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Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - CLAT MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test CLAT Mock Test Series 2026 - Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper

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Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 1

Read an extract from A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle:
“I rang the door-bell and was shown up to the chamber which had formerly been in part my own.
With hardly a word spoken, Sherlock Holmes waved me to an armchair. Then he stood before the fire and looked me over in his singular introspective fashion. “Watson, you did not tell me that you intended to go into harness.” “Then, how do you know?” “I see it, I deduce it. How do I know that you have been getting yourself very wet lately, and that you have a most clumsy and careless servant girl?” “My dear Holmes,” said I, “this is too much. It is true that I had a country walk on Thursday and came home in a dreadful mess, but as I have changed my clothes, I can’t imagine how you deduce it. As to Mary Jane, she is incorrigible, but there, again, I fail to see how you work it out.” “It is simplicity itself,” said he; “my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously, they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scared round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.”
In fiction, detectives like Holmes are usually portrayed as people with exceptionally brilliant minds. They possess the rare skill to see and analyz e what ordinary people can’t. They have incredible abilities to infer, deduce, induce and conclude.
Then, there is G.K. Chesterton’s fictional catholic priest, Father Brown who relies on his extraordinary power of sympathy and empathy that enable him to imagine and feel as criminals do. He explains, “I had thought out exactly how a thing like that could be done, and in what style or state of mind a man could really do it. And when I was quite sure that I felt exactly like the murderer myself, of course I knew who he was.” Sherlock finds the criminal by starting from the outside. He relies on science, experimental methods and deduction. On the contrary, Father Brown uses varied psychological experiences learned from those who make confessions of crime to him. He relies on introspection, intuition and empathy.
There is yet another set of detectives like those created by writers like Agatha Christie. Her Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot is a story-teller who draws information from the stories that others tell. He patiently listens to numerous accounts of what happened, where it happened and how it happened. He listens for credibility and ambiguity; he identifies why and how the pieces of the jig-saws don’t fit together. Ultimately, he uncovers the truth.

Q. From the passage, it can be inf erred that 

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 1

From the passage, it can be inferred that

  • B: Earlier, Watson used to live with Holmes.

The passage provides insights into the relationship between Watson and Holmes, revealing the following points:

  • Watson has a history with Holmes, indicated by his familiarity with the chamber that was once part of his residence.
  • The dialogue suggests a close and ongoing relationship, as Holmes makes deductions about Watson's recent experiences.
  • Watson's respectful but perplexed response to Holmes' deductions reflects a level of trust and comfort.
  • While Watson is not a detective in the same vein as Holmes, his experiences and interactions indicate a shared life and environment.

These elements support the conclusion that Watson previously lived with Holmes, fostering a deep bond between them.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 2

Read an extract from A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle:
“I rang the door-bell and was shown up to the chamber which had formerly been in part my own.
With hardly a word spoken, Sherlock Holmes waved me to an armchair. Then he stood before the fire and looked me over in his singular introspective fashion. “Watson, you did not tell me that you intended to go into harness.” “Then, how do you know?” “I see it, I deduce it. How do I know that you have been getting yourself very wet lately, and that you have a most clumsy and careless servant girl?” “My dear Holmes,” said I, “this is too much. It is true that I had a country walk on Thursday and came home in a dreadful mess, but as I have changed my clothes, I can’t imagine how you deduce it. As to Mary Jane, she is incorrigible, but there, again, I fail to see how you work it out.” “It is simplicity itself,” said he; “my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously, they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scared round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.”
In fiction, detectives like Holmes are usually portrayed as people with exceptionally brilliant minds. They possess the rare skill to see and analyz e what ordinary people can’t. They have incredible abilities to infer, deduce, induce and conclude.
Then, there is G.K. Chesterton’s fictional catholic priest, Father Brown who relies on his extraordinary power of sympathy and empathy that enable him to imagine and feel as criminals do. He explains, “I had thought out exactly how a thing like that could be done, and in what style or state of mind a man could really do it. And when I was quite sure that I felt exactly like the murderer myself, of course I knew who he was.” Sherlock finds the criminal by starting from the outside. He relies on science, experimental methods and deduction. On the contrary, Father Brown uses varied psychological experiences learned from those who make confessions of crime to him. He relies on introspection, intuition and empathy.
There is yet another set of detectives like those created by writers like Agatha Christie. Her Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot is a story-teller who draws information from the stories that others tell. He patiently listens to numerous accounts of what happened, where it happened and how it happened. He listens for credibility and ambiguity; he identifies why and how the pieces of the jig-saws don’t fit together. Ultimately, he uncovers the truth.

Q. It is evident that for solving cases, Father Brown relies largely on

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 2

Father Brown relies largely on his own sympathetic and empathic thought process about criminals. His approach can be summarised as follows:

  • He uses empathy to understand the mindset of criminals.
  • Father Brown imagines himself in the shoes of the offender, which helps him solve cases.
  • His method contrasts with detectives like Sherlock Holmes, who rely on scientific deduction.
  • Father Brown’s insights come from his deep understanding of human nature and the psychological aspects of crime.

In summary, Father Brown's strengths lie in:

  • His ability to connect with others' feelings.
  • His intuitive grasp of the emotional states that drive criminal behaviour.
  • His reliance on the confessions and stories shared by those around him to piece together the truth.
Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 3

Read an extract from A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle:
“I rang the door-bell and was shown up to the chamber which had formerly been in part my own.
With hardly a word spoken, Sherlock Holmes waved me to an armchair. Then he stood before the fire and looked me over in his singular introspective fashion. “Watson, you did not tell me that you intended to go into harness.” “Then, how do you know?” “I see it, I deduce it. How do I know that you have been getting yourself very wet lately, and that you have a most clumsy and careless servant girl?” “My dear Holmes,” said I, “this is too much. It is true that I had a country walk on Thursday and came home in a dreadful mess, but as I have changed my clothes, I can’t imagine how you deduce it. As to Mary Jane, she is incorrigible, but there, again, I fail to see how you work it out.” “It is simplicity itself,” said he; “my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously, they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scared round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.”
In fiction, detectives like Holmes are usually portrayed as people with exceptionally brilliant minds. They possess the rare skill to see and analyz e what ordinary people can’t. They have incredible abilities to infer, deduce, induce and conclude.
Then, there is G.K. Chesterton’s fictional catholic priest, Father Brown who relies on his extraordinary power of sympathy and empathy that enable him to imagine and feel as criminals do. He explains, “I had thought out exactly how a thing like that could be done, and in what style or state of mind a man could really do it. And when I was quite sure that I felt exactly like the murderer myself, of course I knew who he was.” Sherlock finds the criminal by starting from the outside. He relies on science, experimental methods and deduction. On the contrary, Father Brown uses varied psychological experiences learned from those who make confessions of crime to him. He relies on introspection, intuition and empathy.
There is yet another set of detectives like those created by writers like Agatha Christie. Her Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot is a story-teller who draws information from the stories that others tell. He patiently listens to numerous accounts of what happened, where it happened and how it happened. He listens for credibility and ambiguity; he identifies why and how the pieces of the jig-saws don’t fit together. Ultimately, he uncovers the truth.

Q. For the three detectives mentioned in the passage, which one of these would be nonessential for solving criminal cases?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 3

The detectives mentioned in the passage each possess unique skills that aid their investigations:

  • Sherlock Holmes relies on scientific deduction and observation, analysing details that others overlook.
  • Father Brown employs empathy and understanding, imagining the mindset of criminals to grasp their motivations.
  • Hercule Poirot focuses on storytelling; he listens carefully to witness accounts, identifying inconsistencies to piece together the truth.

Among these skills, the following can be considered nonessential for solving criminal cases:

  • Forgiving nature: While compassion is important, it is not crucial for solving crimes.
  • Sensitivity and understanding are beneficial.
  • Critical thinking is vital for analysis and deduction.
  • Patience aids in thorough investigation.
Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 4

Read an extract from A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle:
“I rang the door-bell and was shown up to the chamber which had formerly been in part my own.
With hardly a word spoken, Sherlock Holmes waved me to an armchair. Then he stood before the fire and looked me over in his singular introspective fashion. “Watson, you did not tell me that you intended to go into harness.” “Then, how do you know?” “I see it, I deduce it. How do I know that you have been getting yourself very wet lately, and that you have a most clumsy and careless servant girl?” “My dear Holmes,” said I, “this is too much. It is true that I had a country walk on Thursday and came home in a dreadful mess, but as I have changed my clothes, I can’t imagine how you deduce it. As to Mary Jane, she is incorrigible, but there, again, I fail to see how you work it out.” “It is simplicity itself,” said he; “my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously, they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scared round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.”
In fiction, detectives like Holmes are usually portrayed as people with exceptionally brilliant minds. They possess the rare skill to see and analyz e what ordinary people can’t. They have incredible abilities to infer, deduce, induce and conclude.
Then, there is G.K. Chesterton’s fictional catholic priest, Father Brown who relies on his extraordinary power of sympathy and empathy that enable him to imagine and feel as criminals do. He explains, “I had thought out exactly how a thing like that could be done, and in what style or state of mind a man could really do it. And when I was quite sure that I felt exactly like the murderer myself, of course I knew who he was.” Sherlock finds the criminal by starting from the outside. He relies on science, experimental methods and deduction. On the contrary, Father Brown uses varied psychological experiences learned from those who make confessions of crime to him. He relies on introspection, intuition and empathy.
There is yet another set of detectives like those created by writers like Agatha Christie. Her Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot is a story-teller who draws information from the stories that others tell. He patiently listens to numerous accounts of what happened, where it happened and how it happened. He listens for credibility and ambiguity; he identifies why and how the pieces of the jig-saws don’t fit together. Ultimately, he uncovers the truth.

Q. In order to solve cases, Poirot uses the art of ______ the narratives that he has been told.

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 4

Hercule Poirot, the Belgian detective created by Agatha Christie, employs a unique approach to solving mysteries. His detective work involves:

  • Listening carefully to the stories told by various characters.
  • Identifying inconsistencies in their accounts, which often reveal hidden truths.
  • Analysing the narrative structure to piece together the puzzle.
  • Paying attention to both detail and emotion, allowing him to understand motives.

Poirot's method contrasts with other fictional detectives. For instance:

  • Sherlock Holmes relies on scientific deduction and observational skills.
  • Father Brown uses empathy and psychological insights to connect with criminals.

