
Fowler's newspaper – owned by one of the biggest data harvesters of all, Amazon's Jeff Bezos – was not alone in publishing detailed guides to readers on the steps they could try to recover a degree of privacy online. But most commentators agree that such measures are too little too late – maybe 20 years too late. "We were caught off-guard by surveillance capitalism," says Zuboff, a Harvard professor. "Once we searched Google, but now Google searches us. Once we thought of digital services as free, but now surveillance capitalists think of us as free… The message here is simple: Once I was mine. Now I am theirs."
The future of privacy is likely to be complicated. For starters, no one can even agree what "privacy" means today. Some argue its first obituary was written 21 years ago when Scott McNealy, then CEO of Sun Microsystems, pronounced: "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it." That may, technically speaking, be true. A different question is: have we reached the tipping point when enough people mind?
The traditional response is to argue that privacy has become a bargain. We may all be uneasy about granting so much access to our lives that big corporations know more about us than we do about ourselves… but we are, by and large, happy to trade that data for the (mostly free!) services and convenience we get in return.

Q. Which of the following best sums up the author's main point in the given passage?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 9

The correct answer is option 1. The answer is evident in the final paragraph which states; 'we are, by and large, happy to trade that data for the (mostly free!) services and convenience we get in return.' It can be inferred that because people are so willing to give out personal information to get services suggests that the general public cannot be considered completely innocent in terms of breaches of privacy that occur online.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 10

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Probably too late to ask, but was the past year the moment we lost our technological innocence? The Alexa in the corner of the kitchen monitoring your every word? The location-betraying device in your pocket? The dozen trackers on that web page you just opened? The thought that a 5G network could, in some hazily understood way, be hardwired back to Beijing? The spooky use of live facial recognition on CCTV cameras across London.
With privacy there have been so many landmarks in the past 12 months. The $5bn Federal Trade Commission fine on Facebook to settle the Cambridge Analytica scandal? The accidental exposure of a mind-blowing 1.2 billion people's details from two data enrichment companies? Up to 50m medical records spilled?
Even people whose job it is to think deeply about technology have begun to come out with forms of belated protest or dissent. The Washington Post's tech columnist, Geoffrey A Fowler, concluded 2019 by writing: "Learning how everyday things spy on us made me, at times, feel paranoid. Mostly, my privacy project left me angry. Our cultural reference points – Big Brother and tinfoil hats – don't quite capture the sickness of an era when we gleefully carry surveillance machines in our pockets and install them in our homes."
Fowler's newspaper – owned by one of the biggest data harvesters of all, Amazon's Jeff Bezos – was not alone in publishing detailed guides to readers on the steps they could try to recover a degree of privacy online. But most commentators agree that such measures are too little too late – maybe 20 years too late. "We were caught off-guard by surveillance capitalism," says Zuboff, a Harvard professor. "Once we searched Google, but now Google searches us. Once we thought of digital services as free, but now surveillance capitalists think of us as free… The message here is simple: Once I was mine. Now I am theirs."
The future of privacy is likely to be complicated. For starters, no one can even agree what "privacy" means today. Some argue its first obituary was written 21 years ago when Scott McNealy, then CEO of Sun Microsystems, pronounced: "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it." That may, technically speaking, be true. A different question is: have we reached the tipping point when enough people mind?
The traditional response is to argue that privacy has become a bargain. We may all be uneasy about granting so much access to our lives that big corporations know more about us than we do about ourselves… but we are, by and large, happy to trade that data for the (mostly free!) services and convenience we get in return.

Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage from the author's description?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 10

Option 2 is the correct inference from the passage. It is implied in the text when the author states: "Even people whose job it is to think deeply about technology have begun to come out with forms of belated protest or dissent." They are coming up with 'protest or dissent' because they are aware of the loss of privacy that has come about with the use of technology in all aspects. Other options cannot be derived from the passage.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 11

