Daily Current Affairs MCQ- December 16, 2023 - UPSC MCQ

Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully carried out a flight trial of Autonomous Flying Wing Technology Demonstrator in Karnataka’s Chitradurga. 

• It is an indigenous high-speed flying-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
• It is designed and developed by DRDO’s Aeronautical Development Establishment.
• The maiden flight of this aircraft was demonstrated in July 2022.
• These flight-tests led to achievements in development of robust aerodynamic and control system; integrated real-time and hardware-in-loop simulation, and state-of-the-art Ground Control Station.
• The team had optimised the avionic systems, integration and flight operations towards the successful seventh flight in final configuration.
• The aircraft prototype, with a complex arrowhead wing platform, is designed and manufactured with light-weight carbon prepreg composite material developed indigenously.
• Also, the composite structure, impregnated with fibre interrogators for health monitoring, is a showcase of ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in the aerospace technology.
• The autonomous landing of this high-speed UAV, without the need for ground radars/infrastructure/pilot, showcased a unique capability demonstration, allowing take-off and landing from any runway with surveyed coordinates.

Hence both statements are correct.

Recently, India has been chosen as the Partner Administration for the Tax Inspectors Without Borders (TIWB) programme and will provide Tax Experts for this programme.

• It is a joint initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
• It was launched in 2015.
• It aims to strengthen developing countries' auditing capacity and multinationals' compliance worldwide.
• Duration: This programme is expected to be of 12-18 months’ duration.
• In this, India in collaboration with the TIWB Secretariat and support of the UNDP Country Office, Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean aims to aid Saint Lucia in strengthening its tax administration by transferring technical knowledge and skills to its tax administration, and through sharing of best practices.
• The focus of the programme will be on effective use of automatic exchange of information under the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) framework.
• This programme complements the broader efforts of the international community to strengthen co-operation on tax matters and contribute to the domestic resource mobilisation efforts of developing countries.

Hence only statement 2 is correct.

Leaders across the political lines paid tributes to the soldiers who fought in the 1971 war, on the occasion of 52nd Vijay Diwas recently.

About Vijay Diwas:

• Vijay Diwas is commemorated on December 16 every year to honor the victory of the Indian armed forces over Pakistan in the 1971 war and to pay tribute to the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country. 
• The day is also observed in Bangladesh as ‘Bijoy Dibos’ or Victory Day, marking the country’s formal independence from Pakistan.
• History:
• The 1971 war was instigated by the genocide perpetrated by the oppressive Pakistani military regime, led by General Yahya Khan, against the people of East Pakistan. 
• The conflict erupted when the Sheikh Mujibur Rahman-led Awami League emerged as the winner in the 1970 elections.
• Post-elections, the Pakistani military used force to influence the results, leading to a mass exodus of people from East Pakistan.
• India intervened during this critical period.
• The then-Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, provided refuge to those who fled from the other side of the border.
• The situation escalated on December 3, 1971, when Pakistan launched air strikes on 11 Indian airbases, compelling Indira Gandhi to instruct India's Army Chief, General Sam Manekshaw, to initiate a full-scale war against Pakistan.
• India supported Bangladeshi nationalist groups and executed 'Operation Trident,' led by the Indian Navy, to target Karachi Port. 
• Following a 13-day battle, India secured a resounding triumph over Pakistan on December 16, 1971, leading to the creation of Bangladesh from the former East Pakistan.
• On this significant day, General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi of Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender, surrendering with 93,000 Pakistani soldiers before the Indian Army and the Mukti Bahini of Bangladesh, marking the most substantial military surrender post-World War II.

Hence option c is the correct answer.

State Bank of India (SBI) recently raised its marginal cost of funds-based lending rate (MCLR) by up to 10 basis points for selected tenures. 

About Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR):

• MCLR is the minimum lending rate below which a bank is not permitted to lend.
• It is aimed at facilitating the calculation of the minimal interest rate for various types of loans that banks offer.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the MCLR methodology for fixing interest rates on April 1, 2016, in order to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission as well as increase transparency in the rate of interest setting procedure. 
• It replaced the base rate structure, which had been in place since July 2010.  
• How is MCLR calculated?
• MCLR is determined internally by the bank depending on the period left for the repayment of a loan.
• MCLR is closely linked to the actual deposit rates and is calculated based on four components:
• the marginal cost of funds
• negative carry on account of cash reserve ratio
• operating costs
• tenor premium.
• Under the MCLR regime, banks are free to offer all categories of loans at fixed or floating interest rates.
• The actual lending rates for loans of different categories and tenors are determined by adding the components of spread to MCLR.
• Therefore, the bank cannot lend at a rate lower than the MCLR of a particular maturity for all loans linked to that benchmark.
• Banks review and publish MCLRs of different maturities, every month. 
• Certain loan rates, like those of fixed-rate loans with tenors above three years and special loan schemes offered by the government, are not linked to MCLR.