Ultimately, Poirot excels at detecting and analysing the missing links in the narratives. His strength lies in drawing out essential information from people's stories, leading him to uncover the truth behind each case.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 5

Read an extract from A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle:
“I rang the door-bell and was shown up to the chamber which had formerly been in part my own.
With hardly a word spoken, Sherlock Holmes waved me to an armchair. Then he stood before the fire and looked me over in his singular introspective fashion. “Watson, you did not tell me that you intended to go into harness.” “Then, how do you know?” “I see it, I deduce it. How do I know that you have been getting yourself very wet lately, and that you have a most clumsy and careless servant girl?” “My dear Holmes,” said I, “this is too much. It is true that I had a country walk on Thursday and came home in a dreadful mess, but as I have changed my clothes, I can’t imagine how you deduce it. As to Mary Jane, she is incorrigible, but there, again, I fail to see how you work it out.” “It is simplicity itself,” said he; “my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously, they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scared round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.”
In fiction, detectives like Holmes are usually portrayed as people with exceptionally brilliant minds. They possess the rare skill to see and analyz e what ordinary people can’t. They have incredible abilities to infer, deduce, induce and conclude.
Then, there is G.K. Chesterton’s fictional catholic priest, Father Brown who relies on his extraordinary power of sympathy and empathy that enable him to imagine and feel as criminals do. He explains, “I had thought out exactly how a thing like that could be done, and in what style or state of mind a man could really do it. And when I was quite sure that I felt exactly like the murderer myself, of course I knew who he was.” Sherlock finds the criminal by starting from the outside. He relies on science, experimental methods and deduction. On the contrary, Father Brown uses varied psychological experiences learned from those who make confessions of crime to him. He relies on introspection, intuition and empathy.
There is yet another set of detectives like those created by writers like Agatha Christie. Her Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot is a story-teller who draws information from the stories that others tell. He patiently listens to numerous accounts of what happened, where it happened and how it happened. He listens for credibility and ambiguity; he identifies why and how the pieces of the jig-saws don’t fit together. Ultimately, he uncovers the truth.

Q. The word incorrigible is the antonym of

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 5

Incorrigible means someone who is unable to change their behaviour, particularly in a negative sense. To find its antonym, we need a word that conveys the opposite meaning, suggesting the possibility of change or improvement.

  • Habitual implies a regular practice but does not signify a lack of ability to change.
  • Unperformable indicates something that cannot be done, which is unrelated to behaviour change.
  • Repentant describes someone who feels remorse for their actions and wishes to change, making it the opposite of incorrigible.
  • Incurable suggests something cannot be fixed, akin to incorrigible.

Among these options, repentant stands out as the clear antonym of incorrigible, as it indicates a willingness to change and improve one's behaviour.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 6

Since long, we have witnessed unimaginable levels of success and failure of various projects, businesses, scientific missions and even wars. From such triumphs and defeats emerges the much debatable thought: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?
Some project leaders and their teams are of the view that planning leads to clarity of objectives; it helps to set the timeline and the budget. Consequently, when the planning is haphazard and unstructured, the very aims of the projects become hazy. This further leads to unprecedented budget collapses and poor time-management. In some cases, teams have worked relentlessly to complete assignments, but poor planning has invariably led to customer dissatisfaction and at times a complete collapse of the entire project. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Numerous entrepreneurs have the faith that strategies help to enhance not only speed and quality of production, but also consumer satisf action. If there are no strategies to tackle unplanned events or unexpected interruptions, there is a possibility of entire projects coming to a grinding halt.
Some of the world’s best airports, bridges and astronomical missions are the result of careful planning and excellent strategies. However, there are some architects, artists and entrepreneurs who prefer to dive straight from the board of ideas into the pool of execution. They believe that suitable strategies are best shaped during the process of execution; great plans and strategies can fail while encountering unexpected situations.
Steve Jobs says, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”
According to Bill Gates, unhappy customers are the greatest source of learning. Fickle-minded consumers and wavering market trends can mar projects that stand on fixed plans. It is the need-based, flexible and innovative strategies that help to withstand the impact of these vacillating desires and trends.
After rigorous planning and testing a new recipe on two lakh consumers, in 1985, the company Coke brought out the New Coke. Much to the company’s dismay, the product did not take off as expected and the financial loss was enormous. The company realized that during the process of data collection, it had not considered the product-loyalty and old-fashioned habits of the consumers.
Hence, a balance of pragmatic planning, effective strategies and ef ficient execution is likely to ensure the accomplishment of tasks at each stage of a project. Successful execution is not an easy journey. The road is winding and bumpy. It may require tweaking or at times abandoning the original plan and re-designing it.
Often, we turn to nature for inspiration. Think plans and strategies are the seed; execution is the nourishment; consumer is the capricious weather. 

Q. The passage can be best termed as 

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 6

Over time, we have seen various projects, businesses, scientific missions, and wars achieve both remarkable success and significant failure. This raises the question: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?

Many project leaders believe that:

  • Planning clarifies objectives, sets timelines, and budgets.
  • Poor planning can lead to unclear aims, budget issues, and poor time management.
  • Even diligent teams may face customer dissatisfaction due to inadequate planning.

As Benjamin Franklin wisely stated, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Entrepreneurs often find that effective strategies improve the speed and quality of production, enhancing customer satisfaction. Without strategies to handle unexpected events, projects can come to a halt.

Successful infrastructure like airports and bridges often results from careful planning and strategy. However, some professionals, including artists and entrepreneurs, advocate for jumping directly into execution, believing that strategies can evolve during the process. Steve Jobs remarked, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed; they are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”

Bill Gates highlighted that unhappy customers provide the greatest learning opportunities. Market trends and consumer preferences can disrupt projects based on fixed plans. Thus, flexible and innovative strategies are essential to adapt to changing desires.

For instance, after extensive testing, Coke launched New Coke in 1985, only to find it failed due to overlooking consumer loyalty and habits. This illustrates the need for a balance between pragmatic planning, effective strategies, and efficient execution.

Successful execution is often challenging; it may require adjusting or even abandoning the original plan. Nature serves as an apt metaphor: think of plans and strategies as seeds, execution as nourishment, and consumers as unpredictable weather.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 7

Since long, we have witnessed unimaginable levels of success and failure of various projects, businesses, scientific missions and even wars. From such triumphs and defeats emerges the much debatable thought: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?
Some project leaders and their teams are of the view that planning leads to clarity of objectives; it helps to set the timeline and the budget. Consequently, when the planning is haphazard and unstructured, the very aims of the projects become hazy. This further leads to unprecedented budget collapses and poor time-management. In some cases, teams have worked relentlessly to complete assignments, but poor planning has invariably led to customer dissatisfaction and at times a complete collapse of the entire project. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Numerous entrepreneurs have the faith that strategies help to enhance not only speed and quality of production, but also consumer satisf action. If there are no strategies to tackle unplanned events or unexpected interruptions, there is a possibility of entire projects coming to a grinding halt.
Some of the world’s best airports, bridges and astronomical missions are the result of careful planning and excellent strategies. However, there are some architects, artists and entrepreneurs who prefer to dive straight from the board of ideas into the pool of execution. They believe that suitable strategies are best shaped during the process of execution; great plans and strategies can fail while encountering unexpected situations.
Steve Jobs says, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”
According to Bill Gates, unhappy customers are the greatest source of learning. Fickle-minded consumers and wavering market trends can mar projects that stand on fixed plans. It is the need-based, flexible and innovative strategies that help to withstand the impact of these vacillating desires and trends.
After rigorous planning and testing a new recipe on two lakh consumers, in 1985, the company Coke brought out the New Coke. Much to the company’s dismay, the product did not take off as expected and the financial loss was enormous. The company realized that during the process of data collection, it had not considered the product-loyalty and old-fashioned habits of the consumers.
Hence, a balance of pragmatic planning, effective strategies and ef ficient execution is likely to ensure the accomplishment of tasks at each stage of a project. Successful execution is not an easy journey. The road is winding and bumpy. It may require tweaking or at times abandoning the original plan and re-designing it.
Often, we turn to nature for inspiration. Think plans and strategies are the seed; execution is the nourishment; consumer is the capricious weather. 

Q. The author’s main purpose is to

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 7

Throughout history, we have seen various projects, businesses, scientific missions, and wars experience both remarkable successes and failures. This raises an important question: is planning and strategy more crucial than execution?

Many project leaders believe that:

  • Planning brings clarity to objectives.
  • It helps set timelines and budgets.
  • Poor planning often leads to budget overruns and ineffective time management.

In some cases, teams may work hard to complete tasks, but inadequate planning can result in:

  • Customer dissatisfaction
  • Failures that can jeopardise entire projects.

As Benjamin Franklin said, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Many entrepreneurs believe that effective strategies enhance production speed and quality, as well as consumer satisfaction. Without strategies to address unexpected challenges, projects can stall.

Successful infrastructure, such as airports and bridges, often arises from meticulous planning. However, some creators—like architects, artists, and entrepreneurs—prefer to jump straight into execution, believing that strategies can evolve during the process. Steve Jobs famously stated, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”

Bill Gates noted that unhappy customers are a significant source of learning. Fixed plans can hinder projects amid changing consumer preferences. Flexible, innovative strategies are essential for navigating these shifts.

For instance, in 1985, Coca-Cola launched New Coke after extensive planning and testing with 200,000 consumers. Unfortunately, it flopped because the company overlooked consumer loyalty and ingrained habits.

A successful project requires a balance of:

  • Pragmatic planning
  • Effective strategies
  • Efficient execution

Execution can be a challenging journey, often needing adjustments or complete redesigns of the original plan. Nature can inspire this process: think of plans and strategies as seeds, execution as nourishment, and consumers as the unpredictable weather.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 8

Since long, we have witnessed unimaginable levels of success and failure of various projects, businesses, scientific missions and even wars. From such triumphs and defeats emerges the much debatable thought: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?
Some project leaders and their teams are of the view that planning leads to clarity of objectives; it helps to set the timeline and the budget. Consequently, when the planning is haphazard and unstructured, the very aims of the projects become hazy. This further leads to unprecedented budget collapses and poor time-management. In some cases, teams have worked relentlessly to complete assignments, but poor planning has invariably led to customer dissatisfaction and at times a complete collapse of the entire project. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Numerous entrepreneurs have the faith that strategies help to enhance not only speed and quality of production, but also consumer satisf action. If there are no strategies to tackle unplanned events or unexpected interruptions, there is a possibility of entire projects coming to a grinding halt.
Some of the world’s best airports, bridges and astronomical missions are the result of careful planning and excellent strategies. However, there are some architects, artists and entrepreneurs who prefer to dive straight from the board of ideas into the pool of execution. They believe that suitable strategies are best shaped during the process of execution; great plans and strategies can fail while encountering unexpected situations.
Steve Jobs says, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”
According to Bill Gates, unhappy customers are the greatest source of learning. Fickle-minded consumers and wavering market trends can mar projects that stand on fixed plans. It is the need-based, flexible and innovative strategies that help to withstand the impact of these vacillating desires and trends.
After rigorous planning and testing a new recipe on two lakh consumers, in 1985, the company Coke brought out the New Coke. Much to the company’s dismay, the product did not take off as expected and the financial loss was enormous. The company realized that during the process of data collection, it had not considered the product-loyalty and old-fashioned habits of the consumers.
Hence, a balance of pragmatic planning, effective strategies and ef ficient execution is likely to ensure the accomplishment of tasks at each stage of a project. Successful execution is not an easy journey. The road is winding and bumpy. It may require tweaking or at times abandoning the original plan and re-designing it.
Often, we turn to nature for inspiration. Think plans and strategies are the seed; execution is the nourishment; consumer is the capricious weather. 

Q. From the failure of New Coke, the company learnt that

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 8

Over time, we have seen remarkable successes and failures across various projects, businesses, and scientific endeavours. This raises a critical question: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?