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Probably too late to ask, but was the past year the moment we lost our technological innocence? The Alexa in the corner of the kitchen monitoring your every word? The location-betraying device in your pocket? The dozen trackers on that web page you just opened? The thought that a 5G network could, in some hazily understood way, be hardwired back to Beijing? The spooky use of live facial recognition on CCTV cameras across London.
With privacy there have been so many landmarks in the past 12 months. The $5bn Federal Trade Commission fine on Facebook to settle the Cambridge Analytica scandal? The accidental exposure of a mind-blowing 1.2 billion people's details from two data enrichment companies? Up to 50m medical records spilled?
Even people whose job it is to think deeply about technology have begun to come out with forms of belated protest or dissent. The Washington Post's tech columnist, Geoffrey A Fowler, concluded 2019 by writing: "Learning how everyday things spy on us made me, at times, feel paranoid. Mostly, my privacy project left me angry. Our cultural reference points – Big Brother and tinfoil hats – don't quite capture the sickness of an era when we gleefully carry surveillance machines in our pockets and install them in our homes."
Fowler's newspaper – owned by one of the biggest data harvesters of all, Amazon's Jeff Bezos – was not alone in publishing detailed guides to readers on the steps they could try to recover a degree of privacy online. But most commentators agree that such measures are too little too late – maybe 20 years too late. "We were caught off-guard by surveillance capitalism," says Zuboff, a Harvard professor. "Once we searched Google, but now Google searches us. Once we thought of digital services as free, but now surveillance capitalists think of us as free… The message here is simple: Once I was mine. Now I am theirs."
The future of privacy is likely to be complicated. For starters, no one can even agree what "privacy" means today. Some argue its first obituary was written 21 years ago when Scott McNealy, then CEO of Sun Microsystems, pronounced: "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it." That may, technically speaking, be true. A different question is: have we reached the tipping point when enough people mind?
The traditional response is to argue that privacy has become a bargain. We may all be uneasy about granting so much access to our lives that big corporations know more about us than we do about ourselves… but we are, by and large, happy to trade that data for the (mostly free!) services and convenience we get in return.

Q. In the context of the given passage, which of the following would be the most appropriate meaning of the term 'surveillance capitalism'?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 11

The correct answer is option 4. The answer can be inferred from the final paragraph which describes how consumers freely give their personal information to gain services. From this, it can be inferred that personal information is traded for profit.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 12

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Probably too late to ask, but was the past year the moment we lost our technological innocence? The Alexa in the corner of the kitchen monitoring your every word? The location-betraying device in your pocket? The dozen trackers on that web page you just opened? The thought that a 5G network could, in some hazily understood way, be hardwired back to Beijing? The spooky use of live facial recognition on CCTV cameras across London.
With privacy there have been so many landmarks in the past 12 months. The $5bn Federal Trade Commission fine on Facebook to settle the Cambridge Analytica scandal? The accidental exposure of a mind-blowing 1.2 billion people's details from two data enrichment companies? Up to 50m medical records spilled?
Even people whose job it is to think deeply about technology have begun to come out with forms of belated protest or dissent. The Washington Post's tech columnist, Geoffrey A Fowler, concluded 2019 by writing: "Learning how everyday things spy on us made me, at times, feel paranoid. Mostly, my privacy project left me angry. Our cultural reference points – Big Brother and tinfoil hats – don't quite capture the sickness of an era when we gleefully carry surveillance machines in our pockets and install them in our homes."
Fowler's newspaper – owned by one of the biggest data harvesters of all, Amazon's Jeff Bezos – was not alone in publishing detailed guides to readers on the steps they could try to recover a degree of privacy online. But most commentators agree that such measures are too little too late – maybe 20 years too late. "We were caught off-guard by surveillance capitalism," says Zuboff, a Harvard professor. "Once we searched Google, but now Google searches us. Once we thought of digital services as free, but now surveillance capitalists think of us as free… The message here is simple: Once I was mine. Now I am theirs."
The future of privacy is likely to be complicated. For starters, no one can even agree what "privacy" means today. Some argue its first obituary was written 21 years ago when Scott McNealy, then CEO of Sun Microsystems, pronounced: "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it." That may, technically speaking, be true. A different question is: have we reached the tipping point when enough people mind?
The traditional response is to argue that privacy has become a bargain. We may all be uneasy about granting so much access to our lives that big corporations know more about us than we do about ourselves… but we are, by and large, happy to trade that data for the (mostly free!) services and convenience we get in return.

Q. According to the author, why is the future of privacy likely to be complicated?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 12

The correct answer is option 1. This is evident from the last and the second-last paragraphs where both sides of the loss of privacy arguments are made. Some believe that there's no such thing as privacy these days, while others believe that we have to lose our privacy in order to gain convenience.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 13