What is the difference between MCLR and Base rate?

• MCLR is an advanced version of the base rate.
• The base rate is the minimum rate of interest set by the RBI; no financial institution can lend at an interest rate below the base rate.​​
• MCLR is an internal benchmarking system applied by a financial institution, under which they can set their own lending rates considering a spread factor.​​
• The base rate is based on the average cost of funds, but the MCLR is based on the marginal or incremental cost of money.
• ​​​The base rate does not get impacted by the revision of RBI’s repo rate, while MCLR gets impacted as and when RBI revises the repo rate.​​
• ​​Usually, the minimum rate of return or profit margin is taken into consideration while deriving the base rate.​​ While determining the MCLR, the tenor premium is taken into consideration.​​

Hence only statement 2 is correct.

The Indian Navy recently received the sixth MH-60R “Romeo” helicopter from Lockheed Martin. 

About MH-60 Romeo Helicopter:

• It is the world’s most advanced maritime helicopter and the U.S. Navy's primary anti-submarine and surface warfare helicopter, specially designed for all aspects of land or maritime operations.
• It is manufactured by US defence major Lockheed Martin.
• It is an all-weather helicopter designed with state-of-the-art avionics and sensors.
• The helicopter is equipped for a range of missions, including anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), search-and-rescue (SAR), naval gunfire support (NGFS), surveillance, communications relay, logistics support and personnel transfer, and vertical replenishment (VERTREP). 
• The helicopter operates from frigates, destroyers, cruisers, amphibious ships, and aircraft carriers and is suitable for intense littoral warfare operations for handling numerous contacts in confined spaces, and for open-water operations. 
• The Indian government ordered 24 MH-60 Romeo helicopters for the Indian Navy in 2020 at a cost of more than 14000 crores. Deliveries commenced in 2022 and are planned to be completed in 2025.
• Features:
• It carries advanced airborne active sonar, multi-mode search radar, and a nose-mounted forward-looking infrared (FLIR) turret.
• The cabin can accommodate three or four flight crews and five passengers.
• It is powered by two turboshaft engines rated at 1,425kW.
• Maximum Speed: 267 km/h
• Range: 454 km
• Weapons include torpedoes, air-to-ground missiles and rockets, and crew-served guns.
• It has an integrated self-defense system.

Hence option d is the correct answer.

A tiger was recently spotted for the first time at Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary.

About Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in the district of Almora in the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand.
• It was established in 1988. It was once the summer capital of the Chand dynasty, which ruled Kumaon from the 11th to the 18th centuries AD.
• The sanctuary is named after Bindeshwar Mahadev Temple, an ancient Hindu rock temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, situated on the highest point of the sanctuary.
• It covers a total area of around 45.59 sq km and is situated at an elevation of 2500 m.
• It offers breathtaking panoramic views of snow-capped Himalayan peaks like Chaukhamba, Nanda Devi, Nanda Kot, Panchachuli, and Kedarnath. 
• Flora:
• It is dominated by rhododendrons and oaks at higher altitudes and pines at lower altitudes.
• Binsar hosts 25 types of trees, 24 varieties of bushes, and seven kinds of grass.
• Fauna:  
• It is home to wild boar, deer, monkey, black bear, porcupine, mountain goat, red fox, jackal, pine marten, leopards, 200 species of birds, and more.
• BirdLife International has also declared this reserve an ‘Important Bird Area (IBA). Extremely rare species of birds like the Forktail and Blackbird can be spotted here.

Hence option c is the correct answer.

Recently, scientists have discovered a new species of sea spider called Austropallene halanychi.

• The spider with a strange yellow body colour was found off the Antarctica Ocean and has four near-black eyes and large bulbous claws.
• Features:
• It is a distant relative to horseshoe crabs and arachnids.
• The sea spider also has a peculiar way of eating in which it does not use its mouth but a straw-like proboscis to consume food.
• Another bizarre function found in the species was its way of respiration - it breathes through its legs. 
• In addition, the new species has large claws that look like "boxing gloves," which it likely uses to grab hold of soft foods like anemones and worms
• It was pulled from the ocean floor in the Ross Sea, about 1,870 feet (570 meters) below the surface. 