Many project leaders believe that:

  • Planning provides clarity on objectives and helps set timelines and budgets.
  • Poor planning leads to unclear project goals, resulting in budget issues and time mismanagement.
  • Even with hard work, inadequate planning can cause customer dissatisfaction or project failure.

As Benjamin Franklin famously said, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Many entrepreneurs agree that effective strategies enhance both the speed and quality of production, as well as customer satisfaction. Without strategies to manage unexpected challenges, projects may come to a halt.

Some of the world’s finest airports, bridges, and space missions are the result of careful planning and strategy. However, there are also architects and entrepreneurs who prefer to jump directly into execution. They argue that suitable strategies often emerge during the execution phase, as plans may falter in the face of reality.

Steve Jobs emphasised, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.” Bill Gates pointed out that unhappy customers are a valuable source of learning. In a changing market, inflexible plans can hinder progress. Thus, adaptable and innovative strategies are vital to cope with shifting consumer preferences.

A notable example is Coca-Cola’s introduction of New Coke in 1985. Despite extensive testing and consumer surveys, the product failed due to the company's oversight of consumer loyalty and established habits.

Therefore, a blend of pragmatic planning, effective strategies, and efficient execution is crucial for project success. This journey is often challenging and requires flexibility, with the potential for revisiting or redesigning plans.

Nature serves as a reminder that: plans and strategies are like seeds; execution is the nourishment; and consumers represent the unpredictable weather.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 9

Since long, we have witnessed unimaginable levels of success and failure of various projects, businesses, scientific missions and even wars. From such triumphs and defeats emerges the much debatable thought: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?
Some project leaders and their teams are of the view that planning leads to clarity of objectives; it helps to set the timeline and the budget. Consequently, when the planning is haphazard and unstructured, the very aims of the projects become hazy. This further leads to unprecedented budget collapses and poor time-management. In some cases, teams have worked relentlessly to complete assignments, but poor planning has invariably led to customer dissatisfaction and at times a complete collapse of the entire project. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Numerous entrepreneurs have the faith that strategies help to enhance not only speed and quality of production, but also consumer satisf action. If there are no strategies to tackle unplanned events or unexpected interruptions, there is a possibility of entire projects coming to a grinding halt.
Some of the world’s best airports, bridges and astronomical missions are the result of careful planning and excellent strategies. However, there are some architects, artists and entrepreneurs who prefer to dive straight from the board of ideas into the pool of execution. They believe that suitable strategies are best shaped during the process of execution; great plans and strategies can fail while encountering unexpected situations.
Steve Jobs says, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”
According to Bill Gates, unhappy customers are the greatest source of learning. Fickle-minded consumers and wavering market trends can mar projects that stand on fixed plans. It is the need-based, flexible and innovative strategies that help to withstand the impact of these vacillating desires and trends.
After rigorous planning and testing a new recipe on two lakh consumers, in 1985, the company Coke brought out the New Coke. Much to the company’s dismay, the product did not take off as expected and the financial loss was enormous. The company realized that during the process of data collection, it had not considered the product-loyalty and old-fashioned habits of the consumers.
Hence, a balance of pragmatic planning, effective strategies and ef ficient execution is likely to ensure the accomplishment of tasks at each stage of a project. Successful execution is not an easy journey. The road is winding and bumpy. It may require tweaking or at times abandoning the original plan and re-designing it.
Often, we turn to nature for inspiration. Think plans and strategies are the seed; execution is the nourishment; consumer is the capricious weather. 

Q. For the accomplishment of a project, Steve Jobs  

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 9

Throughout history, we have seen both remarkable successes and failures in various projects, businesses, scientific missions, and even wars. This raises a significant question: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?

Many project leaders believe that:

  • Planning offers clarity of objectives.
  • It helps establish timelines and budgets.
  • Poor planning can lead to blurred aims, budget overruns, and ineffective time management.

Inadequate planning can result in:

  • Customer dissatisfaction.
  • Complete project failures.

As Benjamin Franklin famously said, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Numerous entrepreneurs assert that effective strategies can improve production speed and quality, as well as enhance customer satisfaction. Without strategies to manage unexpected events, projects risk stagnation.

Many of the world’s finest airports, bridges, and astronomical missions stem from meticulous planning and strategic foresight. However, some creatives and entrepreneurs prefer to jump directly into execution, believing that strategies evolve during the process. Steve Jobs stated, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”

Bill Gates noted that unhappy customers provide the greatest learning opportunities. Fixed plans can falter due to unpredictable consumer behaviour and changing market trends. Therefore, flexible and innovative strategies are essential for adapting to these shifts.

A notable example is Coca-Cola’s introduction of New Coke in 1985. After extensive planning and testing, the product failed to resonate with consumers due to a lack of consideration for brand loyalty and established habits, resulting in substantial financial losses.

Ultimately, achieving project goals requires a balance of:

  • Pragmatic planning.
  • Effective strategies.
  • Efficient execution.

Successful execution is challenging; it may necessitate adjustments or even a complete overhaul of the original plan. Nature often inspires our understanding of this process: think of plans and strategies as seeds, execution as nourishment, and the consumer as the unpredictable weather.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 10

Since long, we have witnessed unimaginable levels of success and failure of various projects, businesses, scientific missions and even wars. From such triumphs and defeats emerges the much debatable thought: Is planning and strategy more important than execution?
Some project leaders and their teams are of the view that planning leads to clarity of objectives; it helps to set the timeline and the budget. Consequently, when the planning is haphazard and unstructured, the very aims of the projects become hazy. This further leads to unprecedented budget collapses and poor time-management. In some cases, teams have worked relentlessly to complete assignments, but poor planning has invariably led to customer dissatisfaction and at times a complete collapse of the entire project. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Numerous entrepreneurs have the faith that strategies help to enhance not only speed and quality of production, but also consumer satisf action. If there are no strategies to tackle unplanned events or unexpected interruptions, there is a possibility of entire projects coming to a grinding halt.
Some of the world’s best airports, bridges and astronomical missions are the result of careful planning and excellent strategies. However, there are some architects, artists and entrepreneurs who prefer to dive straight from the board of ideas into the pool of execution. They believe that suitable strategies are best shaped during the process of execution; great plans and strategies can fail while encountering unexpected situations.
Steve Jobs says, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”
According to Bill Gates, unhappy customers are the greatest source of learning. Fickle-minded consumers and wavering market trends can mar projects that stand on fixed plans. It is the need-based, flexible and innovative strategies that help to withstand the impact of these vacillating desires and trends.
After rigorous planning and testing a new recipe on two lakh consumers, in 1985, the company Coke brought out the New Coke. Much to the company’s dismay, the product did not take off as expected and the financial loss was enormous. The company realized that during the process of data collection, it had not considered the product-loyalty and old-fashioned habits of the consumers.
Hence, a balance of pragmatic planning, effective strategies and ef ficient execution is likely to ensure the accomplishment of tasks at each stage of a project. Successful execution is not an easy journey. The road is winding and bumpy. It may require tweaking or at times abandoning the original plan and re-designing it.
Often, we turn to nature for inspiration. Think plans and strategies are the seed; execution is the nourishment; consumer is the capricious weather. 

Q. The ______ in ‘consumer is the capricious weather’ ref ers to the ______ demands of the customers.

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 10

Throughout history, we have seen immense successes and failures in projects, businesses, scientific missions, and even wars. This leads to an important question: Is planning and strategy more crucial than execution?

Many project leaders believe that planning provides clarity on objectives, timelines, and budgets. When planning is disorganised, it can obscure project goals, resulting in:

  • Budget overruns
  • Poor time management
  • Customer dissatisfaction
  • Project failures

Benjamin Franklin famously said, “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Many entrepreneurs share the belief that effective strategies can improve both the speed and quality of production, as well as consumer satisfaction. Without strategies to address unexpected issues, projects may come to a halt.

Some of the world's most successful airports, bridges, and space missions owe their success to careful planning and strategy. However, some creatives prefer to jump straight into execution, believing that strategies emerge through the process. Steve Jobs once said, “To me, ideas are worth nothing unless executed. They are just a multiplier. Execution is worth millions.”

Bill Gates also noted that unhappy customers are a valuable source of learning. Fixed plans can hinder projects in the face of changing consumer preferences and market trends. Hence, flexible and innovative strategies are essential to adapt to these fluctuations.

For instance, after extensive testing, Coca-Cola launched New Coke in 1985, only to face significant backlash due to consumers’ loyalty to the original product. This example underscores the importance of understanding consumer behaviour in planning.

Thus, a balance of pragmatic planning, effective strategies, and efficient execution is vital for project success. Successful execution is often a challenging path that may require adjustments or even a complete overhaul of the original plan.

Nature can serve as a metaphor: think of plans and strategies as seeds, execution as the nourishment, and consumers as the unpredictable weather.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 11

Since the worldwide inoculation process is going strong, vaccine diplomacy has become a hot topic. In their quest for ensuring vaccine security, a report by The New York Times, based on the data on vaccine contracts compiled by Duke University, shows that the advance purchase contracts made by some advanced countries for potential vaccines would vaccinate their population many times: the European Union, two times, the United States and the United Kingdom, four times, and Canada, six times. The expectation that an early vaccination will bring back normalcy and a required push to economic growth fuelled many advanced countries to engage in vaccine battles. The arguments of public good and global cooperation have gone out of the window now. While advanced countries have turned their back on the need of poor countries to access COVID-19 vaccines, India has displayed empathy to their needs. India has taken a position that a significant percentage of the approved doses will be permitted for exports. While its exports to neighbouring countries will be under grant mode, initial shipment of vaccines to least developed countries will be free of cost. And, shipments of vaccines from India have already started reaching different parts of the developing world. While India is in its first phase of vaccination to cover health-care workers, exports from India are helping other countries also in initiating phase one of their vaccination programme, a gesture well appreciated globally. In a democracy, one can expect the backlash of sending vaccines abroad without vaccinating its population. Nevertheless, India’s approach only reinforces the need of having coordinated global efforts in bringing COVID-19 under control. This response manifests India’s unstinted commitment to global development and has consolidated its name as the world’s pharmacy. The attitude of India towards vaccinating the populations in the poorer countries has generated discussion in the richer countries about the necessity for more proactive measures to roll out vaccines to the developing nations. 

Q. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this passage?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 11

The ongoing global vaccination efforts have sparked significant discussion around vaccine diplomacy. A report by The New York Times, which relies on data from Duke University, reveals that several advanced nations have secured enough vaccine contracts to vaccinate their populations multiple times:

  • The European Union: twice
  • The United States and the United Kingdom: four times
  • Canada: six times

This rush for early vaccinations is driven by the hope of returning to normalcy and boosting economic growth. Consequently, many advanced countries have shifted focus away from the global need for equitable vaccine access, particularly for poorer nations. In contrast, India has shown a commitment to supporting these countries by allowing a significant proportion of its approved doses for export.

India's approach includes:

  • Providing vaccines to neighbouring countries at no cost.
  • Offering initial shipments of vaccines free to the least developed nations.
  • Already commencing shipments to various parts of the developing world.