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

Probably too late to ask, but was the past year the moment we lost our technological innocence? The Alexa in the corner of the kitchen monitoring your every word? The location-betraying device in your pocket? The dozen trackers on that web page you just opened? The thought that a 5G network could, in some hazily understood way, be hardwired back to Beijing? The spooky use of live facial recognition on CCTV cameras across London.
With privacy there have been so many landmarks in the past 12 months. The $5bn Federal Trade Commission fine on Facebook to settle the Cambridge Analytica scandal? The accidental exposure of a mind-blowing 1.2 billion people's details from two data enrichment companies? Up to 50m medical records spilled?
Even people whose job it is to think deeply about technology have begun to come out with forms of belated protest or dissent. The Washington Post's tech columnist, Geoffrey A Fowler, concluded 2019 by writing: "Learning how everyday things spy on us made me, at times, feel paranoid. Mostly, my privacy project left me angry. Our cultural reference points – Big Brother and tinfoil hats – don't quite capture the sickness of an era when we gleefully carry surveillance machines in our pockets and install them in our homes."
Fowler's newspaper – owned by one of the biggest data harvesters of all, Amazon's Jeff Bezos – was not alone in publishing detailed guides to readers on the steps they could try to recover a degree of privacy online. But most commentators agree that such measures are too little too late – maybe 20 years too late. "We were caught off-guard by surveillance capitalism," says Zuboff, a Harvard professor. "Once we searched Google, but now Google searches us. Once we thought of digital services as free, but now surveillance capitalists think of us as free… The message here is simple: Once I was mine. Now I am theirs."
The future of privacy is likely to be complicated. For starters, no one can even agree what "privacy" means today. Some argue its first obituary was written 21 years ago when Scott McNealy, then CEO of Sun Microsystems, pronounced: "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it." That may, technically speaking, be true. A different question is: have we reached the tipping point when enough people mind?
The traditional response is to argue that privacy has become a bargain. We may all be uneasy about granting so much access to our lives that big corporations know more about us than we do about ourselves… but we are, by and large, happy to trade that data for the (mostly free!) services and convenience we get in return.

Q. Which of the following cannot be rightly inferred from the given passage?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 13

Rationale: The correct answer is option 3 - The time is now to protest and complain about misuse of personal information. There is nothing in the passage to support this statement. Rather the passage states that current measures are 'too little too late' as indicated in the fourth paragraph. Options 1, 2 and 4 are all supported in the passage.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 14

Read the following passage and answer the question.

All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose. She has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre paintings. But, genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values. We no longer require artists to provide images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard idealization as a falsification of truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discretely refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate not instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth century French contemporaries.

Q. According to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in a painting?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 14

The phrase “modern viewers" does not occur explicitly in the passage. But 7th sentence states, “we no longer require artists to provide images of humanity for our moral edification". So, according to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to look for moral lessons from artistic paintings.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 15

Read the following passage and answer the question.

All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose. She has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre paintings. But, genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values. We no longer require artists to provide images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard idealization as a falsification of truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discretely refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate not instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth century French contemporaries.

Q. If the history of Duparc’s artistic reputation were to follow to that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, present-day assessments of her works would be likely to contain which of the following?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 15

The author says in the 5th sentence that the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, two other artists who had also specialized in genre paintings, were largely ignored during their lifetimes but have a present high standing. So, if Duparc’s artistic reputation were to follow theirs, the present day assessment of her works would give her works a high status.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 16

Read the following passage and answer the question.

All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose. She has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre paintings. But, genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values. We no longer require artists to provide images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard idealization as a falsification of truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discretely refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate not instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth century French contemporaries.

Q. It can be inferred from the passage that the term genre painting would most likely apply to which of the following?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 16

The third sentence describes genre painting as depicting everyday activities of acquaintances including members of the humblest class. Among the given choices, it is only (D) which confirms to this depiction.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 17

Read the following passage and answer the question.

All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose. She has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre paintings. But, genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values. We no longer require artists to provide images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard idealization as a falsification of truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discretely refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate not instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth century French contemporaries.

Q. The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgments of artistic work?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 17

After mentioning that Le Nain brothers and Georges de LA Tour, who had chosen themes involving members of the humblest classes for their paintings, were largely ignored during their period, the author states, “Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic and political climate…..". This implies that the author believes that aesthetic judgment can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 18

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

The railway ministry has announced its decision to transfer operations of more than 100 superfast passenger trains to private operators. This move is expected to bring higher level of comfort and satisfaction to the travelling public. However, it is not clear whether it will in anyway improve the profitability of Indian Railways. The railways operates more than 12,000 passenger trains daily. Transferring operation of less than one per cent of the trains to private operators is not even touching the tip of the iceberg. Introduction of private operators in container train operations has not given desired results.
Also, there are attendant problems of fixing revenue-sharing models as the accounting reforms project has not been completed yet. The Indian Railways' tracks are shared by passenger and freight trains. How much proportion of fixed and variable expenditure should be shared by each mode has always been a grey area.
Indian Railways does not follow the company accounting model, and that muddies the waters further. Once private passenger train operators enter the arena, they would claim compensation for any delays, etc and in the process the freight operations—the bread and butter of the railways' business, is bound to suffer, pulling down its profitability.
If the 'dedicated freight corridors project' had been completed in time, the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes could have easily accommodated entry of private train operators without giving rise to these complications. It may still be prudent to wait till these corridors are completed and all freight trains on these routes are diverted to them.
A better option to introduce private players in the railways would have been to corporatise the entire production-unit assemblage as a first step. There are no hurdles in the form of sharing infrastructure and inadequate accounting reforms. This had the potential of opening up possibilities of kick-starting public-private partnerships (PPPs) to introduce better technology in manufacturing of coaches and locomotives. It would have concomitantly reduced costs and improved quality.
It can, hence, be seen that by introducing a single service in the administrative setup, the railway ministry has decided to navigate in uncharted turbulent waters. On the other hand, introduction of private passenger train operators is not expected to make any dent in its financial health. It has to be kept in mind that Indian Railways is a government department of gigantic proportions, which touches the lives of almost every Indian in one form or other. It is like an elephant. When it starts moving, it requires a great effort to stop. But once it lies prone, it requires an even greater effort to make it get up and start moving again.