Key points about Ross Sea

• It is a giant bay just 320 kms from the South Pole.
• A large portion of the sea is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf, the largest ice shelf in Antarctica. The sea is remote and positioned south and slightly east of New Zealand.
• It is the first protected area in Antarctica, and home to most of the world’s penguins and many species of whale.
• It is strongly influenced by the coastal East-Wind Drift that sets up a vast clockwise gyre accompanied by deepwater upwelling. 
• It is one of the last intact marine ecosystems in the world, home to penguins, seals, Antarctic tooth fish, and whales.

Hence option d is the correct answer.

In a move towards eco-friendly maritime transportation, the Barracuda, India’s fastest solar-electric boat, was ceremoniously launched at the Navgathi Panavally Yard in Alappuzha.

• It is named after the swift, long fish, Barracuda.
• It can be deployed even in the rough seas as a workboat to ferry up to 12 passengers and cargo.
• Features: This vessel can attain a top speed of 12.5 knots (23 kmph) and has a range of seven hours on a single charge.
• It has twin 50 kW electric motors, a marine-grade LFP battery, and 6 kW solar power, epitomising efficient and clean energy usage.
• This cutting-edge vessel was jointly developed by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders and Navalt.

Key facts about Barracuda fish

• It is any of about 20 species of predacious fishes of the family Sphyraenidae.
• Barracudas are primarily fish eaters, preying on such smaller fishes as mullets, anchovies, and grunts.
• Distribution: These fishes are found in all warm and tropical regions; some also range into more temperate areas.

Hence option a is the correct answer.

Recently, India has been selected as pioneer lead country for International Maritime Organization (IMO) Green Voyage2050 Project.

• The overall goal of the Project is to support effective implementation of the Initial IMO GHG Strategy.
• It provides support to developing countries in their efforts to reduce Green House Gas emissions from ships.
• The Initial IMO Strategy sets out a clear vision and levels of ambition, one of which is to reduce the total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008.
• It is envisaged that the project will strengthen MARPOL Annex VI compliance, facilitate sharing of operational best practices, catalyze the uptake of energy efficient technologies and explore opportunities for low- and zero-carbon fuels.
• Components of the project
• Component 1 – Developing global tools to support implementation of the Initial IMO GHG Strategy
• Component 2 – Capacity building, policy and NAP development
• Component 3 – Strategic partnership development
• Component 4 – Technology cooperation, innovation and pilot demonstrations
• Partnering Countries
• The countries participating in the GreenVoyage2050 Project are: Azerbaijan, Belize, China, Cook Islands, Ecuador, Georgia, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka.
• These countries are participating as either a New Pilot Country (NPC) or a Pioneer Pilot Country (PPC).
• The GreenVoyage2050 Project, currently in its first phase, is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment for an initial period up to December 2023 (NOK 64.5 million).

Hence only statement 1 is correct.

Recently, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) on behalf of River Cities Alliance (RCA) has signed a Memorandum of Common Purpose (MoCP) with the Mississippi River Cities and Towns Initiative (MRCTI), representing 124 cities/towns situated along the banks of the Mississippi River, USA.

• It has been launched in 2021.
• It is a first-of-its-kind Alliance in the world, symbolising the successful partnership of the two Ministries i.e., the Ministry of Jal Shakti and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. 
• Objective: To provide the member cities with a platform to discuss and exchange information on aspects that are vital for sustainable management of urban rivers, sharing best practices and supporting innovation. 
• The Alliance is open to all river cities of India. Any river city can join the Alliance at any time.
• The alliance has been launched initially with 30 cities namely Dehradun, Rishikesh, Haridwar, Srinagar, Varanasi, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Farrukhabad, Mirzapur, Mathura, Bijnor, Ayodhya, Patna, Bhagalpur, Begusarai, Munger, Sahibganj, Rajmahal, Howrah, Jangipur, Hugli-Chinsurah, Behrampore, Maheshtala, Aurangabad, Chennai, Bhubaneshwar, Hyderabad, Pune, Udaipur and Vijaywada.
• It focuses on three broad themes- Networking, Capacity Building and Technical Support.
• The Secretariat of the Alliance is set up at National Institute for Urban Affairs (NIUA).

Hence only statement 1 is correct.