While India is currently focusing on vaccinating its healthcare workers, these exports are enabling other nations to start their own vaccination programmes, a move that has been widely praised globally. Although there may be domestic backlash regarding the export of vaccines while local needs remain, India's actions underscore the importance of coordinated global efforts to control COVID-19.

This strategy not only highlights India's commitment to global development but also enhances its reputation as the world's pharmacy. Moreover, India's willingness to vaccinate poorer nations has prompted richer countries to reconsider their roles and responsibilities in ensuring vaccine access for developing nations.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 12

Since the worldwide inoculation process is going strong, vaccine diplomacy has become a hot topic. In their quest for ensuring vaccine security, a report by The New York Times, based on the data on vaccine contracts compiled by Duke University, shows that the advance purchase contracts made by some advanced countries for potential vaccines would vaccinate their population many times: the European Union, two times, the United States and the United Kingdom, four times, and Canada, six times. The expectation that an early vaccination will bring back normalcy and a required push to economic growth fuelled many advanced countries to engage in vaccine battles. The arguments of public good and global cooperation have gone out of the window now. While advanced countries have turned their back on the need of poor countries to access COVID-19 vaccines, India has displayed empathy to their needs. India has taken a position that a significant percentage of the approved doses will be permitted for exports. While its exports to neighbouring countries will be under grant mode, initial shipment of vaccines to least developed countries will be free of cost. And, shipments of vaccines from India have already started reaching different parts of the developing world. While India is in its first phase of vaccination to cover health-care workers, exports from India are helping other countries also in initiating phase one of their vaccination programme, a gesture well appreciated globally. In a democracy, one can expect the backlash of sending vaccines abroad without vaccinating its population. Nevertheless, India’s approach only reinforces the need of having coordinated global efforts in bringing COVID-19 under control. This response manifests India’s unstinted commitment to global development and has consolidated its name as the world’s pharmacy. The attitude of India towards vaccinating the populations in the poorer countries has generated discussion in the richer countries about the necessity for more proactive measures to roll out vaccines to the developing nations.

Q. The term ‘inoculation process’ as used in the passage means

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 12

The worldwide inoculation process is advancing, making vaccine diplomacy increasingly relevant. A report from The New York Times, drawing on data from Duke University, reveals that some advanced countries have secured enough vaccine contracts to vaccinate their populations multiple times:

  • The European Union can vaccinate twice.
  • The United States and the United Kingdom four times.
  • Canada six times.

This rush for early vaccinations aims to restore normalcy and stimulate economic growth, leading many developed nations to prioritise their own needs over global cooperation. In contrast, India has shown a commitment to supporting poorer nations by allowing a significant percentage of its approved doses to be exported.

India’s approach includes:

  • Providing vaccines to neighbouring countries under a grant scheme.
  • Offering initial shipments to the least developed countries free of charge.
  • Already sending vaccines to various parts of the developing world.

While India focuses on vaccinating its healthcare workers, its exports are crucial for helping other nations begin their vaccination programmes, earning global appreciation. Although there may be domestic backlash against sending vaccines abroad without full domestic coverage, India's actions highlight the importance of coordinated global efforts to control COVID-19.

This strategy underscores India's dedication to global development and strengthens its reputation as the world's pharmacy. The willingness to vaccinate poorer countries has sparked discussions among wealthier nations regarding the need for more proactive measures to ensure equitable vaccine distribution.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 13

Since the worldwide inoculation process is going strong, vaccine diplomacy has become a hot topic. In their quest for ensuring vaccine security, a report by The New York Times, based on the data on vaccine contracts compiled by Duke University, shows that the advance purchase contracts made by some advanced countries for potential vaccines would vaccinate their population many times: the European Union, two times, the United States and the United Kingdom, four times, and Canada, six times. The expectation that an early vaccination will bring back normalcy and a required push to economic growth fuelled many advanced countries to engage in vaccine battles. The arguments of public good and global cooperation have gone out of the window now. While advanced countries have turned their back on the need of poor countries to access COVID-19 vaccines, India has displayed empathy to their needs. India has taken a position that a significant percentage of the approved doses will be permitted for exports. While its exports to neighbouring countries will be under grant mode, initial shipment of vaccines to least developed countries will be free of cost. And, shipments of vaccines from India have already started reaching different parts of the developing world. While India is in its first phase of vaccination to cover health-care workers, exports from India are helping other countries also in initiating phase one of their vaccination programme, a gesture well appreciated globally. In a democracy, one can expect the backlash of sending vaccines abroad without vaccinating its population. Nevertheless, India’s approach only reinforces the need of having coordinated global efforts in bringing COVID-19 under control. This response manifests India’s unstinted commitment to global development and has consolidated its name as the world’s pharmacy. The attitude of India towards vaccinating the populations in the poorer countries has generated discussion in the richer countries about the necessity for more proactive measures to roll out vaccines to the developing nations.

Q. Advanced purchase contracts of vaccines by developed countries are premised on hopes that

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 13

The global vaccination effort is progressing rapidly, highlighting the issue of vaccine diplomacy. A report by The New York Times, based on data from Duke University, reveals that advanced countries have secured enough vaccine contracts to immunise their populations multiple times. For instance:

  • The European Union can vaccinate its population twice.
  • The United States and United Kingdom four times.
  • Canada six times.

This race for early vaccinations is driven by the hope that it will restore normalcy and boost economic growth. Unfortunately, the ideals of public good and global cooperation seem to have diminished as wealthier nations prioritise their own needs over those of poorer countries. In contrast, India has shown empathy, committing to export a significant portion of its approved vaccine doses.

India's approach includes:

  • Providing vaccines to neighbouring countries at no cost.
  • Shipping free vaccines to the least developed countries.
  • Initiating exports while still in its first phase of vaccinating healthcare workers.

This gesture has been widely appreciated, as it allows other nations to commence their own vaccination programmes. While there may be domestic backlash against sending vaccines abroad before fully immunising its own population, India’s actions reinforce the necessity for coordinated global efforts to combat COVID-19. This commitment to global development solidifies India's reputation as the world’s pharmacy.

India's strategy has sparked discussions in wealthier nations about the importance of proactive measures to ensure vaccine access for developing countries.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 14

Since the worldwide inoculation process is going strong, vaccine diplomacy has become a hot topic. In their quest for ensuring vaccine security, a report by The New York Times, based on the data on vaccine contracts compiled by Duke University, shows that the advance purchase contracts made by some advanced countries for potential vaccines would vaccinate their population many times: the European Union, two times, the United States and the United Kingdom, four times, and Canada, six times. The expectation that an early vaccination will bring back normalcy and a required push to economic growth fuelled many advanced countries to engage in vaccine battles. The arguments of public good and global cooperation have gone out of the window now. While advanced countries have turned their back on the need of poor countries to access COVID-19 vaccines, India has displayed empathy to their needs. India has taken a position that a significant percentage of the approved doses will be permitted for exports. While its exports to neighbouring countries will be under grant mode, initial shipment of vaccines to least developed countries will be free of cost. And, shipments of vaccines from India have already started reaching different parts of the developing world. While India is in its first phase of vaccination to cover health-care workers, exports from India are helping other countries also in initiating phase one of their vaccination programme, a gesture well appreciated globally. In a democracy, one can expect the backlash of sending vaccines abroad without vaccinating its population. Nevertheless, India’s approach only reinforces the need of having coordinated global efforts in bringing COVID-19 under control. This response manifests India’s unstinted commitment to global development and has consolidated its name as the world’s pharmacy. The attitude of India towards vaccinating the populations in the poorer countries has generated discussion in the richer countries about the necessity for more proactive measures to roll out vaccines to the developing nations.

Q. The author cautions that India’s approach in vaccine distribution may have negative repercussions among

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 14

As the global vaccination effort progresses, the topic of vaccine diplomacy has gained significant attention. A report by The New York Times, utilising data on vaccine contracts from Duke University, reveals that advanced nations have secured enough vaccines to immunise their populations multiple times:

  • The European Union can vaccinate its population twice.
  • The United States and United Kingdom four times.
  • Canada six times.

This rush for vaccines is driven by the hope that early vaccination will restore normalcy and boost economic growth. Consequently, many advanced countries have focused on securing vaccines, often ignoring the needs of poorer nations. In contrast, India has shown empathy by committing to export a significant portion of its approved doses. Key points include:

  • India plans to export vaccines, particularly to its neighbours, with some shipments offered for free to least developed countries.
  • Vaccines from India are already reaching various parts of the developing world, aiding their vaccination efforts.
  • Despite being in its own vaccination phase, India’s exports are helping other countries start their programmes, which has been globally appreciated.

In a democratic setting, there may be criticism regarding the export of vaccines before fully vaccinating the domestic population. However, India's actions support the need for coordinated global efforts to control COVID-19. This approach underscores India's commitment to global development and has enhanced its reputation as the world’s pharmacy. Moreover, India's willingness to assist poorer nations with vaccines has sparked discussions in wealthier countries about the importance of proactive measures to support vaccine distribution to developing nations.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 15

Since the worldwide inoculation process is going strong, vaccine diplomacy has become a hot topic. In their quest for ensuring vaccine security, a report by The New York Times, based on the data on vaccine contracts compiled by Duke University, shows that the advance purchase contracts made by some advanced countries for potential vaccines would vaccinate their population many times: the European Union, two times, the United States and the United Kingdom, four times, and Canada, six times. The expectation that an early vaccination will bring back normalcy and a required push to economic growth fuelled many advanced countries to engage in vaccine battles. The arguments of public good and global cooperation have gone out of the window now. While advanced countries have turned their back on the need of poor countries to access COVID-19 vaccines, India has displayed empathy to their needs. India has taken a position that a significant percentage of the approved doses will be permitted for exports. While its exports to neighbouring countries will be under grant mode, initial shipment of vaccines to least developed countries will be free of cost. And, shipments of vaccines from India have already started reaching different parts of the developing world. While India is in its first phase of vaccination to cover health-care workers, exports from India are helping other countries also in initiating phase one of their vaccination programme, a gesture well appreciated globally. In a democracy, one can expect the backlash of sending vaccines abroad without vaccinating its population. Nevertheless, India’s approach only reinforces the need of having coordinated global efforts in bringing COVID-19 under control. This response manifests India’s unstinted commitment to global development and has consolidated its name as the world’s pharmacy. The attitude of India towards vaccinating the populations in the poorer countries has generated discussion in the richer countries about the necessity for more proactive measures to roll out vaccines to the developing nations.

Q. Among Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs ), the third goal reads, “ Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. Which of the following sentences from the passage reflects the reversal of this SDG?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 15

With the global vaccination effort underway, vaccine diplomacy has emerged as a critical issue. A report by The New York Times, based on data from Duke University, reveals that advanced countries have secured enough vaccine contracts to immunise their populations multiple times:

  • The European Union: twice
  • The United States and United Kingdom: four times
  • Canada: six times

This rush for early vaccinations is driven by the hope of returning to normalcy and stimulating economic growth. However, the principles of public good and global cooperation have been largely ignored.