Q. Which of the following does the author discuss in the given passage?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 18

The correct option is 4. In the entire passage, the author discusses the several problems that might result from the decision of the railway ministry to transfer the charge of several public trains to private enterprises. Though there may be some relief to the customers, looking at the decision from a wider perspective, there may be more challenges to overcome.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 19

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

The railway ministry has announced its decision to transfer operations of more than 100 superfast passenger trains to private operators. This move is expected to bring higher level of comfort and satisfaction to the travelling public. However, it is not clear whether it will in anyway improve the profitability of Indian Railways. The railways operates more than 12,000 passenger trains daily. Transferring operation of less than one per cent of the trains to private operators is not even touching the tip of the iceberg. Introduction of private operators in container train operations has not given desired results.
Also, there are attendant problems of fixing revenue-sharing models as the accounting reforms project has not been completed yet. The Indian Railways' tracks are shared by passenger and freight trains. How much proportion of fixed and variable expenditure should be shared by each mode has always been a grey area.
Indian Railways does not follow the company accounting model, and that muddies the waters further. Once private passenger train operators enter the arena, they would claim compensation for any delays, etc and in the process the freight operations—the bread and butter of the railways' business, is bound to suffer, pulling down its profitability.
If the 'dedicated freight corridors project' had been completed in time, the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes could have easily accommodated entry of private train operators without giving rise to these complications. It may still be prudent to wait till these corridors are completed and all freight trains on these routes are diverted to them.
A better option to introduce private players in the railways would have been to corporatise the entire production-unit assemblage as a first step. There are no hurdles in the form of sharing infrastructure and inadequate accounting reforms. This had the potential of opening up possibilities of kick-starting public-private partnerships (PPPs) to introduce better technology in manufacturing of coaches and locomotives. It would have concomitantly reduced costs and improved quality.
It can, hence, be seen that by introducing a single service in the administrative setup, the railway ministry has decided to navigate in uncharted turbulent waters. On the other hand, introduction of private passenger train operators is not expected to make any dent in its financial health. It has to be kept in mind that Indian Railways is a government department of gigantic proportions, which touches the lives of almost every Indian in one form or other. It is like an elephant. When it starts moving, it requires a great effort to stop. But once it lies prone, it requires an even greater effort to make it get up and start moving again.

Q. What does the author suggest when he states that transferring less than 1 per cent of trains to private enterprise does not touch the tip of the iceberg?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 19

The correct answer is option 3. This can be inferred from these lines: 'The railway ministry has announced its decision to transfer operations of more than 100 superfast passenger trains to private operators. ... The railways operates more than 12,000 passenger trains daily.'

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 20

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

The railway ministry has announced its decision to transfer operations of more than 100 superfast passenger trains to private operators. This move is expected to bring higher level of comfort and satisfaction to the travelling public. However, it is not clear whether it will in anyway improve the profitability of Indian Railways. The railways operates more than 12,000 passenger trains daily. Transferring operation of less than one per cent of the trains to private operators is not even touching the tip of the iceberg. Introduction of private operators in container train operations has not given desired results.
Also, there are attendant problems of fixing revenue-sharing models as the accounting reforms project has not been completed yet. The Indian Railways' tracks are shared by passenger and freight trains. How much proportion of fixed and variable expenditure should be shared by each mode has always been a grey area.
Indian Railways does not follow the company accounting model, and that muddies the waters further. Once private passenger train operators enter the arena, they would claim compensation for any delays, etc and in the process the freight operations—the bread and butter of the railways' business, is bound to suffer, pulling down its profitability.
If the 'dedicated freight corridors project' had been completed in time, the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes could have easily accommodated entry of private train operators without giving rise to these complications. It may still be prudent to wait till these corridors are completed and all freight trains on these routes are diverted to them.
A better option to introduce private players in the railways would have been to corporatise the entire production-unit assemblage as a first step. There are no hurdles in the form of sharing infrastructure and inadequate accounting reforms. This had the potential of opening up possibilities of kick-starting public-private partnerships (PPPs) to introduce better technology in manufacturing of coaches and locomotives. It would have concomitantly reduced costs and improved quality.
It can, hence, be seen that by introducing a single service in the administrative setup, the railway ministry has decided to navigate in uncharted turbulent waters. On the other hand, introduction of private passenger train operators is not expected to make any dent in its financial health. It has to be kept in mind that Indian Railways is a government department of gigantic proportions, which touches the lives of almost every Indian in one form or other. It is like an elephant. When it starts moving, it requires a great effort to stop. But once it lies prone, it requires an even greater effort to make it get up and start moving again.