While wealthier nations have neglected the needs of poorer countries regarding access to COVID-19 vaccines, India has shown remarkable empathy. The country has committed to exporting a significant portion of its approved doses, with initial shipments to least developed countries provided free of charge. Vaccines from India are already reaching various developing nations.

As India focuses on vaccinating its healthcare workers, its exports are aiding other countries in commencing their vaccination programmes, a gesture that has been widely praised. Although there may be backlash domestically for sending vaccines abroad while still vaccinating its population, India’s actions underscore the necessity of coordinated global efforts to control COVID-19.

This response highlights India’s commitment to global development, reinforcing its status as the world's pharmacy. Furthermore, India's supportive stance towards vaccinating populations in poorer countries has sparked discussions in wealthier nations about the urgent need for more proactive measures to ensure vaccine distribution to developing nations.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 16

Following the transition to democracy, with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in I994, South Africa was faced with the task of dealing with its past, as well as undertaking some action to deal with structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), heralded as the most ambitious and organised attempt to deal with crimes of a past regime through a concept of truth, came into force on 19 th July I995 in South Africa. Emerging as a political strategy to acknowledge past suffering whilst promoting a future based on the concerns of social justice, the rule of law and reconciliation, the Commission has struggled to fulfil its objectives. Although the TRC incorporated these broader concerns into the mandate of its three sub-committees, they were disregarded in practice. These sub-committees, which reflected concerns for ‘human rights violations’, ‘amnesty’ and ‘reparation and rehabilitation’, were not ‘coupled with some form of social transformation’. The public transition from apartheid, established through a negotiated settlement rather than a revolutionary process, framed the Commission’s powers. Shaped by the historical context of this particular transition, the TRC was careful not to ‘rock the structural boat’. Rather than pursuing truth and justice, as an integrated feature of social transformation, the Commissioners and, to a greater extent, the government of South Africa, maintained an agenda that avoided a challenge to the status quo. A focus on restorative justice was taken by the Commission with an emphasis placed on mechanisms to restore victims and survivors, through reparations policy, state-led acknowledgement of suffering, and a condemnation, together with the transformation, of the system that implemented such widespread forms of abuse. The priority of changing the apartheid conditions of gross inequality and oppression provided a backdrop to the approval of the TRC by those who had suffered. More difficult to accept was the provision of amnesty to those who had undertaken violations of human rights. The process placed amnesty of violations as a carrot to perpetrators in exchange for a full story, with the stick of prosecutions for those who did not come forward. 

Q. ‘The status quo’ as used in the passage means

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 16

After the transition to democracy and the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994, South Africa faced the significant challenge of addressing its past while tackling structural social injustices. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established on 19th July 1995, marking a comprehensive effort to confront the crimes of the previous regime through the pursuit of truth.

The TRC aimed to acknowledge past suffering and promote a future focused on:

  • Social justice
  • Rule of law
  • Reconciliation

Despite its noble objectives, the TRC struggled to achieve its goals. Although the Commission included broader concerns in its mandate, these were often overlooked in practice. It had three sub-committees that addressed:

  • Human rights violations
  • Amnesty
  • Reparation and rehabilitation

However, these committees did not incorporate strategies for social transformation. The TRC operated within the context of a negotiated transition from apartheid, which limited its authority and prevented it from challenging existing structures. Instead of pursuing a comprehensive approach to truth and justice, the Commission and the South African government focused on maintaining the status quo.

The TRC emphasised restorative justice, prioritising mechanisms to support victims through:

  • Reparations policies
  • State acknowledgment of suffering
  • Condemnation and transformation of the abusive system

Changing the conditions of gross inequality and oppression was a priority for those who suffered under apartheid. However, the provision of amnesty for human rights violations was more controversial. The TRC offered amnesty as a bargaining tool, encouraging perpetrators to provide full accounts of their actions in exchange for immunity from prosecution.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 17

Following the transition to democracy, with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in I994, South Africa was faced with the task of dealing with its past, as well as undertaking some action to deal with structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), heralded as the most ambitious and organised attempt to deal with crimes of a past regime through a concept of truth, came into force on 19 th July I995 in South Africa. Emerging as a political strategy to acknowledge past suffering whilst promoting a future based on the concerns of social justice, the rule of law and reconciliation, the Commission has struggled to fulfil its objectives. Although the TRC incorporated these broader concerns into the mandate of its three sub-committees, they were disregarded in practice. These sub-committees, which reflected concerns for ‘human rights violations’, ‘amnesty’ and ‘reparation and rehabilitation’, were not ‘coupled with some form of social transformation’. The public transition from apartheid, established through a negotiated settlement rather than a revolutionary process, framed the Commission’s powers. Shaped by the historical context of this particular transition, the TRC was careful not to ‘rock the structural boat’. Rather than pursuing truth and justice, as an integrated feature of social transformation, the Commissioners and, to a greater extent, the government of South Africa, maintained an agenda that avoided a challenge to the status quo. A focus on restorative justice was taken by the Commission with an emphasis placed on mechanisms to restore victims and survivors, through reparations policy, state-led acknowledgement of suffering, and a condemnation, together with the transformation, of the system that implemented such widespread forms of abuse. The priority of changing the apartheid conditions of gross inequality and oppression provided a backdrop to the approval of the TRC by those who had suffered. More difficult to accept was the provision of amnesty to those who had undertaken violations of human rights. The process placed amnesty of violations as a carrot to perpetrators in exchange for a full story, with the stick of prosecutions for those who did not come forward. 

Q. Which of the following best describes the tone of the author?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 17

Following the transition to democracy with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994, South Africa faced significant challenges. It needed to address its past while tackling structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), launched on 19th July 1995, aimed to confront the crimes of the previous regime through the concept of truth. This initiative was a political strategy to acknowledge past suffering and promote a future founded on social justice, the rule of law, and reconciliation.

However, the TRC struggled to meet its objectives:

  • The TRC's mandate included three sub-committees focusing on human rights violations, amnesty, and reparations.
  • Unfortunately, these broader concerns were often overlooked in practice.
  • The Commission was cautious not to disrupt the existing power structures, as the transition from apartheid was negotiated rather than revolutionary.

Rather than seeking an integrated approach to truth and justice as part of social transformation, the TRC's leadership, along with the South African government, maintained a focus on restoring victims and survivors. This included:

  • A reparations policy
  • State-led acknowledgment of suffering
  • Condemning the system responsible for widespread abuses

While there was support for the TRC among those who had suffered under apartheid, the provision of amnesty for human rights violations was more contentious. The TRC offered amnesty as an incentive for perpetrators to reveal the full truth, while those who remained silent faced potential prosecution.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 18

Following the transition to democracy, with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in I994, South Africa was faced with the task of dealing with its past, as well as undertaking some action to deal with structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), heralded as the most ambitious and organised attempt to deal with crimes of a past regime through a concept of truth, came into force on 19 th July I995 in South Africa. Emerging as a political strategy to acknowledge past suffering whilst promoting a future based on the concerns of social justice, the rule of law and reconciliation, the Commission has struggled to fulfil its objectives. Although the TRC incorporated these broader concerns into the mandate of its three sub-committees, they were disregarded in practice. These sub-committees, which reflected concerns for ‘human rights violations’, ‘amnesty’ and ‘reparation and rehabilitation’, were not ‘coupled with some form of social transformation’. The public transition from apartheid, established through a negotiated settlement rather than a revolutionary process, framed the Commission’s powers. Shaped by the historical context of this particular transition, the TRC was careful not to ‘rock the structural boat’. Rather than pursuing truth and justice, as an integrated feature of social transformation, the Commissioners and, to a greater extent, the government of South Africa, maintained an agenda that avoided a challenge to the status quo. A focus on restorative justice was taken by the Commission with an emphasis placed on mechanisms to restore victims and survivors, through reparations policy, state-led acknowledgement of suffering, and a condemnation, together with the transformation, of the system that implemented such widespread forms of abuse. The priority of changing the apartheid conditions of gross inequality and oppression provided a backdrop to the approval of the TRC by those who had suffered. More difficult to accept was the provision of amnesty to those who had undertaken violations of human rights. The process placed amnesty of violations as a carrot to perpetrators in exchange for a full story, with the stick of prosecutions for those who did not come forward. 

Q. Which of the following is not the broader concern of Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 18

Following the transition to democracy in South Africa, marked by Nelson Mandela's inauguration as president in 1994, the country faced significant challenges. It had to confront its past while addressing structural social injustices. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established on 19th July 1995 as a comprehensive effort to address the crimes of the previous regime through the pursuit of truth.

The TRC aimed to:

  • Acknowledge past suffering.
  • Promote a future centred on social justice.
  • Encourage reconciliation and uphold the rule of law.

However, the Commission faced numerous challenges in achieving its objectives:

  • Its broader goals were often ignored in practice.
  • The TRC included three sub-committees focusing on:
    • Human rights violations
    • Amnesty
    • Reparation and rehabilitation
  • These sub-committees were not effectively linked to social transformation.

The public transition from apartheid was negotiated, which limited the TRC's powers. It was designed to avoid major disruptions to the existing system and focused more on restorative justice. This meant:

  • Restoring victims through reparations and state acknowledgment of suffering.
  • Condemning the systems that allowed widespread abuse.

While many supported the TRC's goal to change the conditions of inequality, the provision of amnesty to perpetrators of human rights violations was contentious. The amnesty was offered as an incentive for those who disclosed their actions, while prosecution was implied for those who remained silent.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 19

Following the transition to democracy, with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in I994, South Africa was faced with the task of dealing with its past, as well as undertaking some action to deal with structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), heralded as the most ambitious and organised attempt to deal with crimes of a past regime through a concept of truth, came into force on 19 th July I995 in South Africa. Emerging as a political strategy to acknowledge past suffering whilst promoting a future based on the concerns of social justice, the rule of law and reconciliation, the Commission has struggled to fulfil its objectives. Although the TRC incorporated these broader concerns into the mandate of its three sub-committees, they were disregarded in practice. These sub-committees, which reflected concerns for ‘human rights violations’, ‘amnesty’ and ‘reparation and rehabilitation’, were not ‘coupled with some form of social transformation’. The public transition from apartheid, established through a negotiated settlement rather than a revolutionary process, framed the Commission’s powers. Shaped by the historical context of this particular transition, the TRC was careful not to ‘rock the structural boat’. Rather than pursuing truth and justice, as an integrated feature of social transformation, the Commissioners and, to a greater extent, the government of South Africa, maintained an agenda that avoided a challenge to the status quo. A focus on restorative justice was taken by the Commission with an emphasis placed on mechanisms to restore victims and survivors, through reparations policy, state-led acknowledgement of suffering, and a condemnation, together with the transformation, of the system that implemented such widespread forms of abuse. The priority of changing the apartheid conditions of gross inequality and oppression provided a backdrop to the approval of the TRC by those who had suffered. More difficult to accept was the provision of amnesty to those who had undertaken violations of human rights. The process placed amnesty of violations as a carrot to perpetrators in exchange for a full story, with the stick of prosecutions for those who did not come forward. 

Q. Which of the following statements is least likely to be inf erred from the passage?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 19

Following the transition to democracy with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994, South Africa faced the challenge of addressing its past and tackling structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), launched on 19th July 1995, aimed to confront the crimes of the previous regime through the pursuit of truth.