Q. What does the phrase 'muddies the waters' as used in the passage mean?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 20

As the author is pointing out the problems of privatising several rail coaches, the author brings up the issue of accounting and says that it operates on ages-old system. When he brings up this issue, he implies that it will make the issue of privatisation even more confusing.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 21

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

The railway ministry has announced its decision to transfer operations of more than 100 superfast passenger trains to private operators. This move is expected to bring higher level of comfort and satisfaction to the travelling public. However, it is not clear whether it will in anyway improve the profitability of Indian Railways. The railways operates more than 12,000 passenger trains daily. Transferring operation of less than one per cent of the trains to private operators is not even touching the tip of the iceberg. Introduction of private operators in container train operations has not given desired results.
Also, there are attendant problems of fixing revenue-sharing models as the accounting reforms project has not been completed yet. The Indian Railways' tracks are shared by passenger and freight trains. How much proportion of fixed and variable expenditure should be shared by each mode has always been a grey area.
Indian Railways does not follow the company accounting model, and that muddies the waters further. Once private passenger train operators enter the arena, they would claim compensation for any delays, etc and in the process the freight operations—the bread and butter of the railways' business, is bound to suffer, pulling down its profitability.
If the 'dedicated freight corridors project' had been completed in time, the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes could have easily accommodated entry of private train operators without giving rise to these complications. It may still be prudent to wait till these corridors are completed and all freight trains on these routes are diverted to them.
A better option to introduce private players in the railways would have been to corporatise the entire production-unit assemblage as a first step. There are no hurdles in the form of sharing infrastructure and inadequate accounting reforms. This had the potential of opening up possibilities of kick-starting public-private partnerships (PPPs) to introduce better technology in manufacturing of coaches and locomotives. It would have concomitantly reduced costs and improved quality.
It can, hence, be seen that by introducing a single service in the administrative setup, the railway ministry has decided to navigate in uncharted turbulent waters. On the other hand, introduction of private passenger train operators is not expected to make any dent in its financial health. It has to be kept in mind that Indian Railways is a government department of gigantic proportions, which touches the lives of almost every Indian in one form or other. It is like an elephant. When it starts moving, it requires a great effort to stop. But once it lies prone, it requires an even greater effort to make it get up and start moving again.

Q. What, according to the author, might be one of the problems if the private enterprises try to bring in the company accounting model?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 21

The correct answer is option 2. The author states the problem resulting from bringing in the company accounting model in these lines: "Indian Railways does not follow the company accounting model, and that muddies the waters further. Once private passenger train operators enter the arena, they would claim compensation for any delays, etc and in the process the freight operations—the bread and butter of the railways' business, is bound to suffer, pulling down its profitability."

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 22

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

The railway ministry has announced its decision to transfer operations of more than 100 superfast passenger trains to private operators. This move is expected to bring higher level of comfort and satisfaction to the travelling public. However, it is not clear whether it will in anyway improve the profitability of Indian Railways. The railways operates more than 12,000 passenger trains daily. Transferring operation of less than one per cent of the trains to private operators is not even touching the tip of the iceberg. Introduction of private operators in container train operations has not given desired results.
Also, there are attendant problems of fixing revenue-sharing models as the accounting reforms project has not been completed yet. The Indian Railways' tracks are shared by passenger and freight trains. How much proportion of fixed and variable expenditure should be shared by each mode has always been a grey area.
Indian Railways does not follow the company accounting model, and that muddies the waters further. Once private passenger train operators enter the arena, they would claim compensation for any delays, etc and in the process the freight operations—the bread and butter of the railways' business, is bound to suffer, pulling down its profitability.
If the 'dedicated freight corridors project' had been completed in time, the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes could have easily accommodated entry of private train operators without giving rise to these complications. It may still be prudent to wait till these corridors are completed and all freight trains on these routes are diverted to them.
A better option to introduce private players in the railways would have been to corporatise the entire production-unit assemblage as a first step. There are no hurdles in the form of sharing infrastructure and inadequate accounting reforms. This had the potential of opening up possibilities of kick-starting public-private partnerships (PPPs) to introduce better technology in manufacturing of coaches and locomotives. It would have concomitantly reduced costs and improved quality.
It can, hence, be seen that by introducing a single service in the administrative setup, the railway ministry has decided to navigate in uncharted turbulent waters. On the other hand, introduction of private passenger train operators is not expected to make any dent in its financial health. It has to be kept in mind that Indian Railways is a government department of gigantic proportions, which touches the lives of almost every Indian in one form or other. It is like an elephant. When it starts moving, it requires a great effort to stop. But once it lies prone, it requires an even greater effort to make it get up and start moving again.

Q. Which of the following best sums up the author's key message by listing the problems in the passage?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 22

The correct answer is option 2. The author states in the first paragraph that it is uncertain that this will improve profitability. The author then discusses throughout the passage several problems which must be faced dealt with which could affect profitability. Options 1, 3 and 4 either represent minor points discussed in the passage or are not supported.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 23

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

An important development in the twentieth century literary criticism was the growth of the New Criticism. The New Critics assumed that the methods devised for reading long poems could be applied to novels. In practice, this meant a new emphasis in the reading of fiction on scrupulous textual analysis as a prerequisite for biographical and ideological commend. A novelist’s ideas were now significant mainly as components of his or her writing technique. Insisting on close attention to a text, the New Critics analyzed long passages of a novel and concentrated on discerning the development of symbolic patterns. By analyzing symbols in this way, the critic could show how the meaning of symbol accrued as it was repeated in different passages. This permitted a more complete understanding of the symbol to emerge than that which could be discovered through isolated symbol-hunting. One novelist who benefited from this new emphasis on text was D.H.Lawrence, whose work was rescued from hostile critics who had attacked as mere ideology.

Q. According to the passage, the New Critics considered the ideas found in a novelist’s work to be

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 23

The third sentence says “A novelists ideas were now significant mainly as components of his or her writing technique". By substituting synonyms of the words in this sentence, it can be rewritten as “A novelist’s ideas were now important primarily as aspects of his writing style".

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 24

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

An important development in the twentieth century literary criticism was the growth of the New Criticism. The New Critics assumed that the methods devised for reading long poems could be applied to novels. In practice, this meant a new emphasis in the reading of fiction on scrupulous textual analysis as a prerequisite for biographical and ideological commend. A novelist’s ideas were now significant mainly as components of his or her writing technique. Insisting on close attention to a text, the New Critics analyzed long passages of a novel and concentrated on discerning the development of symbolic patterns. By analyzing symbols in this way, the critic could show how the meaning of symbol accrued as it was repeated in different passages. This permitted a more complete understanding of the symbol to emerge than that which could be discovered through isolated symbol-hunting. One novelist who benefited from this new emphasis on text was D.H.Lawrence, whose work was rescued from hostile critics who had attacked as mere ideology.

Q. The author alludes to D.H.Lawrence in order to give an example of a novelist who

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 24

D.H.Lawrence is mentioned in the last sentence, which says, “One novelist who benefited from this new emphasis (New Criticism) on Text was D.H.Lawrence whose work was rescued from hostile critics who had attacked as mere ideology". It is (D) which paraphrases this neatly.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 25

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

An important development in the twentieth century literary criticism was the growth of the New Criticism. The New Critics assumed that the methods devised for reading long poems could be applied to novels. In practice, this meant a new emphasis in the reading of fiction on scrupulous textual analysis as a prerequisite for biographical and ideological commend. A novelist’s ideas were now significant mainly as components of his or her writing technique. Insisting on close attention to a text, the New Critics analyzed long passages of a novel and concentrated on discerning the development of symbolic patterns. By analyzing symbols in this way, the critic could show how the meaning of symbol accrued as it was repeated in different passages. This permitted a more complete understanding of the symbol to emerge than that which could be discovered through isolated symbol-hunting. One novelist who benefited from this new emphasis on text was D.H.Lawrence, whose work was rescued from hostile critics who had attacked as mere ideology.

Q. It can be inferred from the passage that the New Critics disliked isolated symbol-hunting because it tended to

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 25

The phrase’ “isolated symbol hunting" occurs in the penultimate sentence which reads, “This permitted a more complete understanding of the symbol to emerge than that which could be discovered through isolated symbol hunting". This implies that, according to the New Critics, isolated symbol hunting provided only an incomplete understanding of the symbol. Among the choices, it is (D) (oversimplify the meaning of the symbol) which is close to the meaning to this phrase.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 26

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

An important development in the twentieth century literary criticism was the growth of the New Criticism. The New Critics assumed that the methods devised for reading long poems could be applied to novels. In practice, this meant a new emphasis in the reading of fiction on scrupulous textual analysis as a prerequisite for biographical and ideological commend. A novelist’s ideas were now significant mainly as components of his or her writing technique. Insisting on close attention to a text, the New Critics analyzed long passages of a novel and concentrated on discerning the development of symbolic patterns. By analyzing symbols in this way, the critic could show how the meaning of symbol accrued as it was repeated in different passages. This permitted a more complete understanding of the symbol to emerge than that which could be discovered through isolated symbol-hunting. One novelist who benefited from this new emphasis on text was D.H.Lawrence, whose work was rescued from hostile critics who had attacked as mere ideology.