The TRC's objectives included:

  • Acknowledging past suffering
  • Promoting social justice
  • Establishing the rule of law
  • Fostering reconciliation

Despite these intentions, the TRC struggled to achieve its goals for several reasons:

  • The broader concerns outlined in the TRC's mandate were often ignored.
  • The three sub-committees focused on human rights violations, amnesty, and reparation and rehabilitation, but lacked a genuine agenda for social transformation.
  • The Commission was shaped by the historical context of a negotiated transition from apartheid, which limited its power to challenge existing structures.

Instead of integrating truth and justice into social transformation, the TRC maintained a focus on restorative justice. This included:

  • Implementing a reparations policy for victims and survivors.
  • Encouraging state-led acknowledgment of suffering.
  • Condemning the oppressive system while seeking to transform it.

The need to address the gross inequalities stemming from apartheid supported the TRC's establishment, but the provision of amnesty for human rights violations proved more contentious. This amnesty was offered as an incentive for perpetrators to share their stories, while those who remained silent faced potential prosecution.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 20

Following the transition to democracy, with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in I994, South Africa was faced with the task of dealing with its past, as well as undertaking some action to deal with structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), heralded as the most ambitious and organised attempt to deal with crimes of a past regime through a concept of truth, came into force on 19 th July I995 in South Africa. Emerging as a political strategy to acknowledge past suffering whilst promoting a future based on the concerns of social justice, the rule of law and reconciliation, the Commission has struggled to fulfil its objectives. Although the TRC incorporated these broader concerns into the mandate of its three sub-committees, they were disregarded in practice. These sub-committees, which reflected concerns for ‘human rights violations’, ‘amnesty’ and ‘reparation and rehabilitation’, were not ‘coupled with some form of social transformation’. The public transition from apartheid, established through a negotiated settlement rather than a revolutionary process, framed the Commission’s powers. Shaped by the historical context of this particular transition, the TRC was careful not to ‘rock the structural boat’. Rather than pursuing truth and justice, as an integrated feature of social transformation, the Commissioners and, to a greater extent, the government of South Africa, maintained an agenda that avoided a challenge to the status quo. A focus on restorative justice was taken by the Commission with an emphasis placed on mechanisms to restore victims and survivors, through reparations policy, state-led acknowledgement of suffering, and a condemnation, together with the transformation, of the system that implemented such widespread forms of abuse. The priority of changing the apartheid conditions of gross inequality and oppression provided a backdrop to the approval of the TRC by those who had suffered. More difficult to accept was the provision of amnesty to those who had undertaken violations of human rights. The process placed amnesty of violations as a carrot to perpetrators in exchange for a full story, with the stick of prosecutions for those who did not come forward. 

Q. What does ‘amnesty’ mean in the context of the passage?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 20

Following the transition to democracy with the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994, South Africa faced the challenge of addressing its past and tackling structural social injustice. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), initiated on 19th July 1995, aimed to confront the crimes of the apartheid regime through a process focused on truth.

The TRC sought to acknowledge past suffering while promoting a future based on:

  • Social justice
  • Rule of law
  • Reconciliation

However, the Commission struggled to meet its objectives. Although it included these broader goals in its mandate through three sub-committees—focusing on:

  • Human rights violations
  • Amnesty
  • Reparation and rehabilitation

—these were often overlooked in practice.

The public transition from apartheid was achieved via a negotiated settlement rather than a revolutionary change. This context influenced the TRC's approach, leading to a reluctance to challenge the existing power structures. Instead of pursuing a comprehensive agenda of truth and justice, the TRC and the South African government opted for a strategy that preserved the status quo.

The Commission emphasised restorative justice and focused on:

  • Restoring victims and survivors
  • State-led acknowledgment of suffering
  • Condemning the systems of abuse

While there was support for the TRC's role in addressing the gross inequalities of the apartheid era, the provision of amnesty for human rights violations proved controversial. This process offered a form of reward to perpetrators in exchange for full disclosures, while those who failed to come forward faced the threat of prosecution.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 21

In the domain of education, the current pandemic has made three things clear. It has proved beyond any doubt that we need schools. Irrespective of which country one talks about, students and parents want schools to open and function in full glory, with appropriate precautions. Secondly, it has shown that technology may prove to be useful in education if it is employed thoughtfully. Random surfing of the Internet may lead to a collection of pieces of information that do not add up to any meaning. As Noam Chomsky says, “You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not.” Moreover, there cannot be any hegemonic technomanagerial solutions to the linguistic and cultural heterogeneity of students; technology must help us to respect individual, peer group and community needs and aspirations. Thirdly, a convergence of the efforts of the public, civil society and private enterprise will have to take place if we wish technology to meaningfully mediate between school and home, particularly among underprivileged groups.
The concept, structure and functioning of a school/college should not be trivialised in any way. This institution has survived since ancient times in spite of proposals for “de-schooling” of various kinds. It is true that schools to a great extent perpetuate the status quo and, as Ivan Illich observed, encourage “consumerism” and “obedience to authority”; but it is also true that those who produced some of the most revolutionary moments in history, including quantum jumps in knowledge, also went to school. The kind of web of learners Illich imagines may in fact have its roots in schools. There are also people who trivialise schools for the kind of investments they demand in terms of space, buildings, teachers, libraries and labs and other infrastructure. 
One thing you never forget is the school you went to, friends you made there and the kind of teachers who taught you; the kind of teachers you loved, the kind you mocked at with friends. You recollect nostalgically the sports and other co-curricular activities you took part in. Some of you may still have preserved your school blazer, trophies and photographs with a sense of joy. It is important to see school holistically; it is not a set of atomic items of rooms, library, assembly halls, canteen and playgrounds; it is all of these but in symbiotic relationship with each other, the contours of which are often far too obvious and often simply mysterious.

Q. Which one of the following is the author trying to suggest by quoting Noam Chomsky?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 21

In the context of education, the pandemic has highlighted three key points:

  • Need for Schools: There is a strong consensus among students and parents across the globe for schools to reopen fully, with necessary safety measures in place.
  • Thoughtful Use of Technology: Technology can enhance education if used wisely. Random internet browsing often leads to confusion rather than understanding. As Noam Chomsky stated, “You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not.” It is essential to respect the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of students rather than impose a one-size-fits-all technological solution.
  • Collaboration is Essential: To effectively bridge the gap between school and home, especially for disadvantaged groups, a partnership between the public sector, civil society, and private enterprises is crucial.

The role of schools and colleges must not be underestimated. They have persisted through history, despite calls for their removal. While it is true that schools can reinforce societal norms and promote conformity, they have also been the birthplace of significant historical change and intellectual advancement. The learning networks envisioned by thinkers like Ivan Illich may indeed have their origins in educational institutions.

Memories of school are lasting; we remember our friends, cherished teachers, and the various activities we engaged in. Many may still hold onto their school blazers, trophies, and photos with fondness. It is vital to view schools as holistic entities. They are not merely collections of classrooms, libraries, and playgrounds, but rather interconnected spaces that form an essential part of our personal and social development.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 22

In the domain of education, the current pandemic has made three things clear. It has proved beyond any doubt that we need schools. Irrespective of which country one talks about, students and parents want schools to open and function in full glory, with appropriate precautions. Secondly, it has shown that technology may prove to be useful in education if it is employed thoughtfully. Random surfing of the Internet may lead to a collection of pieces of information that do not add up to any meaning. As Noam Chomsky says, “You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not.” Moreover, there cannot be any hegemonic technomanagerial solutions to the linguistic and cultural heterogeneity of students; technology must help us to respect individual, peer group and community needs and aspirations. Thirdly, a convergence of the efforts of the public, civil society and private enterprise will have to take place if we wish technology to meaningfully mediate between school and home, particularly among underprivileged groups.
The concept, structure and functioning of a school/college should not be trivialised in any way. This institution has survived since ancient times in spite of proposals for “de-schooling” of various kinds. It is true that schools to a great extent perpetuate the status quo and, as Ivan Illich observed, encourage “consumerism” and “obedience to authority”; but it is also true that those who produced some of the most revolutionary moments in history, including quantum jumps in knowledge, also went to school. The kind of web of learners Illich imagines may in fact have its roots in schools. There are also people who trivialise schools for the kind of investments they demand in terms of space, buildings, teachers, libraries and labs and other infrastructure. 
One thing you never forget is the school you went to, friends you made there and the kind of teachers who taught you; the kind of teachers you loved, the kind you mocked at with friends. You recollect nostalgically the sports and other co-curricular activities you took part in. Some of you may still have preserved your school blazer, trophies and photographs with a sense of joy. It is important to see school holistically; it is not a set of atomic items of rooms, library, assembly halls, canteen and playgrounds; it is all of these but in symbiotic relationship with each other, the contours of which are often far too obvious and often simply mysterious.

Q. Which of the following is not a premise of author’s argument in favour of need for schools and colleges?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 22

In the realm of education, the pandemic has highlighted three key points:

  • Need for Schools: There is a universal desire among students and parents for schools to reopen and function fully, with appropriate safety measures in place.
  • Role of Technology: Technology can enhance education if used wisely. Simply browsing the Internet can lead to a confusing mix of information. As Noam Chomsky stated, a clear framework is essential for meaningful inquiry. Furthermore, technological solutions must respect the diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds of students.
  • Collaboration is Crucial: For technology to effectively bridge the gap between school and home, particularly for underprivileged groups, collaboration among the public, civil society, and private sectors is essential.

The essence of a school or college should not be undervalued. These institutions have persisted throughout history despite numerous calls for their reform. While it is true that schools can perpetuate societal norms and encourage conformity, they have also been the birthplace of significant historical movements and breakthroughs in knowledge.

Memories of school are often cherished—friends, teachers, sports, and activities create lasting impressions. Many retain tokens from their school days, such as blazers and trophies, symbolising joyful experiences.

It is important to view schools as holistic entities. They consist of various components—classrooms, libraries, assembly halls, canteens, and playgrounds—that function together in a complex yet meaningful relationship. This interconnectedness is sometimes obvious and at other times remains a mystery.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 23

In the domain of education, the current pandemic has made three things clear. It has proved beyond any doubt that we need schools. Irrespective of which country one talks about, students and parents want schools to open and function in full glory, with appropriate precautions. Secondly, it has shown that technology may prove to be useful in education if it is employed thoughtfully. Random surfing of the Internet may lead to a collection of pieces of information that do not add up to any meaning. As Noam Chomsky says, “You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not.” Moreover, there cannot be any hegemonic technomanagerial solutions to the linguistic and cultural heterogeneity of students; technology must help us to respect individual, peer group and community needs and aspirations. Thirdly, a convergence of the efforts of the public, civil society and private enterprise will have to take place if we wish technology to meaningfully mediate between school and home, particularly among underprivileged groups.
The concept, structure and functioning of a school/college should not be trivialised in any way. This institution has survived since ancient times in spite of proposals for “de-schooling” of various kinds. It is true that schools to a great extent perpetuate the status quo and, as Ivan Illich observed, encourage “consumerism” and “obedience to authority”; but it is also true that those who produced some of the most revolutionary moments in history, including quantum jumps in knowledge, also went to school. The kind of web of learners Illich imagines may in fact have its roots in schools. There are also people who trivialise schools for the kind of investments they demand in terms of space, buildings, teachers, libraries and labs and other infrastructure. 
One thing you never forget is the school you went to, friends you made there and the kind of teachers who taught you; the kind of teachers you loved, the kind you mocked at with friends. You recollect nostalgically the sports and other co-curricular activities you took part in. Some of you may still have preserved your school blazer, trophies and photographs with a sense of joy. It is important to see school holistically; it is not a set of atomic items of rooms, library, assembly halls, canteen and playgrounds; it is all of these but in symbiotic relationship with each other, the contours of which are often far too obvious and often simply mysterious.