Q. The passage implies that the New Critics would be most likely to agree with which of the following?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 26

The word Biographical appears only in the third sentence, and this reads, “In practice, this meant a new emphasis in the reading of a fiction on scrupulous textual analysis as a prerequisite for biographical and ideological commend".

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 27

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

All empires involve one set of people dominating another set of people; all empires are violent; all empires tend to be extractive. The story of the East India Company shows that when the British first came to India, it didn't come as a conquering state. They came in this very unexpected form of a trading company, which then militarizes. But the Company, from the point it begins to conquer Indian territory, has no motive other than profit. The idea that the British came here to bestow railways, the English language, cricket and tea is a later Victorian spin, that bears no historical reality at all.
The Company made good profit trading Mughal textiles, and it found that it could make even more by conquering Indian territory, taxing Indians and not having to spend any money to buy the goods it was then selling. Which is not to say that there were not, obviously, benefits [for the colonised]. Roman rule was just as extractive of Britain in the early centuries BCE, but we gained ideas of law, the Latin language and so on. At the same time, the Roman Empire in Britain was incredibly brutal, involved massacres of the native people and existed for the benefit of the empire. So you can gain things, in a sense, accidentally, from being conquered by an empire, but that's never the motive of the conqueror.
The East India Company was in many ways a disaster for Bengal, which moved from being the premier economy in the world to being asset-stripped, plundered and looted. That said, by 1947, India did have the best communications, education and health care in Asia. When the British first came to India, they controlled three per cent of the world GDP, while India controlled 37 per cent—that figure was more or less reversed by the time the British left. So, there's no question about who gained more. Whatever India gained, we gained much more.
The East India Company, while being extractive and plundering, was also collaborative. From the very beginning it was in business with Indian businessmen; it almost never operated on its own. It gained an enormous amount from its business with Indian partners. And almost every stage, from the moment it arrives as a trading party to the moment that it begins to militarize and is used by the Jagat Seths to topple Siraj-ud-Daula, through to the 1803 war—the final war when they defeat the Marathas, when the banking dynasties of Benares are competing to fund the East India Company's armies—at every stage, the East India Company is working in collaboration with various Indian bankers and financiers, who support the Company as the least worst option in this time of anarchy.

Q. What does the author suggest as the initial reason for the British conquest of India?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 27

The correct answer is option 3. This is apparent in the first paragraph which states; 'But the Company, from the point it begins to conquer Indian territory, has no motive other than profit.' and the beginning of the second paragraph '... it found that it could make even more by conquering Indian territory, taxing Indians and not having to spend any money to buy the goods it was then selling.'

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 28

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

All empires involve one set of people dominating another set of people; all empires are violent; all empires tend to be extractive. The story of the East India Company shows that when the British first came to India, it didn't come as a conquering state. They came in this very unexpected form of a trading company, which then militarizes. But the Company, from the point it begins to conquer Indian territory, has no motive other than profit. The idea that the British came here to bestow railways, the English language, cricket and tea is a later Victorian spin, that bears no historical reality at all.
The Company made good profit trading Mughal textiles, and it found that it could make even more by conquering Indian territory, taxing Indians and not having to spend any money to buy the goods it was then selling. Which is not to say that there were not, obviously, benefits [for the colonised]. Roman rule was just as extractive of Britain in the early centuries BCE, but we gained ideas of law, the Latin language and so on. At the same time, the Roman Empire in Britain was incredibly brutal, involved massacres of the native people and existed for the benefit of the empire. So you can gain things, in a sense, accidentally, from being conquered by an empire, but that's never the motive of the conqueror.
The East India Company was in many ways a disaster for Bengal, which moved from being the premier economy in the world to being asset-stripped, plundered and looted. That said, by 1947, India did have the best communications, education and health care in Asia. When the British first came to India, they controlled three per cent of the world GDP, while India controlled 37 per cent—that figure was more or less reversed by the time the British left. So, there's no question about who gained more. Whatever India gained, we gained much more.
The East India Company, while being extractive and plundering, was also collaborative. From the very beginning it was in business with Indian businessmen; it almost never operated on its own. It gained an enormous amount from its business with Indian partners. And almost every stage, from the moment it arrives as a trading party to the moment that it begins to militarize and is used by the Jagat Seths to topple Siraj-ud-Daula, through to the 1803 war—the final war when they defeat the Marathas, when the banking dynasties of Benares are competing to fund the East India Company's armies—at every stage, the East India Company is working in collaboration with various Indian bankers and financiers, who support the Company as the least worst option in this time of anarchy.

Q. According to the author, which of the following are often suggested as gained from being conquered?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 28

The correct answer is option 2. This is apparent from the third paragraph where it is stated: 'That said, by 1947, India did have the best communications, education and health care in Asia.' India controlling a large portion of the world's GDP as a result of British conquest is negated in the passage; rather, the passage states this was true when the British first arrived in India, so option 1 cannot be correct.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 29

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

All empires involve one set of people dominating another set of people; all empires are violent; all empires tend to be extractive. The story of the East India Company shows that when the British first came to India, it didn't come as a conquering state. They came in this very unexpected form of a trading company, which then militarizes. But the Company, from the point it begins to conquer Indian territory, has no motive other than profit. The idea that the British came here to bestow railways, the English language, cricket and tea is a later Victorian spin, that bears no historical reality at all.
The Company made good profit trading Mughal textiles, and it found that it could make even more by conquering Indian territory, taxing Indians and not having to spend any money to buy the goods it was then selling. Which is not to say that there were not, obviously, benefits [for the colonised]. Roman rule was just as extractive of Britain in the early centuries BCE, but we gained ideas of law, the Latin language and so on. At the same time, the Roman Empire in Britain was incredibly brutal, involved massacres of the native people and existed for the benefit of the empire. So you can gain things, in a sense, accidentally, from being conquered by an empire, but that's never the motive of the conqueror.
The East India Company was in many ways a disaster for Bengal, which moved from being the premier economy in the world to being asset-stripped, plundered and looted. That said, by 1947, India did have the best communications, education and health care in Asia. When the British first came to India, they controlled three per cent of the world GDP, while India controlled 37 per cent—that figure was more or less reversed by the time the British left. So, there's no question about who gained more. Whatever India gained, we gained much more.
The East India Company, while being extractive and plundering, was also collaborative. From the very beginning it was in business with Indian businessmen; it almost never operated on its own. It gained an enormous amount from its business with Indian partners. And almost every stage, from the moment it arrives as a trading party to the moment that it begins to militarize and is used by the Jagat Seths to topple Siraj-ud-Daula, through to the 1803 war—the final war when they defeat the Marathas, when the banking dynasties of Benares are competing to fund the East India Company's armies—at every stage, the East India Company is working in collaboration with various Indian bankers and financiers, who support the Company as the least worst option in this time of anarchy.

Q. Which of the following is a situation similar to the one described by the author in the text when Indian bankers and financiers support the Company?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 29

The correct parallel relationship to the one that the author describes in the text is option 2. The author states: "the East India Company is working in collaboration with various Indian bankers and financiers, who support the Company as the least worst option in this time of anarchy". The US, much like the Indian bankers and financiers goes for the least worst option between India and China for the transfer of nuclear technology.

CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 30

Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.

All empires involve one set of people dominating another set of people; all empires are violent; all empires tend to be extractive. The story of the East India Company shows that when the British first came to India, it didn't come as a conquering state. They came in this very unexpected form of a trading company, which then militarizes. But the Company, from the point it begins to conquer Indian territory, has no motive other than profit. The idea that the British came here to bestow railways, the English language, cricket and tea is a later Victorian spin, that bears no historical reality at all.
The Company made good profit trading Mughal textiles, and it found that it could make even more by conquering Indian territory, taxing Indians and not having to spend any money to buy the goods it was then selling. Which is not to say that there were not, obviously, benefits [for the colonised]. Roman rule was just as extractive of Britain in the early centuries BCE, but we gained ideas of law, the Latin language and so on. At the same time, the Roman Empire in Britain was incredibly brutal, involved massacres of the native people and existed for the benefit of the empire. So you can gain things, in a sense, accidentally, from being conquered by an empire, but that's never the motive of the conqueror.
The East India Company was in many ways a disaster for Bengal, which moved from being the premier economy in the world to being asset-stripped, plundered and looted. That said, by 1947, India did have the best communications, education and health care in Asia. When the British first came to India, they controlled three per cent of the world GDP, while India controlled 37 per cent—that figure was more or less reversed by the time the British left. So, there's no question about who gained more. Whatever India gained, we gained much more.
The East India Company, while being extractive and plundering, was also collaborative. From the very beginning it was in business with Indian businessmen; it almost never operated on its own. It gained an enormous amount from its business with Indian partners. And almost every stage, from the moment it arrives as a trading party to the moment that it begins to militarize and is used by the Jagat Seths to topple Siraj-ud-Daula, through to the 1803 war—the final war when they defeat the Marathas, when the banking dynasties of Benares are competing to fund the East India Company's armies—at every stage, the East India Company is working in collaboration with various Indian bankers and financiers, who support the Company as the least worst option in this time of anarchy.

Q. What does the word 'anarchy' as used in the passage mean?

Detailed Solution for CLAT: Mock Test (New Pattern) - 14 - Question 30

The answer is option 1. Anarchy is a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems. Here the Indian bankers were competing to fund the East India Company because there was no single authority with whom they should be loyal. Other options don't bring out the meaning of anarchy.

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