Q. The expression ‘linguistic and cultural heterogeneity’ as used in the passage means

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 23

In the realm of education, the current pandemic has highlighted three key points:

  • Need for Schools: It is clear that schools are essential. Across the globe, students and parents desire schools to reopen fully, adhering to necessary precautions.
  • Role of Technology: Thoughtful use of technology can enhance education. Randomly browsing the internet often results in disorganised information. As Noam Chomsky stated, a clear framework is vital for meaningful inquiry, guiding what is significant.
  • Collaborative Efforts: To effectively bridge the gap between school and home, especially for underprivileged groups, a collaboration among the public sector, civil society, and private enterprises is crucial.

The structure and function of schools should not be undervalued. This institution has endured through time, despite various proposals for its reform. While it is true that schools can uphold the status quo and encourage consumerism, they have also been the backdrop for many revolutionary moments in history. Those who have achieved remarkable advancements often share a common experience of attending school.

Many people undervalue schools due to the significant investments required in terms of facilities, educators, libraries, and laboratories. However, the memories formed in school—friends made, beloved teachers, and shared sports or activities—are unforgettable. Many retain their school blazers, trophies, and photographs with fondness.

It is essential to view school as a whole entity. It encompasses not just classrooms and libraries, but also the relationships between these spaces, creating a unique and often mysterious environment.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 24

In the domain of education, the current pandemic has made three things clear. It has proved beyond any doubt that we need schools. Irrespective of which country one talks about, students and parents want schools to open and function in full glory, with appropriate precautions. Secondly, it has shown that technology may prove to be useful in education if it is employed thoughtfully. Random surfing of the Internet may lead to a collection of pieces of information that do not add up to any meaning. As Noam Chomsky says, “You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not.” Moreover, there cannot be any hegemonic technomanagerial solutions to the linguistic and cultural heterogeneity of students; technology must help us to respect individual, peer group and community needs and aspirations. Thirdly, a convergence of the efforts of the public, civil society and private enterprise will have to take place if we wish technology to meaningfully mediate between school and home, particularly among underprivileged groups.
The concept, structure and functioning of a school/college should not be trivialised in any way. This institution has survived since ancient times in spite of proposals for “de-schooling” of various kinds. It is true that schools to a great extent perpetuate the status quo and, as Ivan Illich observed, encourage “consumerism” and “obedience to authority”; but it is also true that those who produced some of the most revolutionary moments in history, including quantum jumps in knowledge, also went to school. The kind of web of learners Illich imagines may in fact have its roots in schools. There are also people who trivialise schools for the kind of investments they demand in terms of space, buildings, teachers, libraries and labs and other infrastructure. 
One thing you never forget is the school you went to, friends you made there and the kind of teachers who taught you; the kind of teachers you loved, the kind you mocked at with friends. You recollect nostalgically the sports and other co-curricular activities you took part in. Some of you may still have preserved your school blazer, trophies and photographs with a sense of joy. It is important to see school holistically; it is not a set of atomic items of rooms, library, assembly halls, canteen and playgrounds; it is all of these but in symbiotic relationship with each other, the contours of which are often far too obvious and often simply mysterious.

Q. Which of the f ollowing is not the learning outcome from pandemic?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 24

During the pandemic, it has become clear that we need schools for several reasons:

  • Demand for Schools: Parents and students worldwide want schools to reopen fully, with appropriate safety measures.
  • Technology's Role: Technology can be beneficial in education if used thoughtfully. However, aimless browsing can lead to confusion rather than understanding. As Noam Chomsky noted, a clear framework is essential for effective inquiry.
  • Respecting Diversity: Solutions must consider the linguistic and cultural diversity of students. Technology should support individual and community needs rather than impose one-size-fits-all solutions.
  • Collaborative Efforts: Meaningful integration of technology in education requires collaboration among the public sector, civil society, and private enterprises, especially to assist underprivileged groups.

The importance of schools should not be underestimated. This institution has persisted despite various movements advocating for its deconstruction. While schools often reinforce the status quo and promote values like consumerism and obedience, they also foster revolutionary ideas and significant advancements in knowledge.

Many people carry fond memories of their school experiences: the friends made, beloved teachers, and even those who were less favoured. Sporting events and extracurricular activities leave lasting impressions, with some preserving their school blazers and trophies as cherished mementoes.

It is crucial to view schools holistically. They are not merely a collection of rooms and facilities; rather, they function as interconnected elements that together create a nurturing environment for learning.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 25

In the domain of education, the current pandemic has made three things clear. It has proved beyond any doubt that we need schools. Irrespective of which country one talks about, students and parents want schools to open and function in full glory, with appropriate precautions. Secondly, it has shown that technology may prove to be useful in education if it is employed thoughtfully. Random surfing of the Internet may lead to a collection of pieces of information that do not add up to any meaning. As Noam Chomsky says, “You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not.” Moreover, there cannot be any hegemonic technomanagerial solutions to the linguistic and cultural heterogeneity of students; technology must help us to respect individual, peer group and community needs and aspirations. Thirdly, a convergence of the efforts of the public, civil society and private enterprise will have to take place if we wish technology to meaningfully mediate between school and home, particularly among underprivileged groups.
The concept, structure and functioning of a school/college should not be trivialised in any way. This institution has survived since ancient times in spite of proposals for “de-schooling” of various kinds. It is true that schools to a great extent perpetuate the status quo and, as Ivan Illich observed, encourage “consumerism” and “obedience to authority”; but it is also true that those who produced some of the most revolutionary moments in history, including quantum jumps in knowledge, also went to school. The kind of web of learners Illich imagines may in fact have its roots in schools. There are also people who trivialise schools for the kind of investments they demand in terms of space, buildings, teachers, libraries and labs and other infrastructure. 
One thing you never forget is the school you went to, friends you made there and the kind of teachers who taught you; the kind of teachers you loved, the kind you mocked at with friends. You recollect nostalgically the sports and other co-curricular activities you took part in. Some of you may still have preserved your school blazer, trophies and photographs with a sense of joy. It is important to see school holistically; it is not a set of atomic items of rooms, library, assembly halls, canteen and playgrounds; it is all of these but in symbiotic relationship with each other, the contours of which are often far too obvious and often simply mysterious.

Q. The expression ‘symbiotic relationship’ as used in the passage means

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 25

In the context of education, the current pandemic has highlighted three key points:

  • Need for Schools: There is a strong desire among students and parents worldwide for schools to reopen fully, with appropriate safety measures in place.
  • Role of Technology: Technology can enhance education when used thoughtfully. Random internet browsing often leads to disjointed information. As Noam Chomsky states, "You cannot pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework that is directing your search and helping you choose what is significant and what is not." Therefore, technology should respect the unique needs of individual students and their communities.
  • Collaboration is Vital: Effective use of technology in education requires collaboration between the public sector, civil society, and private enterprises, especially to support underprivileged groups.

The importance of the concept, structure, and functioning of educational institutions cannot be overstated. Schools have existed for centuries despite various proposals for their elimination. While it is true that schools often maintain the status quo and may encourage consumerism and obedience, they also play a role in fostering significant moments in history and knowledge advancement. The interconnected web of learners that Ivan Illich envisions may very well find its origins in schools.

Furthermore, some people underestimate schools based on the financial and structural investments they require, such as space, buildings, teachers, libraries, and laboratories.

One lasting memory is of the school you attended, the friends you made, and the teachers who impacted your life. You recall the joy of participating in sports and other activities, perhaps even keeping mementoes like your school blazer or trophies. It is essential to view a school holistically; it is more than just a collection of rooms, libraries, and playgrounds. These elements exist in a symbiotic relationship, creating an environment that is often complex yet vital to education.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 26

A new report forecasting that India can create millions more jobs over the coming years in the gig economy underscores a fundamental shift in the nature of work. While automation swept through factory floors and BPOs reduced manpower requirements, e-commerce, ride hailing and food delivery apps, streaming media and fintech have created lakhs of temporary jobs in the services sector. Although the jury is still out on the quality of life accorded by such gigs and the social security benefits they accord, recall that informalisation of jobs started much earlier. The report by Boston Consulting Group and Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts 90 million flexi and gig jobs in a decade from 8 million now, contributing transactions valued at more than $250 billion and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP. Obviously, technological evolutions are hard to predict. A decade ago, few, if any, had divined these new jobs. Accepting change as the sole constant, it is equally critical to create the socio-economic framework that can support such jobs.
Expecting startups fuelled by venture capital and presently unprofitable to treat gig workers as regular employees isn’t practical. Such moves could impede innovation and investment. But if central and state governments could deliver in areas like public health, education, insurance and food security, anxieties generated by unsteady, irregular unemployment can be managed better. Last year’s nationwide lockdown when the suddenly unemployed migrant workers panicked and bolted, untrusting the promises of governments to care for them, served out this lesson in poignant detail. The gig economy does promise flexibility and improved choices for many women and part time workers. Every technological revolution till date has effaced some jobs and created plentiful others. There is room for optimism in the rapidly emerging techmediated world, but only upon strengthening the support of educational and health infrastructure. 

Q. The report by Boston Consulting Group and Michael & Susan Dell Foundation ______

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 26

A recent report by the Boston Consulting Group and the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation highlights a significant transformation in the labour market, particularly in the gig economy. This shift has been driven by several factors:

  • While automation has reduced jobs in traditional sectors like manufacturing, new opportunities have emerged in areas such as:
    • E-commerce
    • Ride-hailing services
    • Food delivery apps
    • Streaming media
    • Fintech
  • Currently, there are around 8 million gig jobs in India, with projections suggesting this could rise to 90 million over the next decade.
  • This expansion could generate transactions worth over $250 billion and contribute an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP.

However, challenges remain:

  • The quality of life and social security provided by gig jobs are still under scrutiny.
  • While it is unrealistic to expect startups—often reliant on venture capital and currently unprofitable—to treat gig workers like regular employees, it is essential to:
    • Develop a supportive socio-economic framework.
    • Enhance public services such as health and education.
    • Provide better insurance and food security.

The lessons learned from last year’s nationwide lockdown, which saw many migrant workers anxious and uncertain about government support, highlight the need for improved safety nets.

Despite the challenges, the gig economy offers flexibility and opportunities, particularly for women and part-time workers. Each technological revolution has displaced some jobs while creating many others. Thus, there is reason for optimism in this evolving landscape, provided we strengthen the necessary educational and health infrastructure.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 27

A new report forecasting that India can create millions more jobs over the coming years in the gig economy underscores a fundamental shift in the nature of work. While automation swept through factory floors and BPOs reduced manpower requirements, e-commerce, ride hailing and food delivery apps, streaming media and fintech have created lakhs of temporary jobs in the services sector. Although the jury is still out on the quality of life accorded by such gigs and the social security benefits they accord, recall that informalisation of jobs started much earlier. The report by Boston Consulting Group and Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts 90 million flexi and gig jobs in a decade from 8 million now, contributing transactions valued at more than $250 billion and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP. Obviously, technological evolutions are hard to predict. A decade ago, few, if any, had divined these new jobs. Accepting change as the sole constant, it is equally critical to create the socio-economic framework that can support such jobs.
Expecting startups fuelled by venture capital and presently unprofitable to treat gig workers as regular employees isn’t practical. Such moves could impede innovation and investment. But if central and state governments could deliver in areas like public health, education, insurance and food security, anxieties generated by unsteady, irregular unemployment can be managed better. Last year’s nationwide lockdown when the suddenly unemployed migrant workers panicked and bolted, untrusting the promises of governments to care for them, served out this lesson in poignant detail. The gig economy does promise flexibility and improved choices for many women and part time workers. Every technological revolution till date has effaced some jobs and created plentiful others. There is room for optimism in the rapidly emerging techmediated world, but only upon strengthening the support of educational and health infrastructure. 

Q. Which of the following can be inferred as a caution by the author? 

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 27

A recent report highlights a significant transformation in the workforce, indicating that India can generate millions of jobs in the gig economy in the coming years. Key points include:

  • The shift towards gig jobs is driven by sectors like e-commerce, ride-hailing, food delivery, streaming media, and fintech, which have created numerous temporary roles.
  • Currently, there are approximately 8 million gig jobs, with projections reaching 90 million in the next decade, contributing over $250 billion to the economy and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP.
  • Despite the growth, questions remain about the quality of life and social security for gig workers.
  • Expecting startups, which depend on venture capital and are currently unprofitable, to treat gig workers as regular employees could hinder innovation and investment.
  • To alleviate the uncertainties faced by gig workers, it is essential for central and state governments to improve services in public health, education, insurance, and food security.
  • The experiences of migrant workers during last year’s lockdown, where many felt abandoned, emphasise the need for robust support systems.
  • The gig economy offers flexibility and options, particularly for women and part-time workers.
  • While past technological revolutions have eliminated some jobs, they have also created many new opportunities.
  • Optimism about the future of the tech-driven world hinges on strengthening educational and health infrastructures.
Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 28

A new report forecasting that India can create millions more jobs over the coming years in the gig economy underscores a fundamental shift in the nature of work. While automation swept through factory floors and BPOs reduced manpower requirements, e-commerce, ride hailing and food delivery apps, streaming media and fintech have created lakhs of temporary jobs in the services sector. Although the jury is still out on the quality of lif e accorded by such gigs and the social security benefits they accord, recall that informalisation of jobs started much earlier. The report by Boston Consulting Group and Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts 90 million flexi and gig jobs in a decade from 8 million now, contributing transactions valued at more than $250 billion and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP. Obviously, technological evolutions are hard to predict. A decade ago, few, if any, had divined these new jobs. Accepting change as the sole constant, it is equally critical to create the socio-economic framework that can support such jobs.
Expecting startups fuelled by venture capital and presently unprofitable to treat gig workers as regular employees isn’t practical. Such moves could impede innovation and investment. But if central and state governments could deliver in areas like public health, education, insurance and food security, anxieties generated by unsteady, irregular unemployment can be managed better. Last year’s nationwide lockdown when the suddenly unemployed migrant workers panicked and bolted, untrusting the promises of governments to care for them, served out this lesson in poignant detail. The gig economy does promise flexibility and improved choices for many women and part time workers. Every technological revolution till date has effaced some jobs and created plentiful others. There is room for optimism in the rapidly emerging techmediated world, but only upon strengthening the support of educational and health infrastructure. 

Q. In the context of the passage, which of the following best describes gig economy?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 28

A new report forecasts that India can create millions of jobs in the gig economy in the coming years, highlighting a significant shift in the nature of work. While automation has reduced jobs in factories and BPOs, sectors such as e-commerce, ride-hailing, food delivery, streaming media, and fintech have generated numerous temporary roles in services.

Although the quality of life and social security benefits associated with these gigs are still debated, the trend of informal jobs has a long history. A report by the Boston Consulting Group and the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts an increase from 8 million to 90 million flexible and gig jobs over the next decade, contributing transactions valued at over $250 billion and adding 1.25% to India’s GDP.

Technological advancements are often unpredictable. A decade ago, few anticipated the emergence of these new roles. Embracing change is essential, but it is equally important to develop a socio-economic framework that supports these types of jobs.

  • It is unrealistic to expect startups, which rely on venture capital and are currently unprofitable, to treat gig workers as regular employees, as this could hinder innovation and investment.
  • If central and state governments enhance areas like public health, education, insurance, and food security, they can better manage the anxiety linked to irregular employment.
  • The recent nationwide lockdown illustrated the vulnerabilities of suddenly unemployed migrant workers, highlighting the need for trustworthy government support.
  • The gig economy offers flexibility and improved options for many, especially women and part-time workers.

Every technological revolution has eliminated some jobs while creating many others. There is potential for optimism in this rapidly evolving tech-driven world, but it must be coupled with strengthened support for educational and health infrastructure.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 29

A new report forecasting that India can create millions more jobs over the coming years in the gig economy underscores a fundamental shift in the nature of work. While automation swept through factory floors and BPOs reduced manpower requirements, e-commerce, ride hailing and food delivery apps, streaming media and fintech have created lakhs of temporary jobs in the services sector. Although the jury is still out on the quality of life accorded by such gigs and the social security benefits they accord, recall that informalisation of jobs started much earlier. The report by Boston Consulting Group and Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts 90 million flexi and gig jobs in a decade from 8 million now, contributing transactions valued at more than $250 billion and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP. Obviously, technological evolutions are hard to predict. A decade ago, few, if any, had divined these new jobs. Accepting change as the sole constant, it is equally critical to create the socio-economic framework that can support such jobs.
Expecting startups fuelled by venture capital and presently unprofitable to treat gig workers as regular employees isn’t practical. Such moves could impede innovation and investment. But if central and state governments could deliver in areas like public health, education, insurance and food security, anxieties generated by unsteady, irregular unemployment can be managed better. Last year’s nationwide lockdown when the suddenly unemployed migrant workers panicked and bolted, untrusting the promises of governments to care for them, served out this lesson in poignant detail. The gig economy does promise flexibility and improved choices for many women and part time workers. Every technological revolution till date has effaced some jobs and created plentiful others. There is room for optimism in the rapidly emerging techmediated world, but only upon strengthening the support of educational and health infrastructure. 

Q. The tone of the passage is

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 29

A recent report forecasts that India could create millions of jobs in the gig economy in the coming years, signifying a major shift in the nature of work. While automation has reduced jobs in factories and business process outsourcing (BPO), sectors like e-commerce, ride-hailing, and food delivery apps have generated numerous temporary jobs. However, there are ongoing debates about the quality of life and social security benefits these gigs provide.

The report by Boston Consulting Group and the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts that the number of flexi and gig jobs will rise from the current 8 million to 90 million in the next decade. This growth could contribute over $250 billion in transactions and add approximately 1.25% to India’s GDP. Technological advancements are difficult to predict; a decade ago, few anticipated such job roles. Embracing change is essential, and developing a supportive socio-economic framework for these jobs is crucial.

It is unrealistic to expect startups, often backed by venture capital and currently unprofitable, to treat gig workers like regular employees. Such changes could stifle innovation and investment. However, if central and state governments improve public health, education, insurance, and food security, it could alleviate concerns about the instability of gig work. The challenges faced by migrant workers during last year’s lockdown highlighted the need for reliable government support.

The gig economy offers flexibility and better choices for many, especially women and part-time workers. Historically, every technological revolution has led to job losses alongside new opportunities. While there is potential for optimism in this rapidly changing tech-driven world, it is essential to strengthen educational and health infrastructures to fully realise these benefits.

Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 30

A new report forecasting that India can create millions more jobs over the coming years in the gig economy underscores a fundamental shift in the nature of work. While automation swept through factory floors and BPOs reduced manpower requirements, e-commerce, ride hailing and food delivery apps, streaming media and fintech have created lakhs of temporary jobs in the services sector. Although the jury is still out on the quality of life accorded by such gigs and the social security benefits they accord, recall that informalisation of jobs started much earlier. The report by Boston Consulting Group and Michael & Susan Dell Foundation predicts 90 million flexi and gig jobs in a decade from 8 million now, contributing transactions valued at more than $250 billion and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP. Obviously, technological evolutions are hard to predict. A decade ago, few, if any, had divined these new jobs. Accepting change as the sole constant, it is equally critical to create the socio-economic framework that can support such jobs.
Expecting startups fuelled by venture capital and presently unprofitable to treat gig workers as regular employees isn’t practical. Such moves could impede innovation and investment. But if central and state governments could deliver in areas like public health, education, insurance and food security, anxieties generated by unsteady, irregular unemployment can be managed better. Last year’s nationwide lockdown when the suddenly unemployed migrant workers panicked and bolted, untrusting the promises of governments to care for them, served out this lesson in poignant detail. The gig economy does promise flexibility and improved choices for many women and part time workers. Every technological revolution till date has effaced some jobs and created plentiful others. There is room for optimism in the rapidly emerging techmediated world, but only upon strengthening the support of educational and health infrastructure. 

Q. According to the passage, which of the following comes as a concern related to gig economy?

Detailed Solution for Test: CLAT 2021 Past Year Paper - Question 30

A recent report highlights the potential for India to create millions of jobs in the gig economy, indicating a significant shift in the nature of work. While automation has reduced the need for workers in factories and business process outsourcing (BPO), sectors like e-commerce, ride-hailing, food delivery, streaming media, and fintech have generated numerous temporary jobs.

Key points from the report by the Boston Consulting Group and the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation include:

  • The prediction of 90 million flexi and gig jobs within the next decade, up from 8 million today.
  • These jobs could contribute over $250 billion in transactions and an additional 1.25% to India’s GDP.

While this growth is promising, concerns remain about the quality of life and the social security benefits associated with gig work. The trend towards informal jobs began long before the current boom.

It is unrealistic to expect startups, often funded by venture capital and currently unprofitable, to treat gig workers as regular employees without hindering innovation and investment. Instead, if central and state governments improve public health, education, insurance, and food security, it may help alleviate the worries caused by unpredictable employment.

The challenges faced by migrant workers during last year’s lockdown highlighted the importance of trust in government support. The gig economy does offer flexibility and more options, particularly for women and part-time workers. Historically, each technological revolution has eliminated certain jobs while creating new opportunities.

There is potential for optimism in this evolving tech-driven landscape, provided that the necessary support for education and health infrastructure is strengthened.

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